Signatur:
9780128171301 (e-book)
Materialart:
12
Seiten:
1 Online-Ressource (786 Seiten)
,
Illustrationen
Ausgabe:
2nd edition
ISBN:
978-0-12-817130-1
Serie:
Hazards and disasters series
URL:
Fulltext @ Ebook Central (AWI only)
Vorheriger Titel:
Snow and ice-related hazards, risks, and disasters (1. Auflage, Druckausgabe)
Sprache:
Englisch
Anmerkung:
Contents
Contributors
Editorial foreword
Preface
CHAPTER 1 Snow and ice-related hazards, risks, and disasters: Facing challenges of rapid change and long-term commitments / Wilfried Haeberli and Colin Whiteman
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Costs and benefits: Living with snow and ice
1.3 Small and large, fast and slow, local to global: Dealing with constraints
1.4 Beyond historical experience: Monitoring, modeling, and managing rapid and irreversible changes
Acknowledgments
References
CHAPTER 2 Physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of snow, ice, and permafrost / Lukas Arenson (U.), William Colgan, and Hans Peter Marshall
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Density and structure
2.2.1 Snow
2.2.2 Ice
2.2.3 Frozen ground/permafrost
2.3 Thermal properties
2.3.1 Snow
2.3.2 Ice
2.3.3 Frozen ground
2.4 Mechanical properties
2.4.1 Brittle behavior
2.4.2 Ductile behavior
2.5 Electromagnetic and wave properties
2.5.1 Snow
2.5.2 Ice
2.5.3 Frozen ground
2.6 Summary
Acknowledgment
References..
CHAPTER 3 Snow and ice in the climate system / Atsumu Ohmura
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Physical extent of the cryosphere
3.3 Climatic conditions of the cryosphere
3.3.1 Snow cover
3.3.2 Sea ice
3.3.3 Permafrost
3.3.4 Glaciers
References
CHAPTER 4 Snow and ice in the hydrosphere / Jan Seibert, Michal Jenicek, Matthias Huss, Tracy Ewen, and Daniel Viviroli
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Snow accumulation and melt
4.2.1 Snowpack description
4.2.2 Snow accumulation
4.2.3 Snow redistribution, metamorphism, and ripening process
4.2.4 Snowpack development
4.2.5 Snowmelt
4.3 Glaciers and glacial mass balance
4.3.1 Glacier mass balance
4.3.2 Glacial drainage system
4.3.3 Modeling glacier discharge
4.4 Hydrology of snow- and ice-covered catchments
4.4.1 Influence of snow on discharge
4.4.2 Snowmelt runoff and climate change
4.4.3 Influence of glaciers on discharge
4.4.4 River ice
4.4.5 Seasonally frozen soil and permafrost
4.5 Concluding remarks
References
CHAPTER 5 Snow, ice, and the biosphere / Terry V. Callaghan and Margareta Johansson
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Adaptations to snow, ice, and permafrost.
5.3 Snow and ice as habitats
5.4 Snow as a moderator of habitat
5.4.1 Modification of winter habitat
5.4.2 Modification of nonwinter habitat
5.4.3 Effects of changing snow on the biosphere
5.5 Ice as a moderator of habitat
5.5.1 Mechanical effects of ice
5.5.2 Effects of changing lake and river ice on the biosphere
5.5.3 Effects of changing sea ice on the biosphere
5.6 Permafrost as a moderator of habitat
5.6.1 Effects of changing permafrost on the biosphere
5.6.2 Snow-permafrost-vegetation interactions
5.7 Vegetation as a moderator of snow, ice, and permafrost habitats
5.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
CHAPTER 6 Ice and snow as land-forming agents / Darrel A. Swift, Simon Cook, Tobias Heckmann, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Oliver Korup, and Jeffrey Moore
6.1 Glacial processes and landscapes
6.1.1 Erosion mechanisms and their controls
6.1.2 Landforms and associated hazards
6.1.3 Landscape evolution and rates of glacial incision
6.1.4 Recommended avenues for further research
6.2 Periglacial and permafrost processes and landforms
6.2.1 Landforms and processes related to seasonal frost and permafrost
6.3 The role of snow in forming landscapes
6.3.1 Influence of snow cover on geomorphic processes
6.3.2 Snow-related geomorphic processes and landforms
6.3.3 Potential impacts of global change on snow-related geomorphic processes
6.3.4 Quantifying rates
6.3.5 Modeling
6.4 Conclusions and outlook
Acknowledgments
References
CHAPTER 7 Mountains, lowlands, and coasts: The physiography of cold landscapes / Tobias Bolch and Hanne H. Christiansen
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Physiography of the terrestrial cryosphere
7.2.1 High altitudes/mountains
7.2.2 Cold lowlands
7.2.3 Cold coasts
7.3 Glaciers and ice sheets: Extent and distribution
7.4 Permafrost types, extent, and distribution
7.5 Glacier-permafrost interactions
References
CHAPTER 8 A socio-cryospheric systems approach to glacier hazards, glacier runoff variability, and climate change / Mark Carey, Graham McDowell, Christian Huggel, Becca Marshall, Holly Moulton, Cesar Portocarrero, Zachary Provant, John M. Reynolds, and Luis Vicuña
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Integrated adaptation in dynamic socio-cryospheric systems
8.3 Glacier and glacial lake hazards
8.3.1 Cordillera Blanca, Peru
8.3.2 Santa Teresa, Peru
8.3.3 Nepal
8.4 Volcano-ice hazards
8.5 Glacier runoff, hydrologic variability, and water use hazards
8.5.1 Nepal
8.5.2 Peru
8.6 Coastal resources and hazards
8.7 Discussion and conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
CHAPTER 9 Integrative risk management: The example of snow avalanches / Michael Bründl and Stefan Margreth
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Risk analysis
9.2.1 Hazard analysis
9.2.2 Exposure and vulnerability analysis
9.2.3 Consequence analysis and calculation of risk
9.3 Risk evaluation
9.3.1 Evaluation of individual risk
9.3.2 Evaluation of collective risk
9.4 Mitigation of risk
9.4.1 Meaning of mitigation of risk
9.4.2 Technical avalanche mitigation measures
9.4.3 Land-use planning
9.4.4 Biological measures and protection forests
9.4.5 Organizational measures
9.5 Methods and tools for risk assessment and evaluation of mitigation measures
9.6 Case study “Evaluation of avalanche mitigation measures for Juneau, Alaska”
9.6.1 Introduction
9.6.2 Avalanche situation
9.6.3 Hazard analysis
9.6.4 Consequence analysis and risk evaluation
9.6.5 Protection measures
9.6.6 Conclusions
9.7 Final remarks
References
CHAPTER 10 Permafrost degradation / Dmitry Streletskiy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Drivers of permafrost and active-layer change across space and time
10.2.1 Role of climate: Air temperature and liquid precipitation
10.2.2 Role of topography
10.2.3 Role of vegetation and snow
10.2.4 Role of soil properties
10.3 Observed permafrost and active-layer changes
10.4 Permafrost modeling and forecasting
10.5 Permafrost degradation and infrastructure hazards
10.5.1 Buildings on permafrost
10.5.2 Pipelines on permafrost
10.5.3 Railroads, roads, and utility on permafrost
10.6 Coastal erosion and permafrost
10.7 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
CHAPTER 11 Radioactive waste under conditions of future ice ages / Urs H. Fischer, Anke Bebiolka, Jenny Brandefelt, Denis Cohen, Joel Harper, Sarah Hirschorn, Mark Jensen, Laura Kennell, Johan Liakka, Jens-Ove Näslund, Stefano Normani, Heidrun Stück, and Axel Weitkamp
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Timing of future glacial inception
11.2.1 Introduction
11.2.2 Definition of glacial inception
11.2.3 Controlling factors of glacial inception
11.2.4 Future long-term variations of insolation and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations
11.2.5 Modeling of future glacial inception
11.2.6 Timing of future glacial inception and concluding remarks
11.3 The glacier ice-groundwater interface: Constraints from a transect of the modern Greenland Ice Sheet
11.3.1 Background
11.3.2 Basal thermal state
11.3.3 Framework of the ice-bed interface
11.3.4 Basal water
11.3.5 Summary
11.4 Deep glacial erosion in the Alpine Foreland of northern Switzerland
11.4.1 Background
11.4.2 Ice age conditions
11.4.3 Processes of glacial erosion and glacial overdeepening
11.4.4 Water flow in overdeepenings
11.4.5 Deep glacial erosion in the Swiss Plateau
11.4.6 Future research focus
11.5 Tunnel valleys in Germany and their relevance to the long-term safety of nuclear waste repositories
11.5.1 Background
11.5.2 Formation of tunnel valleys
11.5.3 Tunnel valleys in Northern Germany
11.5.4 Tunnel valleys in the German North Sea
11.5.5 Glacial overdeepening in Southern Germany
11.5.6 Impact of tunnel valley formation on host rocks
11.6 Assessment of glacial impacts on geosphere stability and barrier capacity—Canadian perspective
11.6.1 Background
11.6.2 Bruce Nuclear Site—Location and geologic setting
Acknowledgments
References
CHAPTER 12 Snow avalanches / Jürg Schweizer, Perry Bartelt, and Alec van Herwijnen
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The avalanche phenomenon
12.3 Avalanche release
12.3.1 Dry-snow avalanches
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