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  • Articles  (13,095)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (13,095)
  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antisense strategies for glycosylation engineering of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 445-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: CHO cells ; glycosylation engineering ; antisense ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Novel glycoproteins, inaccessible by other techniques, can be obtained by metabolic engineering of the oligosaccharide biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, alteration of cell-surface oligosaccharides can change the properties of receptors involved in cell-cell adhesion. Sialyl Lewis X (sLex) is a cell-surface oligosaccharide determinant which is specifically expressed on granulocytes and monocytes and which interacts with selectins to influence leukocyte trafficking, thrombosis, inflammation, and cancer. Antisense technology targeting fucosyltransferase VI (Fuc-TVI), an enzyme necessary for the synthesis of the sLex in engineered Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, has reduced Fuc-TVI activity, sLex synthesis, and adhesion to endothelial cells. Antisense methodology to reduce targeted activity in oligosaccharide biosynthesis or other pathways is an important addition to CHO cell metabolic engineering capabilities. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:445-450, 1998.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of protein fouling during ultrafiltration using a two-layer membrane model (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 451-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: protein fouling ; membrane transport ; ultrafiltration ; adsorption ; filtration ; composite membrane ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Protein fouling can significantly alter both the flux and retention characteristics of ultrafiltration membranes. There has, however, been considerable controversy over the nature of this fouling layer. In this study, hydraulic permeability and dextran sieving data were obtained both before and after albumin adsorption and/or filtration using polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes. The dextran molecular weight distributions were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography to evaluate the sieving characteristics over a broad range of solute size. Protein fouling caused a significant reduction in the dextran sieving coefficients, with very different effects seen for the diffusive and convective contributions to dextran transport. The changes in dextran sieving coefficients and diffusive permeabilities were analyzed using a two-layer membrane model in which a distinct protein layer is assumed to form on the upstream surface of the membrane. The data suggest that the protein layer formed during filtration was more tightly packed than that formed by simple static adsorption. Hydrodynamic calculations indicated that the pore size of the protein layer remained relatively constant throughout the adsorption or filtration, but the thickness of this layer increased with increasing exposure time. These results provide important insights into the nature of protein fouling during ultrafiltration and its effects on membrane transport. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:451-460, 1998.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of protein charge to partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 461-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: aqueous two-phase separation ; protein partitioning ; T4 lysozyme ; electrochemical partitioning ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Protein partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems based on phase-forming polymers is strongly affected by the net charge of the protein, but a thermodynamic description of the charge effects has been hindered by conflicting results. Many of the difficulties could be because of problems in isolating electrochemical effects from other interactions of phase components.We explored charge effects on protein partitioning in poly(ethylene glycol)-dextran two-phase systems by using two series of genetically engineered charge modifications of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme produced in Escherichia coli. The two series, one in the form of charged-fusion tails and the other in the form of charge-change point mutations, provided matching net charges but very different polarity. Partition coefficients of both series were obtained and interfacial potential differences of the phase systems were measured. Multi-angle laser light scattering measurements were also performed to determine second virial coefficients. A semi-empirical model accounting for the roles of both charge and non-charge effects on protein partitioning behavior is proposed, and the results predicted from the model are compared to the results from the experiments. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:461-470, 1998.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptive on-line model for aerobic Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 48 (1995), S. 631-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; fermentation ; on-line simulation ; state estimation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to study and control fermentation processes, indirect on-tine measurements and mathematical models can be used. In this article we present a mathematical on-line model for fermentation processes. The model is based on atom and partial mass balances as well as on equations describing the acid-base system. The model is brought into an adaptive form by including transport equations for mass transfer and unstructured expressions for the fermentation kinetics. The state of the process, i.e., the concentrations of biomass, substrate, and products, can be estimated on-line using the balance part of the model completed with measurement equations for the input and output flows of the process. Adaptivity is realized by means of on-line estimation of parameters in the transport and kinetic expressions using recursive regression analysis. These expressions can thus be used in the model as valid equations enabling prediction of the process. This makes model-based automation of the process and testing of the validity of the measurement variables possible. The model and the on-line principles are applied to a 3.5-L laboratory tormentor in which Saccharomyces cerevisiae is cultivated. The experimental results show that the model-based estimation of the state and the predictions of the process correlate closely with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260480611
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of chlorinated ethylene dehalogenation under methanogenic conditions (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 48 (1995), S. 659-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: methanogenic activity ; ethylene ; dechlorination ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetics were determined for methanogenic activity and chlorinated ethylene dehalogenation by a methanol-enriched, anaerobic sediment consortium. The culture reductively dechlorinated perchloroethylene (PCE) to trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), vinylchloride (VC), and ethylene and ethane. The absence : of methanol or the addition of 2-bromoethanesulfonic. acid in the presence of methanol suppressed both methanogenic activity and dechlorination. In contrast, acetate production continued in the presence of 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid. These results suggest that dechlorination was strongly linked to methane formation and not to acetate production. A kinetic model, developed to describe both methanogenesis and dechlorination, successfully predicted experimentally measured concentrations of biomass, methane, substrate, and chlorinated ethylenes. The average maximum specific dehalogenation rates for PCE, TCE, 1,1-DCE, and VC were 0.9 ± 0.6, 0.4 ± 0.1, 12 ± 0.1, and 2.5 ± 1.7 μmol contaminant/ g. DW/day, respectively. This pattern for dechlorination rates is distinctly different than that reported for transition metal cofactors, where rates drop by approximately one order of magnitude as each successive chlorine is removed. The experimental results and kinetic analysis suggest that it will be impractical to targeting methanol consuming methanogenic organisms for in situ ground-water restoration. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260480614
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancement of antibody production by growth factor addition in perfusion and hollow-fiber culture systems (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 48 (1995), S. 673-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: bovine serum albumin ; growth factor ; hollow-fiber culture ; perfusion culture ; antibody production rate ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of the high-molecular-weight growth factors, transferrin and bovine serum albumin (BSA), on antibody production were analyzed quantitatively in continuous hollow-fiber cultivation over a period of 60 days. Transferrin enhanced cell growth but had no significant effect on the specific antibody production rate, whereas BSA significantly enhanced antibody production. The antibody production rate was increased 4- and 14-fold respectively by feeding BSA at 2 and 5 g L-1 into the EC side of the system (the side connected to the cell-containing outer part of the hollow-fiber unit) compared with the production achieved without BSA. Addition of 5 g L1 BSA into the IC side of the system (the side connected to the inner part of the hollow-fiber unit) resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in the antibody production rate. The effect of BSA was also analyzed using the perfusion culture system with a separation unit. When fresh medium containing either 2 or 5 g L-1 BSA was fed into the reactor, both the specific growth rate and specific death rate increased, while the specific antibody production rate was increased 2- and 25-fold, respectively, by feeding BSA at these two concentrations compared with no addition. Comparing the two systems, the increase in the antibody production rate achieved with the hollow-fiber system was threefold greater than that in the perfusion culture system with the same concentration of BSA feeding. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260480616
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of the nature of modifier in the enzymatic activity of chemical modified semipurified lipase from Candida rugosa (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 252-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: lipase ; chemical modification ; stability ; esterification ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Semipurified lipase of Candida rugosa (CRSL) was subjected to chemical modification, and the activities of the modified lipase, in hydrolysis and esterification reactions, were examined. The esterification reactions were carried out in the absence and presence of isooctane. When the enzyme was modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG), two methodologies were studied. The activation of PEG with p-NO2-phenylchloroformate gives better biocatalysts than those obtained with cyanuric chloride-PEG. The chemical modification with PEG increases the stability of pure lipases in isooctane at 50°C (extreme conditions). The chemically modified enzymes are useful for biotransformations in organic solvents. In addition the nitration of tyrosines with tetranitromethane was also studied. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 252-260, 1997.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion exchange purification of G6PDH from unclarified yeast cell homogenates using expanded bed adsorption (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 204-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: expanded bed adsorption ; bakers' yeast ; G6PDH ; STREAMLINE ion exchange adsorbents ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of expanded beds of STREAMLINE ion exchange adsorbents for the direct extraction of an intracellular enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) from unclarified yeast cell homogenates has been investigated. It has been demonstrated that such crude feedstocks can be applied to the bed without prior clarification steps. The purification of G6PDH from an unclarified yeast homogenate was chosen as a model system containing the typical features of a direct extraction technique. Optimal conditions for the purification were determined in small scale, packed bed experiments conducted with clarified homogenates. Results from these experiments were used to develop a preparative scale separation of G6PDH in a STREAMLINE 50 EBA apparatus. The use of an on-line rotameter for measuring and controlling the height of the expanded bed when operated in highly turbid feedstocks was demonstrated. STREAMLINE DEAE has been shown to be successful in achieving isolation of G6PDH from an unclarified homogenate with a purification factor of 12 and yield of 98% in a single step process. This ion exchange adsorbent is readily cleaned using simple cleaning-in-place procedures without affecting either adsorption or the bed expansion properties of the adsorbent after many cycles of operation. The ability of combining clarification, capture, and purification in a single step will greatly simplify downstream processing flowsheets and reduce the costs of protein purification. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rat hepatocyte morphology and function on lactose-derivatized polystyrene surfaces (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 259-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: hepatocytes ; lactose-derivatized polystyrene ; polystyrene ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hepatocytes isolated from male Fisher 344VF rats were cultured on two substrates, collagen I and a lactose-derivatized polystyrene (PS-lactose), to compare morphological and functional differences. Hepatocyte morphology changed dramatically depending upon the substrate, shown through actin cytoskeletal staining and scanning electron microscopy. Functional assays performed included albumin secretion, reduced glutathione content, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase, and cytochrome P4501A1 activity. The presence of dexamethasone and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in the media was required for the maintenance of several differentiated functions for cells cultured on collagen. In general, cells cultured on the PS-lactose substrate showed a much slower loss of function over the same period of time. The maintenance of differentiated function of cells on PS-lactose was enhanced with the addition of dexamethasone and DMSO. This is the first report of a culture system in which hepatocytes, cultured on a polymer substrate without additional protein coatings or media additives, have been able to maintain differentiated functions for up to 1 week. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conservative chemical modification of proteins to study the effects of a single protein property on partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 290-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: proteins, modified ; partitioning in aqueous system ; thaumatin ; β-lactoglobulin ; BSA ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Relatively conservative modifications of three proteins were carried out to alter their surface properties. The protein properties modified were hydrophobicity and charge. This was done by acylation of amino groups with anhydrides. For the hydrophobic modification experiments, two proteins (β-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin [BSA]) and four anhydrides (hexanoic, butyric, succinic, acetic) were used. For the modification of surface charge the protein thaumatin was selected and various proportions of the free amino groups were blocked with acetic anhydride to give a series of proteins with differing isoelectric points. Detailed characterization and purification of selected modified proteins was carried out including molecular weight measurements and conformational analysis. The criteria used for selecting the modified proteins for subsequent investigation of their partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) is described. With a judicious choice of starting material it was found that limited chemical modifications to proteins could effectively alter surface hydrophobicity or charge almost independently, with little effect on other molecular properties. It appears, however, that the method for chemical modification and the reaction conditions must also be carefully controlled. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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