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  • 1
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    Structural change in coal regions as a process of economic and social-ecological transition : lessons learnt from structural change processes in Germany (2022)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: Effective policies to mitigate climate change need to be accompanied by a socially just transition. Based on experiences of past and ongoing transition policies in coal regions in Europe and with indications to the specificity of framework conditions and challenges and to the potential effectiveness and transferability of approaches, this paper presents lessons learnt which can be inspirational for similar transitions in other coal regions and for transitions in other sectors.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 2
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    Analysis of the historical structural change in the German hard coal mining Ruhr area (case study) (2022)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: This case study examined the structural change in the Ruhr area caused by the low international competitiveness of German hard coal mining over the period from the late 1950s to 2015. It analysed the structural change process and the structural policies implemented as a reaction to this process with the objective to make this knowledge available for future structural change processes in other (coal) regions by deploying various qualitative and quantitative methods of empirical social and economic research. A discourse analysis helped to recognise who supported which structural policy approaches and why - and thus gives indications of the possible relevance of experiences for other regions.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 3
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    Analysis of the historical structural change in the German lignite mining area of Lusatia (case study) (2022)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: This case study examined the structural change in Lusatia caused by the system change from a centrally planned economy to a market economy in the period 1990-2015. It analysed the structural change process and the structural policies implemented as a reaction to this process with the objective to make this knowledge available for future structural change processes in other (coal) regions by deploying various qualitative and quantitative methods of empirical social and economic research. A discourse analysis helped to recognise who supported which structural policy approaches and why - and thus gives indications of the possible relevance of experiences for other regions.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 4
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    Seasonal Differences in the Attenuation of Polar Trace Organics in the Hyporheic Zone of an Urban Stream (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: Attenuation of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) in a river occurs to a large extent in its hyporheic zone. A major part of the attenuation of polar TrOCs is of microbial origin. As microbial activity depends on temperature and redox conditions, seasonal differences in TrOC attenuation are likely. We investigated TrOC attenuation at a river influenced by treated wastewater during two sampling campaigns, one in summer and one in winter. In addition to redox conditions and temperature, we also determined residence times of porewater in sediment using three methods: (a) non‐parametric deconvolution of electrical conductivity time series, (b) the model VFLUX 2.0 based on temperature time series (only summer), and (c) applying Darcy's law to differences in hydraulic heads (only summer). Contrary to our expectations, we found higher attenuation for 12 out of 18 TrOCs in winter, while three TrOCs were better attenuated in summer. Sediment conditions varied between seasons as more of the top sandy layer with a higher hydraulic permeability accumulated on the river bed in summer. As a result, residence times in the sediment were shorter in summer. In winter, longer residence times, lower temperatures, and a steeper oxygen gradient in sediment coincided with higher TrOC attenuation. Further research is needed to understand our unexpected findings and underlying mechanisms.
    Description: Key Points: The attenuation of 12 out of 18 trace organic compounds (TrOCs) in the hyporheic zone was higher in winter while three TrOCs were attenuated better in summer. Residence times in sediment were longer and more diverse in winter. The extent of the oxic sediment was similar between seasons but the gradient from the oxic to anoxic zone was steeper in winter.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: EC | H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 Marie Skłodowska‐Curie Actions (MSCA) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010665
    Description: University of Western Australia ‐ University Postgraduate Award
    Description: Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://doi.org/10.18728/igb-fred-578.0
    Keywords: ddc:628.162
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Iron Exports From Catchments Are Constrained by Redox Status and Topography (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: Fe(III) hydroxides stabilize organic carbon (OC) and P in soils. Observations of rising stream Fe concentrations are controversially posited to result from a flushing of iron‐rich deeper soil layers or a decrease of competing electron acceptors inhibiting Fe reduction (NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ and SO42− $\mathrm{S}{{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}^{2-}$). Here, we argue that catchment topography constrains the release of Fe, OC, and P to streams. We therefore incubated organic topsoil and mineral subsoil and modified the availability of NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$. We found that Fe leaching was highest in topsoil. Fe, OC, and P released at quantities proportional to their ratios in the source soil. Supply of NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ reduced Fe leaching to 18% and increased pore water OC:Fe and P:Fe ratios. Subsoil, however, was an insignificant Fe source (〈0.5%). Here, the leached quantities of Fe, OC and P were highly disproportionate to the soil source with an excess of released OC and P. We tested if experimental findings scale up using data from 88 German catchments representing gradients in NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ concentration and topography. Average stream Fe concentrations increased with decreasing NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ and were high in catchments with shallow topography where high groundwater levels support reductive processes and topsoils are hydrologically connected to streams; but Fe concentrations were low in catchments with steep topography where flow occurs primarily through subsoils. OC:Fe and P:Fe ratios in the streams similarly varied by NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ and topography. This corroborates the findings from the laboratory experiment and suggests that catchment topography and competing electron acceptors constrain the formation of Fe‐reducing conditions and control the release of Fe, OC, and P to streams.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Iron is the second most abundant metal in the crust; its cycle is tightly connected to those of carbon, oxygen, and sulfur. The oxidized form (FeIII) is almost insoluble, but Fe can be mobilized by complexation or microbial Fe reduction. Both processes depend on availability of organic C. We found that Fe concentrations in streams were constrained by the topography of catchments and NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ abundance. Shallower catchments are characterized by higher groundwater tables connecting the organic topsoils efficiently to streams. NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ suppresses Fe reduction as a competing electron acceptor to Fe. We conclude that trends in soil wetness or atmospheric N deposition can change the stability of Fe and thus the release of PO43− $\mathrm{P}{{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}^{3-}$ and harmful metals to surface waters.
    Description: Key Points: Organic topsoils leach substantial amounts of Fe when incubated in the absence of NO3, a competing electron acceptor that inhibits Fe reduction. Shallow catchments with fluvially coupled topsoils and low NO3 availability release 200 fold more Fe than steep ones with high NO3 abundance. Catchment topography and NO3 availability explain 62%–64% of the variability of Fe concentration and OC:Fe and P:Fe ratios across 88 streams.
    Description: EFRE‐Europe
    Description: https://doi.org/10.4211/hs.43601618877945c5a46b715aa98db729
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Feasibility of pXRF to evaluate chosen heavy metals in soil highly influenced by municipal waste disposal—A monitoring study of a former sewage farm (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: Sewage disposal onto agricultural land may result in the high accumulation of organic wastes, which questions the applicability of typical elemental analysis used for the soil components. To monitor the contamination status of agricultural soils at a former sedimentation basin, after the long‐term cessation of wastewater irrigation, 110 locations (15–20 cm depth) and 4 boreholes (up to 100 cm depth) were sampled to determine pH, loss on ignition, and concentration of Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cr. Additionally, the applicability of portable X‐ray fluorescence (pXRF) for the soil samples highly influenced by the organic wastes was evaluated. The study revealed the presence of a relatively homogenous sewage waste layer (depth of 20 cm), characterized by slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.3–7.5), high organic matter (OM) accumulation (up to 49%), and elevated concentration (mg kg −1) ranges between: Pb (5–321), Cu (31–2828), Ni (10–193), Cr (14–966), and Zn (76–6639). The pXRF analysis revealed metal concentration increase in mineral samples (up to 50%). The regression models and correction factors demonstrated high correlation and significance of pXRF measurement with response to increasing OM content, with the lowest r 2 = 0.86 obtained for Ni. Correlation of pXRF and AES measurement illustrated element‐dependent response for soils high in organics. Zn, Cu, and Cr pXRF analysis led to a slight underestimation in lower values, but overall good correlations (0.87; 0.89; and 0.88 respectively). Pb and Ni pXRF measurement revealed higher deviation from the reference in both lower and higher concentrations (0.74 and 0.70, respectively).
    Description: German Federation of Industrial Research Associations http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002723
    Description: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006360
    Keywords: ddc:577.14
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    The Goldilocks Zone in Cooling Demand: What Can We Do Better? (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: The higher frequency and intensity of sustained heat events have increased the demand for cooling energy across the globe. Current estimates of summer‐time energy demand are primarily based on Cooling Degree Days (CDD), representing the number of degrees a day's average temperature exceeds a predetermined comfort zone temperature. Through a comprehensive analysis of the historical energy demand data across the USA, we show that the commonly used CDD estimates fall significantly short (±25%) of capturing regional thermal comfort levels. Moreover, given the increasingly compelling evidence that air temperature alone is not sufficient for characterizing human thermal comfort, we extend the widely used CDD calculation to heat index, which accounts for both air temperature and humidity. Our results indicate significant mis‐estimation of regional thermal comfort when humidity is ignored. Our findings have significant implications for the security, sustainability, and resilience of the grid under climate change.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Hotter summer days and more frequent and intense heatwaves are causing a sharp rise in demand for air conditioning across the globe. Accurate estimation of demand for space cooling is an integral component of resilient planning, operation, and management of the grid. One widely used metric for characterizing this demand is the Cooling Degree Days (CDD), which is calculated by measuring the difference between the mean daily temperature and a pre‐defined base temperature that represents a “comfort zone.” In this study, we analyze historical data on climate and energy demand and find that the most frequently used base temperature of 65°F in CDD calculations leads to mis‐characterizing comfort zones across different geographic areas in the United States. This can cause significant under‐ or over‐estimations of cooling energy demand. Moreover, we extend the temperature‐based CDD calculations to also account for the role of humidity and demonstrate the cost of ignoring humidity in CDD calculations under present and future climate conditions.
    Description: Key Points: Analysis of electricity demand shows that the widely used Cooling Degree Days (CDD) estimates fall short of capturing regional thermal comfort zones. Estimates of air conditioning penetration and affordability based on traditional calculation of CDD can lead to significant misestimation. Extending CDD calculations to include humidity improves the characterization of climate‐demand nexus under present and future climate.
    Description: National Science Foundation (NSF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001
    Keywords: ddc:333.79
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Vertically Divergent Responses of SOC Decomposition to Soil Moisture in a Changing Climate (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: The role of soil moisture for organic matter decomposition rates remains poorly understood and underrepresented in Earth System Models (ESMs). We apply the Dual Arrhenius Michaelis‐Menten (DAMM) model to a selection of ESM soil temperature and moisture outputs to investigate their effects on decomposition rates, at different soil depths, for a historical period and a future climate period. Our key finding is that the inclusion of soil moisture controls has diverging effects on both the speed and direction of projected decomposition rates (up to ±20%), compared to a temperature‐only approach. In the top soil, the majority of these changes is driven by substrate availability. In deeper soil layers, oxygen availability plays a relatively stronger role. Owing to these different moisture controls along the soil depth, our study highlights the need for depth‐resolved inclusion of soil moisture effects on decomposition rates within ESMs. This is particularly important for C‐rich soils in regions which may be subject to strong future warming and vertically opposing moisture changes, such as the peat soils at northern high latitudes.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Soils contain a lot of carbon (C). Earth System Models (ESMs) predict that the amount of C released from soils into the atmosphere as CO2 will increase in response to increased warming and microbial activity. Soil moisture also controls microbial C decomposition, but most ESMs do not yet describe this process very well. In this study we apply a simple equation to different ESMs, to see how both temperature and soil moisture change microbial decomposition under future climate. First, we show that the speed of C released into the atmosphere changes when we include soil moisture changes, compared to what is expected due to warming alone. Second, we found that the future speed at which carbon that can be decomposed in the topsoil mainly depends on how much carbon microbes have access to, but that in the deeper soil this process becomes much more affected by the absence/presence of oxygen. Including these soil moisture interactions in ESMs for different soil depths is important to predict whether soils will store more or less C in the future. Our findings are particularly relevant for high latitude soils which store large amounts of C, will warm fast, and experience frequent (re)wetting and drying.
    Description: Key Points: Considering soil moisture effects can change modeled decomposition rates by up to ±20% compared to considering only temperature effects. The majority of these changes are driven by substrate availability, in particular in the top soil. In the subsoil, oxygen availability becomes an increasingly important factor.
    Description: Norwegian Research Council
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5654554
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Building back better : the COVID-19 pandemic and transport policy implications for a developing megacity (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-14
    Description: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected human mobility via lockdowns, social distancing rules, home quarantines, and the full or partial suspension of transportation. Evidence-based policy recommendations are urgently needed to ensure that transport systems have resilience to future pandemic outbreaks, particularly within Global South megacities where demand for public transport is high and reduced access can exacerbate socio-economic inequalities. This study focuses on Metro Manila - a characteristic megacity that experienced one of the most stringent lockdowns worldwide. It analyzes aggregated cell phone and GPS data from Google and Apple that provide a comprehensive representation of mobility behavior before and during the lockdown. While significant decreases are observed for all transport modes, public transport experienced the largest drop (-74.5 %, on average). The study demonstrates that: (i) those most reliant on public transport were disproportionately affected by lockdowns; (ii) public transport was unable to fulfil its role as public service; and, (iii) this drove a paradigm shift towards active mobility. Moving forwards, in the short-term policymakers must promote active mobility and prioritize public transport to reduce unequal access to transport. Longer-term, policymakers must leverage the increased active transport to encourage modal shift via infrastructure investment, and better utilize big data to support decision-making.
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Beyond food for thought : directing sustainability transitions research to address fundamental change in agri-food systems (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-14
    Description: Dominant agricultural and food systems lead to continuous resource depletion and unacceptable environmental and social impacts. While current calls for changing agrifood systems are increasingly framed in the context of sustainability transitions, they rarely make an explicit link to transition studies to address these systemic challenges, nor do transition scholars sufficiently address agri-food systems, despite their global pertinence. From this viewpoint, we illustrate several gaps in the agri-food systems debate that sustainability transition studies could engage in. We propose four avenues for research in the next decade of transition research on agri-food systems: 1) Crossscale dynamics between coupled systems; 2) Social justice, equity and inclusion; 3) Sustainability transitions in low- and middle-income countries; 4) Cross-sectoral governance and system integration. We call for a decade of new transition research that moves beyond single-scale and sector perspectives toward more inclusive and integrated analyses of food system dynamics.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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