ALBERT

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: I. National Committee for Antarctic Research, and National Operating Body. - II. Map of Stations. - Ill. Permanent Observatories, Regular Observations and Long-term Monitoring. - IV. Report on Highlights of Science Activities from Previous Reporting Period (1 Oct. 93 - 31 March 94). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - V. List of Permits and Rationale for Entry into SPAs and SSSIs. - VI. Prospectus of Planned Activities for Coming Reporting Period (1 April 94 - 31 March 95). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VII. Future Activities Planned & Funded (beyond 31 March 95). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VIII. Bibliography. - IX. List of Principal Investigators and Responsible Authorities.

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Radar equipment General operation Antennas Waveforms and phase polarity Antenna directivity Field procedures and data processing Field procedures Data recording Data processing Site location Results Pegasus runway Access road from Williams Field to Pegasus runway Williams Field Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Airborne profile of a portion of the access road Abstract

Anmerkung: Contents: Introduction / P. J. le B. Williams. - The management and behaviour of the Mesocosms / P. J. le B. Williams and J. K. Egge. - Evolution of phytoplankton pigments in Mesocosm experiments / R. G. Barlow, R. F. C. Mantoura, D. G. Cummings, D. W. Pond and R. P. Harris. - Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) gene expression and photosynthetic activity in nutrient-enriched Mesocosm experiments / M. Wyman, J. T. Davies, K. Weston, D. W. Crawford and D. A. Purdie. - Bacterial response to blooms dominated by diatoms and Emiliania huxleyi in nutrient-enriched Mesocosms / R. Sanders and D. A. Purdie. - Population dynamics of phytoplankton and viruses in a phosphate-limited Mesocosm and their effect on DMSP and DMS production / W. H. Wilson, S. Turner and N. H. Mann. - Microplanktonic polyunsaturated fatty acid markers: a Mesocosm trial / D. W. Pond, M. V. Bell, R. P. Harris and J. R. Sargent.

Anmerkung: Contents PREFACE CHAPTER 1. FROZEN GROUND 1.1 Frozen ground support systems Frozen earth wall Design considerations 1.2 Seasonally and perennially frozen ground Cold regions: definition Subsurface temperatures Active layer, Permafrost 1.3 Terrain features in permafrost areas Ground ice features Patterned ground 1.4 Engineering considerations Freezing process Thawing of frozen ground Frost action Useful aspects of frozen ground Ice as a construction material Problems CHAPTER 2. PHYSICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES 2.1 Composition and structure of frozen ground Soil types Phase relationships Ice phase Particle size and size distribution Consistency of cohesive soils 2.2 Soil classification Unified soil classification system Frozen soil classification 2.3 Water-ice phase relationships Unfrozen water in frozen soil Effect of solutes on freezing 2.4 Soil frost action Frost action process Frost susceptibility of soils Frost-heave forces Freeze-thaw effects on permeability 2.5 Thermal properties Thermal conductivity Heat capacity Thermal diffusiuity Latent heat of fusion Thermal expansion (or contraction) Problems CHAPTER 3. HEAT FLOW IN SOILS 3.1 Heat transfer at the ground surface Climatic factors Freezing (or thawing) indices Surface n-factor 3.2 Seasonal ground freezing (or thawing) Frost depth Thawing of frozen soil Design implications 3.3 Temperature below cooled (or heated) areas Steady state heat flow Transient temperatures Periodic heat flow 3.4 Thermal analysis: frozen ground support systems Single freeze pipe Wall formation Multiple rows of freeze pipes Problems CHAPTER 4. THAW BEHAVIOR OF FROZEN GROUND 4.1 Thaw settlement 4.2 Consolidation of thawing soils Thaw consolidation Residual stress in thawing soils 4.3 Thaw-consolidation in some layered systems Two layer soil problems Compressible soil ouer discrete ice layers Problems CHAPTER 5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FROZEN SOILS 5.1 Stress-strain-time and strength behavior Hydrostatic pressure effect on frozen soil behavior Shear stress effect on frozen soil behavior 5.2 Factors influencing creep and strength Creep of frozen soil under constant stress Stress-strain behavior under constant strain rate Ice content effect on strength Normal pressure effect on strength Strain rate effect on strength Temperature effect on strength Frozen soil behauior at cryogenic temperatures 5.3 Analytical representation of creep and strength data General creep equation Strength of frozen soils Comparison with Vyalou's creep and strength equations Normal pressure effect on creep and strength Salinity effect on frozen soil creep and strength 5.4 Frozen soil behavior in uniaxial tension 5.5 Deformability of frozen soils 5.6 Compressibility of frozen soils Problems CHAPTER 6. CONSTRUCTION GROUND FREEZING 6.1 Design considerations Ground freezing applications Soil conditions Groundwater flow Ground movement 6.2 Freezing methods and system installation Primary plant and pumped loop secondary coolant Expendable liquid refrigerant Installation of the cooling system 6.3 Structural design of frozen earth walls Curved walls Straight walls and combinations Tunnels Finite-element method 6.4 Monitoring requirements Freeze hole deviation Temperature Frost boundary location and wall thickness 6.5 Other construction considerations Protection of exposed frozen earth Concrete placement against frozen earth Problems CHAPTER 7. FOUNDATIONS IN FROZEN SOILS 7.1 General considerations Foundations in seasonally frozen ground Foundations in permafrost 7.2 Shallow foundations Selection of foundation method Design of shallow foundations Bearing capacity Settlement considerations 7.3 Pile foundations Pile types Pile placement Pile freezeback Axially loaded piles Laterally loaded piles Anchors in frozen ground 7.4 Frost-heave forces on foundations Tangential forces on a vertical surface Design for frost heave Problems CHAPTER 8. STABILITY OF SOIL MASSES IN COLD REGIONS 8.1 Landslides in permafrost: classification 8.2 Slopes in thawing permafrost Low-angle planar flows Slides 8.3 Slopes in frozen soils 8.4 Slope stabilization methods Construction and design techniques Stabilization of planar slides Stabilization of cut slopes Problems CHAPTER 9. EARTHWORK IN COLD REGIONS 9.1 Site considerations Drainage Thermal and frost action factors Subsurface conditions Material sources 9.2 Excavation and transport Mechanical excavation Drilling and blasting Thawing frozen soil Hydraulic dredging 9.3 Field placement Compaction Placement in water 9.4 Water-retaining embankments on permafrost Unfrozen embankments Frozen embankments Maintaining the frozen state Thermal and stability considerations 9.5 Embankment performance Frost heave Settlement Stability Artificial islands CHAPTER 10. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 10.1. Sampling frozen ground Sampling methods Sample protection 10.2 Ground-temperature measurement Temperature sensors and measuring equipment 10.3 Field testing of frozen soils Field test methods Pressuremeter test Deep static cone penetration test Other types of field tests 10.4 Geophysical methods Seismic velocities in frozen ground Electrical properties of frozen ground Geophysical techniques used in frozen ground High-frequency electrical methods Borehole logging in permafrost APPENDIX A. SYMBOLS APPENDIX B. SI UNITS APPENDIX C LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS ON FROZEN SOILS C1 Handling, storage, and machining of specimens prior to testing C2 Uniaxial compression test C3 Uniaxial tensile test C.4 Salinity of soil pore water C5 Thermosiphon C6 Pile load test in permafrost REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

Anmerkung: Table of Contents Foreword The Global Context The Arctic in a Global Context The ARCSS Program The Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program The Scientific Goals of the ARCSS Program ARCSS Objectives Significant Research and Findings of the ARCSS Program ARCSS Program Research Implementation of ARCSS Program Research ARCSS Program Components Paleoenvironmental Studies Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Integrative Studies Synthesis, Integration, and Modeling Studies (SIMS) New Initiatives Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC) Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Environments in the Arctic (RAISE) International Collaboration The Future of the ARCSS Program Priorities for the Future Research Questions Integrative Strategies Community Coordination and Integration Coordination and Integration Logistics Support Working with Arctic Residents Community Planning and Science Management ARCSS Committee Science Steering Committees Periodic Meetings of ARCSS Principal Investigators Appendices ARCSS Program Contact Information A History of ARCSS Program Development ARCSS Data Protocol References and Relevant Reports Contributors and Reviewers

Anmerkung: Abstract Résumé Acknowledgments Welcome to Yellowknife Part I: The landscape and the people Geological evolution of the landscape Bedrock geology Surficial geology Climate and vegetation History of Yellowknife From gold to government Significant events Part II: Living with frozen ground Permafrost Regional distribution Permafrost occurrence in Yellowknife Significance of peat Significance of moisture Ice lenses Thaw stable and thaw unstable ground Thaw settlement Frost heave Development Buildings Roads Utilities Thermosyphons Climate change - an uncertain future for permafrost Climate and permafrost history Air temperature trends over the last century Response of air temperatures to doubling of greenhouse gases Effect of climate warming on permafrost in Yellowknife Impacts of climate warming Part III: Guide to field stops Introduction The Capital Tour - Capital Site to Bowling Green building Stop 1. The Capital Site - a profusion of peat Stop 2. Legislative Assembly - design with nature Stop 3. Legislative Assembly roadway - perils of paving peat Stop 4. Walking path - tipping trails Stop 5. Legislative Assembly parking lot - preserving permafrost Stop 6. Frame Lake - Yellowknife's aquatic centrepiece Stop 7. National Defence building - seeking solid ground Stop 8. Visitors Centre - rocking and rolling Stop 9. 49 Street thermosyphons - keeping it cool Stop 10. Bowling Green building - swallowing sidewalks The City Tour - 49 Avenue to Niven Lake Stop 11. 49 and 49 intersection - rolling roadways Stop 12. 49 Avenue - sagging sidewalks Stop 13. Downtown Yellowknife - safe on sand Stop 14. Gold Range Hotel - making things work Stop 15. Centre Square Mall - stemming shifting sands Stop 16. Boston Pizza - fast food on a slab Stop 17. Royal Oak Mines Inc. houses - half a century later Stop 18. 52 Avenue - up, up, and ... away Stop 19. 49 Street hill - leaving good ground Stop 20. 54 Avenue - frozen dangers underfoot Stop 21. Rockcliffe Apartments - creeping crawl space Stop 22. School Draw subdivision - houses on the move Stop 23. School Draw Park - from basements to basketballs Stop 24. Rock outcrop - on the shores of glacial Lake McConnell Stop 25. Detah ice road - crystal highway Stop 26. Old Town - doing things the old-fashioned way Stop 27. Franklin Avenue - whither frozen ground? Stop 28. Fritz Theil Park - from dump to diamond I Stop 29. Old sewage line - pipes and peat Stop 30. Niven Lake - a subarctic oasis I Part IV: The Niven Lake Trail Introduction Stop 1. A biological magnet for waterbirds Stop 2. The land of little sticks Stop 3. The wonder of wetlands Stop 4. Niven Lake -urban oasis for wildlife Stop 5. Peat, beautiful peat Stop 6. Honolulu north? Stop 7. Home sweet home -all year round Stop 8. Those mud-slinging, bug-poking shorebirds Glossary of terms Selected references List of field guides for Yellowknife

Anmerkung: In kyrillischer Schrift

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Nomenclature Introduction Mathematical formulation Limiting cases of the governing equations Nondimensionalization scheme Numerical solutions and comparison to experiments Unconstrained Coulomb flow model with constant bed friction Unconstrained Coulomb flow with boundary drag term Conclusions and remarks Literature cited Abstract

Anmerkung: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Chapter I. CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE INITIAL COLONIZATION OF THE EURASIAN ARCTIC Occupation of the North Polar Regions in the Palaeolithic The Climate of the Arctic during the Early and Middle Holocene On the concepts of «Mesolithic» and «Neolithic» Mesolithic Monuments in the European and West Siberian Arctic The Sites of the Mesolithic Period and of Mesolithic-Early Neolithic Appearance in the East.Siberian and Taimyr Trans-Polar Area The Correlation of the Mesolithic Sites of Taimyr with the Mesolithic Cultures of the Forest Zone of Siberia Chapter II. THE TAIMYR TRANSPOLAR ZONE IN THE NEOLITHIC The Early Neolithic of Taimyr (the IVth Millennium BC) The Neolithic Sites of the III-II Millennia BC Net ceramic sites (the Maimeche culture) Assemblages with the Baykit type ceramics Chapter Ill. THE EARLY BRONZE CASTERS OF THE TAIMYR PENINSULA Climatic Changes in the Late Holocene Ymyiakhtakh Sites in the Taimyr Subpolar Region Waffie Pottery in the Subpolar Region: Distribution and Subsequent Evolution Chapter IV. THE TAIMYR PENINSULA IN THE EARLY IRON EPOCH AND THE MIDDLE AGE The Ust-Polovinka settlement and the Pyasina culture Monuments of the Malokorenninsk culture Monuments of cultures with East Siberian traditions The Vozhpai culture Chapter V. EVOLUTION OF ANCIENT SOCIETIES OF THE TAIMYR SUBPOLAR REGION: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS Settlements in the Taimyr Subpolar Region as a Source of Palaeosociological Information Bronze-casting on the Taimyr Peninsula The Appearance and Development of Reindeer Herding in the Tundra Zone of West Siberia and the Taimyr Subpolar Region CONCLUDING REMARKS APPENDIX REFERENCES PUBLICATIONS OF L. P. KHLOBYSTIN ILLUSTRATIONS ABBREVIATIONS SUMMARY , ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ Предисловие. К портрету исследователя ВВЕДЕНИЕ Глаба I КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В ЕВРАЗИЙСКОМ ЗАПОЛЯРЬЕ И ПЕР-ВЫЕ ЭТАПЫ ЕГО ЗАСЕЛЕНИЯ Заселение ЗаполярLя в эпоху палеолита Климат Заполярья в раннем и среднем голоцене О понятиях «мезолИD〉 и «неолит» Памятники эпохи мезолита Европейского н Западно-Сибирского ЗаполярLя Памятнщси эпохи мезолита и мезолитическо-раиненеолитического облика в Восточно-Сибирском и Таймырском Заполярье Соотношение мезолитических памятников Таймыра с культурами мезолита лесной зоны Сибири Глава II. ТАЙМЫРСКОЕ ЗАПОЛЯРЬЕ В ЭПОХУ НЕОЛИТА Ранний неолит Таймыра (IV тыс. до н. э.) Неолитические памятники III-II тыс. до и. э. Стоянки с сетчатой керамикой (памятники кулLтуры Маймече) Комплексы с керамикой байкитскоrо типа Глава III. РАННИЕ БРОНЗОЛИТЕЙЩИКИ ТАЙМЫРА Об изменении климата в позднем голоцене Ымыяхтахские памятники в Таймырском Заполярье РаспространеНИе вафельной керамики в Заполярье и ее последующее развитие Глава IV. ТАЙМЫР В ПЕРИОД РАННЕГО ЖЕЛЕЗА И СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЯ Поселение Усть-Половинка и пясинская культура Памятники малокореннинской культуры Памятники культур с восточносибирскими традициями Вожпайская культура Глава V. ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ И СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ДРЕВНИХ ОБЩЕСТВ ТАЙМЫРСКОГО ЗАПОЛЯРЬЯ Поселения Таймырского Заполярья как источник палеосоциолоrической информации Бронзоли-гейное производство на Таймыре Вопросы появления и разви-rия оленеводства в тундровой зоне Западной Сибири и Таймырского Заполярья ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ ЛИТЕРАТУРА БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ ТРУДОВ Л. П. ХЛОБЫСТИНА ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ SUMMARY , Sprache der Zusammenfassung: Englisch , In kyrillischer Schrift

Anmerkung: Contents Summary Introduction Material and Methods 2.1 Experimental Approach and Concept 2.2 Cold Chamber Experiments 2.2.1 Packed Sand Columns 2.2.2 Undisturbed Soil Monolith 2.3 Tracer Extraction and Determination of Tracer Concentrations 2.4 Digital Image Analysis 2.4.1 Photographic Recording 2.4.2 Image Analysis 2.4.3 Statistical Regression Analysis 2.5 Fluorescence Imaging 2.6 Low-Temperature SEM and X-Ray Analysis 2.7 Numerical Simulation 2.7.1 Model Description 2.7.2 Model Application 3 Results From Cold Chamber Experiments 3.1 Packed Sand Columns (Experiment I-III) 3.1.1 Infiltration Behaviour (Experiment I-III) 3.1.2 Dye Tracer Distribution (Experiment III) 3.1.3 Mass Recovery of Dye Tracers (Experiment III) 3.1.4 Vertical Distribution of Dye Tracers Determined From Large Sections (Experiment III) 3.2 Undisturbed Soil Monolith (Experiment IV) 3.2.1 Infiltration Behaviour 3.2.2 Dye Tracer Distributions 3.2.3 Mass Recovery of all Tracers Determined From Large Sections 3.2.4 Vertical Distribution of all Tracers Determined From Large Sections 4 Results From Low-Temperature SEM and X-Ray Analysis 4.1 Dry Sand and Loam 4.2 Wet Sand 4.3 Wet Loam 5 Modelling Results 5.1 Thermal Regime 5.2 Water Content Profile Before the Irrigation 5.3 Infiltration Behaviour 5.4 Water Content Profile After the Irrigation 5.5 Solute Transport 5.6 Energy Exchange at the Surface 6 Conclusions 6.1 Conclusions About the Methods 6.2 Conclusions About the Water Infiltration in Frozen Soil List of Figures List of Tables Bibliography

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1999. - LC130 schedule. - NGRIP 1999 schedule. - Overview of 1999 schedule. - lnfo for August1998 meeting. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1999 sub programs. - SITREP. - Term of reference for the NGRIP field work. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1999. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NG RIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Uplift 1998. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan and frequencies used. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Operation of Thrane & Thrane STDC telex terminal. - Operation of NERA lnmarsat M terminal. - Map of NGRIP camp. - NGRIP inclined pit and trenches. - Map of NGRIP Region. - Map of Greenland and North Greenland. - Map of skiway. - Ice divide North of NGRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Glycol specification. - Density vs temperature of hole liquid. - Positions in Greenland, distances and directions. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitende Übersicht 2. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit 3. Forschungsarbeiten - Expeditionen 3.1 Antarktisexpedition X/2-8 3.2 Arktisexpedition IX 3.3 Antarktisexpedition Xl 3.4 Landexpedition Sibirien 4. Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten der Sektionen 4.1 Biologie I (Zoologie) 4.2 Biologie II (Botanik und Mikrobiologie) 4.3 Chemie 4.4 Geologie 4.5 Geophysik 4.6 Physik des Ozeans und der Atmosphäre I 4.7 Physik des Ozeans und der Atmosphäre II 4.8 Meeresphysik und Meßwesen 4.9 Forschungsstelle Potsdam 5. Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen Die Entwicklung von Kaltwasser-Makroalgen Die Biodiversität des antarktischen Benthos Weddellrobben - Tieftaucher in der Hochantarktis Die weltweit verbreitete Planktonalge Phaeocystis: Untersuchungen zu physiologischen und molekularen Unterschieden Die Entwicklung von Algen- und Bakteriengemeinschaften im Meereis Zooplanktonkot in der Arktis: Nahrungsgrundlage im Pelagial oder Transportvehikel bei der Sedimentation? Stimuliert ein globaler Anstieg des Kohlendioxids die marine Primärproduktion? Die Beziehung zwischen Huminstoffen und Aminosäuren in polaren Gewässern Die Ozonverteilung in der Atmosphäre über dem Atlantik Pinatubo-Aerosole und polare stratosphärische Wolken Spurengas-Messungen in der arktischen Stratosphäre während der Polarnacht Die mittleren vertikalen Ozonverteilungen über Arktis und Antarktis Eisbewegung und Subglazialtopographie im Umfeld der Schirmacheroase, Ostantarktis Umweltgeschichte der kontinentalen Ostantarktis - aufgezeichnet in Seesedimenten Das antarktische Meereis und seine Verbreitung in geologischer Vorzeit-Rekonstruktion und Modellierung Kalt- und Warmzeiten im Südatlantik anhand benthischer Foraminiferen Terrigener Sedimenteintrag im östlichen Arktischen Ozean Mineralbildung in Sedimenten und Böden der Permafrostzone Seismische Untersuchungen im eurasischen Becken (Arktischer Ozean) Untersuchungen zum Massenhaushalt des Inlandeises in Nordostgrönland Wassermassenbildung im Storfjord - ein Modell arktischer Schelfgebiete Atmosphärische Rollenkonvektion in der Framstraße ERS-l Radaraufnahmen des antarktischen Meereises Der Einfluß von Algen auf die physikalischen Prozesse im Meereis: ein Modell Die Bestimmung der Zirkulation im Weltmeer aus hydrographischen Daten Auswirkungen der Tiefenwasserproduktion auf die Zirkulation des Nordatlantik Infrarot-Zeilenkamera zur verbesserten Meereisfernerkundung LlDAR-Gerät zur Beobachtung fluoreszierender Stoffe im Meer Untersuchung der durch das Ozonloch verursachten UV-B Belastung auf Produktion und Artenzusammensetzung des Phytoplanktons 6. Logistik 7. Zentrale Einrichtungen 7.1 Öffentlichkeitsarbeit 7.2 Bibliothek 7.3 Rechenzentrum 8. Personeller Ausbau und Haushaltsentwicklung 8.1 Personal 8.2 Haushalt Anhang I Personal II Wissenschaftliche Veranstaltungen III Publikationen des Instituts IV Veröffentlichungen der Mitarbeiter V Abgeschlossene Examensarbeiten VI "Polarstern"-Expeditionen , Contents 1. Introductory Overview 2. International and National Cooperation 3. Research Projects - Expeditions 3.1 ANT X/2-8 3.2 ARK IX 3.3 ANT XI 3.4 Land Expedition to Siberia 4. Scienlific Work of the Sections 4.1 Biology I (Zoology, Ecophysiology and Macroalgae Ecology) 4.2 Biology II (Botany and Microbiology) 4.3 Chemistry 4.4. Geology 4.5 Geophysics and Glaciology 4.6 Physics of the Ocean and Atmosphere I 4.7 Physics of the Ocean and Atmosphere II 4.8 Marine Physics and Instrumentation 4.9 Potsdam Research Unit 5. Selected Research Topics The Evolution of cold-water macroalgae Antarctic Benthos Biodiversity Weddell Seals - deep divers in the High Antarctic The Cosmopolitan Planktonic Alga Phaeocystis: investigations into physiological and molecular differences Development of algal and bacterial communities in sea ice Zooplankton Faeces in Arctic Waters: Food for the Pelagic System or Transport Vehicle for Sedimenting Matter? Does the Global C02 Increase Stimulate Marine Primary Production? Relationship between Humic Substances and Amino Acids in Polar Waters The Ozone Distribution in the Atmosphere over the Atlantic Ocean Pinatubo Aerosols and Polar Stratospheric Clouds.. Measurement of Trace Gases in the Arctic Stratosphere during the Polar Night The Mean Vertical Distributions of Ozone above the Arctic and Antarctic Ice Movement and Sub-glacial Topography in the Vicinity of the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctic The Environmental History of the Continental East Antarctic as Recorded in Lake Sediments The Antarctic Sea Ice and its Extent in Geologically Prehistoric Times - Reconstruction and Modelling Benthic Foraminifera- Indicators of Glacial and Interglacial Climate in the South Atlantic Ocean Terrigenous Sediment Supply to the Eastern Arctic Ocean Mineral Formation in the Sediments and Soils of the Permafrost Zone Seismic Investigations in the Eurasian Basin (Arctic Ocean) Investigations into the Mass Balance of the Inland Ice in Northeast Greenland Water Mass Formation in the Storfjord - a Model of Arctic Shelf Regions Atmospheric Roll-Convection in the Fram Strait ERS-1 Radar Images of the Antarctic Sea Ice The Influence of Algae on the Physical Processes in Sea Ice: a Model Estimation of the Global Ocean Circulation from Hydrographic Measurements Influence of Deep Water Production on the North Atlantic General Circulation Infrared Line Scanner for Improved Remote Sensing of Sea Ice The LIDAR Instrument for Observation of Fluorescent Matter in the Ocean lnvestigation of the UV-B Impact on Phytoplankton Production and Species Composition 6. Logistics 6.1 Polar Stations 6.2 Research Vessels "Polarsten" and "Victor Hensen" 6.3 Polar Aircraft and Helicopters 6.4 General Logistics 7. Central Services 7.1 Press and Public Relations 7.2 Library 7.3 Computer Centre 8. Personnel Expansion and Budget Development 8.1 Personnel 8.2 Budget Annex I. Personnel II. Scientific Events Ill. Publications of the Institute IV. Publications by Members of Staff V. Completed Theses and Dissertations VI. "Polarstern" Expeditions

Anmerkung: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Anmerkung: Contents List of contributors Preface Introduction Guidelines and codes of conduct for Arctic tourism: implementation and evaluation of an operator program / Margaret E. Johnston and David G. Twynam Drafting tourism codes for the Arctic / Peter Mason The importance of an overall visitor education program - experiences with tour operators in the Antarctic / Debra J. Enzenbacher Mechanisms for promoting and monitoring compliance with Arctic tourism guidelines / Debra J. Enzenbacher Polar ship-borne tourism: do guidelines and codes of conduct work? / Bernard Stonehouse The conservation perspective on Antarctic tourism / Cassandra Phillips Tourism regulation - cultural norms or legislation? Outdoor life and tourism regulation in Finnmark and on Svalbard / Arvid Viken Opportunities and problems associated with the development of Arctic tourism: a case study from Svalbard / Reidar Hindrum Mechanisms and organisational structures for implementing Arctic tourism guidelines / Tutta May Endresen Report on the IUCN and tourism-related activities in the Arctic / Jeanne Pagnan Planning for ecotourism in Kangerlussuaq - Søndre Strømfjord, Greenland / Jeppe Mordhorst Whale-watching guidelines: a special case / Cassandra Phillips Guidelines for whale-watching in Norway / Tiu Similä The frame conditions for ecologically acceptable tourism and its guidelines on Svalbard / Andreas Umbreit Appendices

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - Water masses and mixing near the Antarctic slope front. - Observations and modelling of Antarctic downslope flows : a review. - On the interaction of the Katabatic-Land-Sea Wind system of Antarctica with the high latitude Southern Ocean. - Thermohaline variability of the waters overlying the West Antarctica Peninsula Continental Shelf. - Oceanic erosion of a floating Antarctic Glacier in the Amundsen Sea. - Winter atmospheric forcing of the Ross Sea Polynya. - Interannual ocean and sea ice variability in the Ross Sea. - On the Origin and influence of Adélie Land bottom water. - Ocean-Ice shelf interaction and possible bottom water formation in Prydz Bay, Antarctica. - Acoustical techniques in Antarctic Oceanography. - Transport and water masses of the Antarctic slope front system in the Eastern Weddell Sea. - Western Weddell Sea thermohaline stratification. - Transient tracer observations from the western Weddell Sea during the drift and recovery of ice station Weddell. - Interactions between floating ice platelets and ocean water in the Southern Weddell Sea. - Impact of grounded icegergs on the hydrographic conditions near the Filchner Ice shelf. - Physical controls on ocean circulation beneath ice shelves revealed by numerical models. - Ocean circulation beneath the Western Ronne Ice Shelf, as derived from in situ measurements of water currents and properties. - Marine ice beneath Filchner Ice Shelf : evidence from a multi-disciplinary approach. - Tides in the Weddell Sea. - The new bathymetric charts of the Weddell Sea : AWI BCWS

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - PART I THE ELEMENTS OF AIR POLLUTION. - 1 The History of Air Pollution. - I. Before the Industrial Revolution. - II. The Industrial Revolution. - Ill. The Twentieth Century. - IV. The 1980s. - V. The 1990s. - VI. The Future. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 2 The Natural versus Polluted Atmosphere. - I. The Atmosphere. - II. Unpolluted Air. - Ill. Particulate Matter. - IV. Concepts. - IV. Personnel. - V. Advisory Groups. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 3 Scales of the Air Pollution Problem. - I. Local. - II. Urban. - Ill. Regional. - IV. Continental. - V. Global. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 4 Air Quality. - I. Averaging Time. - II. Cycles. - Ill. Primary and Secondary Pollutants. - IV. Measurement Systems. - V. Air Quality Levels. - Reference. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 5 The Philosophy of Air Pollution Control. - I. Strategy and Tactics-The Air Pollution System. - II. Episode Control. - Ill. Air Quality Management Control Strategy. - IV. Alternative Control Strategies. - V. Economic Considerations. - Reference. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 6 Sources of Air Pollution. - I. General. - II. Combustion. - Ill. Stationary Sources. - IV. Mobile Sources. - V. Emission Inventory. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART II THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. - 7 Effects on Human Health and Welfare. - I. Air-Water-Soil Interactions. - II. Total Body Burden. - Ill. The Human Respiratory System. - IV. Impact of Air Pollution on Humans. - V. Impact of Odor on Humans. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 8 Effects on Vegetation and Animals. - I. Injury versus Damage. - II. Effects on Vegetation and Crops. - Ill. Effects on Forests. - IV. Effects on Animals. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 9 Effects on Materials and Structures. - I. Effects on Metals. - II. Effects on Stone. - Ill. Effects on Fabrics and Dyes. - IV. Effects on Leather, Paper, Paint, and Glass. - V. Effects on Rubber. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 10 Effects on the Atmosphere, Soil, and Water Bodies. - I. The Physics of Visibility. - II. Formation of Atmospheric Haze. - Ill. Effects of Atmospheric Haze. - IV. Visibility. - V. Acidic Deposition. - VI. Effects of Acidic Deposition. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 11 Long-Term Effects on the Planet. - I. Global Warming. - II. Ozone Holes. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART III MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING OF AIR POLLUTION. - 12 Atmospheric Chemistry. - I. Types of Atmospheric Chemical Transformations. - II. Role of Solar Radiation in Atmospheric Chemistry. - Ill. Gas-Phase Chemical Reaction Pathways. - IV. Heterogeneous Reactions. - V. Scavenging and Removal from the Atmosphere. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 13 Ambient Air Sampling. - I. Elements of a Sampling System. - II. Sampling Systems for Gaseous Pollutants. - Ill. Sampling Systems for Particulate Pollutants and PM10. - IV. Static Sampling Systems. - V. Sampler Siting Requirements. - VI. Sampling for Air Toxics. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 14 Ambient Air Pollutants: Analysis and Measurement. - I. Analysis and Measurement of Gaseous Pollutants. - II. Analysis and Measurement of Particulate Pollutants. - Ill. Analysis and Measurement of Odors. - IV. Analysis and Measurement of Visibility. - V. Analysis and Measurement of Acidic Deposition. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 15 Air Pollution Monitoring and Surveillance. - I. Stationary Monitoring Networks. - II. Mobile Monitoring and Surveillance. - Ill. Remote Sensing. - IV. Quality Assurance. - V. Data Analysis and Display. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 16 Air Pathways from Hazardous Waste Sites. - I. Introduction. - II. Multimedia Transport. - Ill. Contaminant Fate Analysis. - IV. Modeling. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART IV THE METEOROLOGY OF AIR POLLUTION. - 17 The Physics of the Atmosphere. - I. Sun, Atmosphere System, and Heat Balance. - II. Stability and Instability. - Ill. Laws of Motion. - IV. Local Wind Systems. - V. General Circulation. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 18 The Meteorological Bases of Atmospheric Pollution. - I. Ventilation. - II. Stagnation. - Ill. Meterological Conditions during Historic Pollution Episodes. - IV. Effects of Pollution on the Atmosphere. - V. Removal Mechanisms. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 19 Transport and Dispersion of Air Pollutants. - I. Wind Velocity. - II. Turbulence. - Ill. Estimating Concentrations from Point Sources. - IV. Dispersion Instrumentation. - V. Atmospheric Tracers. - VI. Concentration Variation with Averaging Time. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 20 Air Pollution Modeling and Prediction. - I. Plume Rise. - II. Modeling Techniques. - Ill. Modeling Nonreactive Pollutants. - IV. Modeling Pollutant Transformations. - V. Model Performance, Accuracy, and Utilization. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 21 Air Pollution Climatology. - I. Sources of Data. - II. Representativeness. - Ill. Frequency of Atmospheric Stagnations. - IV. Ventilation Climatology. - V. Wind and Pollution Roses. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART V THE REGULATORY CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION. - 22 Air Quality Criteria and Standards. - I. Air Quality Criteria. - II. Conversion of Effects Data and Criteria to Standards. - Ill. Conversion of Physical Data and Criteria to Standards. - IV. Conversion of Biological Data and Criteria to Standards. - V. Air Quality Standards. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 23 Indoor Air Quality. - I. Changing Times. - II. Factors Influencing Indoor Air Quality. - Ill. Indoor Air Pollutants. - IV. Effects of Indoor Air Pollutants. - V. Control of Indoor Pollutants. - References. - Suggested Readings. - Questions. - 24 The U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. - I. Introduction. - II. Titles. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 25 Emission Standards. - I. Subjective Standards. - II. Objective Standards. - Ill. Types of Emission Standards. - IV. Variant Forms of Emission Standards. - V. Means for Implementing Emission Standards. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 26 The Elements of Regulatory Control. - I. Control of New Stationary Sources. - II. Control of Existing Stationary Sources. - Ill. Control of Mobile Sources. - IV. Air Quality Control Regions. - V. Tall Stacks and Intermittent and Supplementary Control Systems. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 27 Organizations for Air Pollution Control. - I. Functions. - II. Organization. - Ill. Finance. - IV. Personnel. - V. Advisory Groups. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART VI THE ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION. - 28 Engineering Control Concepts. - I. Introduction. - II. Process Change. - Ill. Fuel Change. - IV. Pollution Removal. - V. Disposal of Pollutants. - VI. Pollution Prevention. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 29 Control Devices and Systems. - I. Introduction. - II. Removal of Dry Particulate Matter. - Ill. Removal of Liquid Droplets and Mists. - IV. Removal of Gaseous Pollutants. - V. Removal of Odors. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 30 Control of Stationary Sources. - I. Introduction. - II. Energy, Power, and Incineration. - Ill. Chemical and Metallurgical Industries. - IV. Agriculture and Forest Products Industries. - V. Other Industrial Processes. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - Control of Mobile Sources. - I. Introduction. - II. Gasoline-Powered Vehicles. - Ill. Diesel-Powered Vehicles. - IV. Gas Turbines and J

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: Preface page. - Conventions and Notation. - Chapter 1. The Physical Properties of Fluids. - 1.1 Solids, liquids and gases. - 1.2 The continuum hypothesis. - 1.3 Volume forces and surface forces acting on a fluid. - Representation of surface forces by the stress tensor. - The stress tensor in a fluid at rest. - 1.4 Mechanical equilibrium of a fluid. - A body 'floating' in fluid at rest. - Fluid at rest under gravity. - 1.5 Classical thermodynamics. - 1.6 Transport phenomena. - The linear relation between flux and the gradient of a scalar intensity. - The equations for diffusion and heat conduction in isotropic media at rest, Molecular transport of momentum in a fluid. - 1.7 The distinctive properties of gases. - A perfect gas in equilibrium. - Departures from the perfect-gas laws. - Transport coefficients in a perfect gas. - Other manifestations of departure from equilibrium of a perfect gas. - 1.8 The distinctive properties of liquids. - Equilibrium properties. - Transport coefficients. - 1.9 Conditions at a boundary between two media. - Surface tension. - Equilibrium shape of a boundary between two stationary fluids. - Transition relations at a material boundary. - Chapter 2. Kinematics of the Flow Field. - 2.1 Specification of the flow field. - Differentiation following the motion of the fluid. - 2.2 Conservation of mass. - Use of a stream function to satisfy the mass-conservation equation. - 2.3 Analysis of the relative motion near a point. - Simple shearing motion. - 2.4 Expression for the velocity distribution with specified rate of expansion and vorticity. - 2.5 Singularities in the rate of expansion. Sources and sinks. - 2.6 The vorticity distribution. - Line vortices. - Sheet vortices. - 2.7 Velocity distributions with zero rate of expansion and zero vorticity. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - lrrotational solenoidal flow near a stagnation point. - The complex potential for irrotational solenoidal flow in two dimensions. - 2.8 Irrotational solenoidal flow in doubly-connected regions of space. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - 2.9 Three-dimensional flow fields extending to infinity. - Asymptotic expressions for ue and uv. - The behaviour of ϕ at large distances. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - The expression of ϕ as a power series. - Irrotational solenoidal flow due to a rigid body in translational motion. - 2.10 Two-dimensional flow fields extending to infinity. - lrrotational solenoidal flow due to a rigid body in translational motion. - Chapter 3. Equations Governing the Motion of a Fluid. - 3.1 Material integrals in a moving fluid. - Rates of change of material integrals. - Conservation laws for a fluid in motion. - 3.2 The equation of motion. - Use of the momentum equation in integral form. - Equation of motion relative to moving axes. - 3.3 The expression for the stress tensor. - Mechanical definition of pressure in a moving fluid. - The relation between deviatoric stress and rate-of-strain for a Newtonian fluid. - The Navier-Stokes equation. - Conditions on the velocity and stress at a material boundary. - 3.4 Changes in the internal energy of a fluid in motion. - 3.5 Bernoulli's theorem for steady flow of a frictionless non-conducting fluid. - Special forms of Bemoulli's theorem. - Constancy of H across a transition region in one-dimensional steady flow. - 3.6 The complete set of equations governing fluid flow. - Isentropic flow. - Conditions for the velocity distribution to be approximately solenoidal. - 3.7 Concluding remarks to chapters 1, 2 and 3. - Chapter 4. Flow of a Uniform Incompressible Viscous Fluid. - 4.1 Introduction. - Modification of the pressure to allow for the effect of the body force. - 4.2 Steady unidirectional flow. - Poiseuille flow. - Tubes of non-circular cross-section. - Two-dimensional flow. - A model of a paint-brush. - A remark on stability. - 4.3 Unsteady unidirectional flow. - The smoothing-out of a discontinuity in velocity at a plane. - Plane boundary moved suddenly in a fluid at rest. - One rigid boundary moved suddenly and one held stationary. - Flow due to an oscillating plane boundary. - Starting flow in a pipe. - 4.4 The Ekman layer at a boundary in a rotating fluid. - The layer at a free surface. - The layer at a rigid plane boundary. - 4.5 Flow with circular streamlines. - 4.6 The steady jet from a point source of momentum. - 4.7 Dynamical similarity and the Reynolds number. - Other dimensionless parameters having dynamical significance. - 4.8 Flow fields in which inertia forces are negligible. - Flow in slowly-varying channels. - Lubrication theory. - The Hele-Shaw cell. - Percolation through porous media. - Two-dimensional flow in a corner. - Uniqueness and minimum dissipation theorems. - 4.9 Flow due to a moving body at small Reynolds number. - A rigid sphere. - A spherical drop of a different fluid. - A body of arbitrary shape. - 4.10 Oseen's improvement of the equation for flow due to moving bodies at small Reynolds number. - A rigid sphere. - A rigid circular cylinder. - 4.11 The viscosity of a dilute suspension of small particles. - The flow due to a sphere embedded in a pure straining motion. - The increased rate of dissipation in an incompressible suspension. - The effective expansion viscosity of a liquid containing gas bubbles. - 4.12 Changes in the flow due to moving bodies as R increases from 1 to about 100. - Chapter 5. Flow at Large Reynolds Number: Effects of Viscosity. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Vorticity dynamics. - The intensification of vorticity by extension of vortex-lines. - 5.3 Kelvin's circulation theorem and vorticity laws for an inviscid fluid. - The persistence of irrotationality. - 5.4 The source of vorticity in motions generated from rest. - 5.5 Steady flows in which vorticity generated at a solid surface is prevented by convection from diffusing far away from it. - (a) Flow along plane and circular walls with suction through the wall. - (b) Flow toward a 'stagnation point' at a rigid boundary. - (c) Centrifugal flow due to a rotating disk. - 5.6 Steady two-dimensional flow in a converging or diverging channel. - Purely convergent flow. - Purely divergent flow. - Solutions showing both outflow and inflow. - 5.7 Boundary layers. - 5.8 The boundary layer on a flat plate. - 5.9 The effects of acceleration and deceleration of the external stream. - The similarity solution for an external stream velocity proportional to x^m. - Calculation of the steady boundary layer on a body moving through fluid. - Growth of the boundary layer in initially irrotational flow. - 5.10 Separation of the boundary layer. - 5.11 The flow due to bodies moving steadily through fluid. - Flow without separation. - Flow with separation. - 5.12 Jets, free shear layers and wakes. - Narrow jets. - Free shear layers. - Wakes. - 5.13 Oscillatory boundary layers. - The damping force on an oscillating body. - Steady streaming due to an oscillatory boundary layer. - Applications of the theory of steady streaming. - 5.14 Flow systems with a free surface page. - The boundary layer at a free surface. - The drag on a spherical gas bubble rising steadily through liquid. - The attenuation of gravity waves. - 5.15 Examples of use of the momentum theorem. - The force on a regular array of bodies in a stream. - The effect of a sudden enlargement of a pipe. - Chapter 6. Irrotational Flow Theory and its Applications. - 6.1 The role of the theory of flow of an inviscid fluid. - 6.2 General properties of irrotational flow. - Integration of the equation of motion. - Expressions for the kinetic energy in terms of surface integrals. - Kelvin's minimum energy theorem. - Positions of a maximum of q and a minimum of p. - Local variation of the velocity magnitude. - 6.3 Steady flow : some applications of Bernoulli's theorem and the momentum theorem. - Efflux from a circular orifice in an open vessel. - Flow over a weir. - Jet of liquid impinging on a plane wall. - lrro

Anmerkung: Chapter 1. Volcanic-Gas Studies: Methods, Results, and Applications by Robert B. Symonds, William I. Rose, Gregg J. S. Bluth, and Terrence M. Gerlach, p. 1 - 66 Chapter 2. Analytical Methods for Volatiles in Glasses by Phillip D. Ihinger, Richard L. Hervig, and Paul F. McMillan, p. 67 - 122 Chapter 3. Development of the Burnham Model for Prediction of H2O Solubility in Magmas by C. Wayne Burnham, p. 123 - 130 Chapter 4. Water Solubility and Speciation Models by Paul F. McMillan, p. 131 - 156 Chapter 5. Experimental Studies of Carbon Dioxide in Silicate Melts: Solubility, Speciation, and Stable Carbon Isotope Behavior by Jennifer G. Blank, and Richard A. Brooker, p. 157 - 186 Chapter 6. Application of Experimental Results to C-O-H Species in Natural Melts by John R. Holloway and Jennifer G. Blank, p. 187 - 230 Chapter 7. Solubilities of Sulfur, Noble Gases, Nitrogen, Chlorine, and Fluorine in Magmas by Michael R. Carroll and James D. Webster, p. 231 - 280 Chapter 8. Pre-Eruptive Volatile Contents of Magmas by Marie C. Johnson, Alfred T. Anderson, Jr., and Malcolm J. Rutherford, p. 281 - 330 Chapter 9. The Effect of H2O, CO2 and F on the Density and Viscosity of Silicate Melts by Rebecca A. Lange, p. 331 - 370 Chapter 10. Diffusion in Volatile-Bearing Magmas by E. Bruce Watson, p. 371 - 412 Chapter 11a. Physical Aspects of Magmatic Degassing I. Experimental and Theoretical Constraints on Vesiculation by R. Stephen J. Sparks, Jenni Barclay, Claude Jaupart, Heidy M. Mader, and J. C. Phillips, p. 413 - 446 Chapter 11b. Physical Aspects of Magmatic Degassing II. Constraints on Vesiculation Processes from Textural Studies of Eruptive Products by Katherine V. Cashman, and Margaret T. Mangan, p. 447 - 478 Chapter 12. Earth Degassing and Large-Scale Geochemical Cycling of Volatile Elements by Albert Jambon, p. 479 - 518

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. Introduction. - 2. The Transformation of Snow to Ice. - 3. Mass Balance. - 4. Heat Budget and Climatology. - 5. Structure and Deformation of Ice. - 6. Hydraulics of Glaciers. - 7. Glacier Sliding. - 8. Deformation of Subglacial Till. - 9. Structures and Fabrics in Glaciers and Ice Sheets. - 10. Distribution of Temperature in Glaciers and Ice Sheets. - 11. Steady Flow of Glaciers and Ice Sheets. - 12. Flow of Ice Shelves and Ice Streams. - 13. Non-Steady Flow of Glaciers and Ice Sheets. - 14. Surging and Tidewater Glaciers. - 15. Ice Core Studies. - APPENDICES. - REFERENCES. - SUBJECT INDEX.

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Forewordv Chapter 1 Introduetion Chapter 2 Review of Underlying Mathematical Techniques 2.1 Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares 2.2 Probability and Random Processes Chapter 3 Linear Dynamic Systems 3.1 State-Space Notation 3.2 Transition Matrix 3.3 Matrix Superposition Integral 3.4 Discrete Formulation 3.5 System Observability and Controllability 3.6 Covariance Matrix 3.7 Propagation of Errors 3.8 Modeling and State Vector Augmentation 3.9 Empirical Model Identification Chapter 4 Optimal Linear Filtering 4.1 Recursive Filters 4.2 Discrete Kalman Filter 4.3 Continuous Kalman Filter 4.4 Intuitive Concepts 4.5 Correlated Measurement Errors 4.6 Solution of the Riccati Equation 4.7 Statistical Steady State - The Wiener Filter Chapter 5 Optimal Linear Smoothing 5.1 Form of the Optimal Smoother 5.2 Optimal Fixed-Interval Smoother 5.3 Optimal Fixed-Point Smoother 5.4 Optimal Fixed-Lag Smoother Chapter 6 Nonlinear Estimation 6.1 Nonlinear Minimum Variance Estimation 6.2 Nonlinear Estimation by Statistical Linearization 6.3 Nonlinear Least-Squares Estimation 6.4 Direct Statistical Analysis of Nonlinear Systems - CADET Chapter 7 Suboptimal Filter Design and Sensitivity Analysis 7.1 Suboptimal Filter Design 7.2 Sensitivity Analysis: Kalman Filter 7.3 Sensitivity Analysis Examples 7.4 Developing an Error Budget 7.5 Sensitivity Analysis: Optimal Smoother 7.6 Organization of a Computer Program for Covariance Analysis Chapter 8 Implementation Considerations 8.1 Modeling Problems 8.2 Constraints Imposed by the Computer 8.3 The Inherently Finite Nature of the Computer 8.4 Algorithms and Computer Loading Analysis Chapter 9 Additionel Topics 9.1 Adaptive Kalman Filtering 9.2 Observers 9.3 Stochastic Approximation 9.4 Real-Time Parameter Identification 9.5 Optimal Control of Linear Systems Index

Anmerkung: Table of contents 1. Introduction: Perceptions of weather and climate 1.1 Meteorology and/or climatology? 1.2 Perceptions of reality: schools of thought 1.3 Inadequacies in schools of thought, and associated problems 1.4 The approach ofthis book Part I GENERAL CIRCULATION IN THE TROPOSPHERE 2. Radiation 2.1 Processes of radiation 2.2 The greenhouse effect 2.3 The shape and motions of the Earth 2.4 The geographical factor 2.5 Conclusion 3. Circulation in the lower layers of the troposphere 3.1 Circulation in high and mid-latitudes: MPHs Perception of circulation in high and mid-latitudes The existence of mobile anticyclones Mobile Polar Highs (MPHs) The polar thermal deficit The birth of MPHs MPH trajectories The MPH-associated wind field 3.2 Anticyclonic agglutinations (AAs) A look at the so-called "subtropical" high-pressure areas Meridional transport by MPHs and anticyclonic agglutination (AA) Oceanic and continental anticyclonic agglutinations 3.3 Tropical circulation A look at tropical circulation Pressure and wind fields over the tropics The trade wind Trade winds The monsoon Monsoons 4. General circulation 4.1 General circulation: evolution of ideas 4.2 Areas of circulation in the lower layers 4.3 General circulation in the troposphere The mean tropospheric picture Seasonal variation in circulation Aerological stratification 4.4 Zonal "Walker" circulation: myth or reality? 4.5 General circulation: conclusion Part II DYNAMICS OF THE WEATHER: PERTURBATIONS 5. Pluviogenesis 5.1 Precipitation potential 5.2 Origin of an updraft The thermal factor The dynamical factor 5.3 Structuralconditions 6. Dynamics of weather in polar and temperate regions: MPHs 6.1 Perception of the "perturbed field" in high and mid-latitudes 6.2 The MPH: pressure field and wind field 6.3 Weather associated with an MPH 6.4 MPHs and the ''polar front" 6.5 Interactions between MPHs 6.6 Dynamics of weather in North America 6.7 Dynamics of weather in France MPHs and relief Winter dynamics Summer dynamics 6.8 Dynamics of weather in temperate and polar regions: conclusion 7. MPHs at tropical margins 7.1 The temperate-tropical boundary 7.2 Mechanisms 7.3 North and Central America 7.4 South America 7.5 Nmthern Africa, Arabia and India 7.6 Southern Africa 7.7 Eastern Asia 7.8 Australia 7.9 Conclusion 8. Pulses in trades and monsoons 8 1 Trade winds and "easterly waves" 8.2 Vertical structure of the trades 8.3 Pulses in the trades Maritime trades The continental trade wind 8.4 Pulses in the monsoon 9. The meteorological equator 9.1 The meteorological equator: the evolution of a concept 9.2 The inclined meteorological equator (IME) 9.3 IME activity: squall line.s (SL) 9.4 The vertical meteorological equator (VME) 9.5 The meteorological equator over continents: IME and VME 10. Tropical cyclones 10.1 Cyclone structure and associated weather 10.2 Conditions for cyclogenesis 10.3 The geography of tropical cyclones Part III DYNAMICS OF CLIMATE: CLIMATIC EVOLUTION The global climatic system 11. Causes of climatic variations 11.1 Variations in solar activity The sunspot cycle Solar activity and climate 11.2 Orbital parameters of radiation Variation of the Earth-Sun distance, or eccentricity of the Earth's orbit Variation of the angle of inclination of the Earth's polar axis Variation of the direction of the polar axis, or precession of the equinoxes Orbital parameters and climatic evolution 11.3 Volcanism and climate Volcanic emissions and ejecta (silicates and sulphates) Optical radiative and thermal effects 11.4 The anthropic greenhouse effect The anthropic greenhouse effect: predictions from models Predictions and observations Recent climatic change does not conform to the "greenhouse effect"scenario Conclusion on the causes of climatic change 12. Palaeoclimatic variations and modes of general circulation 12.1 A Palaeoenvironments in Africa Present-day dynamics of climate in Africa The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the LGM (18- 15 kyr BP) The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the HCO (9-6 kyr BP) Palaeometeorological interpretation 12.2 Variations in insolation and in modes of general circulation Variations in insolation at high latitudes Rapid general circulation Slow general circulation Glaciation and deglaciation Palaeocirculations over Africa Circulation at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum Circulation at the time of the Holocene Climatic Optimum Conclusion 13. Recent climatic evolution Recent climatic evolution in France 13.1 Dynamics of the great Sahel drought Sahelian pluviogenesis Causes of the great drought The southward movement of pluviogenetic structures 13.2 Climatic evolution in the North Atlantic/Europe/Mediterranean space Recent regional climatic evolutions Dynamics of weather and climate in the North Atlantic space Conclusion Polar and Alpine glaciers 13. 3 Dynamics of the Pacific space - El Niño Aerological dynamics of the North Pacific space The "El Niño phenomenon" The components of El Niño in the eastern Pacific The origin of torrential rains in northern Peru The components of El Niño in the tropical Pacific The increasing frequency of the El Niño phenomenon 13.4 The expansion of the northern meteorological hemisphere Climatic consequences in the tropics Lack of rainfall at norhern tropical margins The inverse relationship between northern and southern tropical rainfall Greatly increased cyclonic activity south of the equator "Global warning"? Climatic perspectives 14. General conclusion Bibliography Index