ALBERT

Description: Selected multicorer cores of R/V Sonne cruise SO268-2 were scanned by a Toshiba Aquilion 64 computer tomograph (CT) at the hospital Klinikum Bremen-Mitte with an x-ray source voltage of 120 kV and a current of 600 mA. The CT image stacks have a resolution of 0.35 mm in x/y-direction and 0.5 mm resolution in z-direction (0.3 mm reconstruction unit). Images were reconstructed using Toshiba's patented helical cone beam reconstruction technique (TCOT) and are provided in DICOM-format. The data were processed with the ZIB edition of the Amira software (version 2021.03; Stalling et al., 2005; http://amira.zib.de). Within Amira, the core liners, including about 2 mm of the core rims, were deleted from the data set. Mangan nodules with diameters 〉~1 mm, open bioturbation traces, an unidentified organism (only present in core SO268-2-200-1 MC18), the natural bioturbated and surficial homogenised sediment were segmented by a marker-based watershed segmentation and visualized in 3D. Subsequently, the sediment components were quantified (MaterialStatistics module; volume per slice) and the mean and standard deviation of the sediment x-ray attenuation (MaterialStatistics module; statistics per slice per label; to avoid marginal averaging effects the sediment label was reduced by three voxels) were determined.

Description: Selected multicorer cores of R/V Sonne cruise SO268-2 were scanned by a Toshiba Aquilion 64 computer tomograph (CT) at the hospital Klinikum Bremen-Mitte with an x-ray source voltage of 120 kV and a current of 600 mA. The CT image stacks have a resolution of 0.35 mm in x/y-direction and 0.5 mm resolution in z-direction (0.3 mm reconstruction unit). Images were reconstructed using Toshiba's patented helical cone beam reconstruction technique (TCOT) and are provided in DICOM-format. The data were processed with the ZIB edition of the Amira software (version 2021.03; Stalling et al., 2005; http://amira.zib.de). Within Amira, the core liners, including about 2 mm of the core rims, were deleted from the data set. Mangan nodules with diameters 〉~1 mm, open bioturbation traces, an unidentified organism (only present in core SO268-2-200-1 MC18), the natural bioturbated and surficial homogenised sediment were segmented by a marker-based watershed segmentation and visualized in 3D. Subsequently, the sediment components were quantified (MaterialStatistics module; volume per slice) and the mean and standard deviation of the sediment x-ray attenuation (MaterialStatistics module; statistics per slice per label; to avoid marginal averaging effects the sediment label was reduced by three voxels) were determined.

Description: Selected multicorer cores and ROV push cores (IP21_021-17, IP21_021-18, IP21_061, IP21_061-19, IP21_061-20) of R/V Island Pride cruise IP21 were scanned using a Philips Brilliance iCT Elite 256 computer tomograph (CT) at the hospital Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, with an X- ray source voltage of 120 kV and a current of 300 mA. The CT image stacks have a physical resolution of 0.293 mm in the x and y directions and 0.625 mm resolution in the z direction (collimation; 0.3 mm reconstruction interval). Images were reconstructed using the filtered Back Projection (fBP) mode and a bone kernel (YB (Enhanced)). The data were processed with the ZIB edition of the Amira software (version 2019.51; Stalling et al., 2005; http://amira.zib.de). Within Amira, the core liners, including about 2 mm of the core rims, were deleted from the data set. Mangan nodules with diameters 〉~1 mm, open bioturbation traces, an unidentified organism, the natural bioturbated and surficial homogenised sediment were segmented by a marker-based watershed segmentation and visualized in 3D. Subsequently, the sediment components were quantified (MaterialStatistics module; volume per slice) and the mean and standard deviation of the sediment x-ray attenuation (MaterialStatistics module; statistics per slice per label; to avoid marginal averaging effects the sediment label was reduced by three voxels) were determined.

Description: Changes in the life cycle of organisms (i.e. phenology) are one of the most widely used early-warning indicators of climate change, yet this remains poorly understood throughout the tropics. We exhaustively reviewed any published and unpublished study on fruiting phenology carried out at the community level in the American tropics and subtropics (latitudinal range: 26°N?26°S) to (1) provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of fruiting phenology research throughout the Neotropics; (2) unravel the climatic factors that have been widely reported as drivers of fruiting phenology; and (3) provide a preliminary assessment of the potential phenological responses of plants under future climatic scenarios. Despite the large number of phenological datasets uncovered (218), our review shows that their geographic distribution is very uneven and insufficient for the large surface of the Neotropics (~ 1 dataset per ~ 78,000 km2). Phenological research is concentrated in few areas with many studies (state of São Paulo, Brazil, and Costa Rica), whereas vast regions elsewhere are entirely unstudied. Sampling effort in fruiting phenology studies was generally low: the majority of datasets targeted fewer than 100 plant species (71%), lasted 2 years or less (72%), and only 10.4% monitored 〉 15 individuals per species. We uncovered only 10 sites with ten or more years of phenological monitoring. The ratio of numbers of species sampled to overall estimates of plant species richness was wholly insufficient for highly diverse vegetation types such as tropical rainforests, seasonal forest and cerrado, and only slightly more robust for less diverse vegetation types, such as deserts, arid shrublands and open grassy savannas. Most plausible drivers of phenology extracted from these datasets were environmental (78.5%), whereas biotic drivers were rare (6%). Among climatic factors, rainfall was explicitly included in 73.4% of cases, followed by air temperature (19.3%). Other environmental cues such as water level (6%), solar radiation or photoperiod (3.2%), and ENSO events (1.4%) were rarely addressed. In addition, drivers were analyzed statistically in only 38% of datasets and techniques were basically correlative, with only 4.8% of studies including any consideration of the inherently autocorrelated character of phenological time series. Fruiting peaks were significantly more often reported during the rainy season both in rainforests and cerrado woodlands, which is at odds with the relatively aseasonal character of the former vegetation type. Given that climatic models predict harsh future conditions for the tropics, we urgently need to determine the magnitude of changes in plant reproductive phenology and distinguish those from cyclical oscillations. Long-term monitoring and herbarium data are therefore key for detecting these trends. Our review shows that the unevenness in geographic distribution of studies, and diversity of sampling methods, vegetation types, and research motivation hinder the emergence of clear general phenological patterns and drivers for the Neotropics. We therefore call for prioritizing research in unexplored areas, and improving the quantitative component and statistical design of reproductive phenology studies to enhance our predictions of climate change impacts on tropical plants and animals.

Description: Selected multicorer cores and ROV push cores (IP21_021-17, IP21_021-18, IP21_061, IP21_061-19, IP21_061-20) of R/V Island Pride cruise IP21 were scanned using a Philips Brilliance iCT Elite 256 computer tomograph (CT) at the hospital Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, with an X- ray source voltage of 120 kV and a current of 300 mA. The CT image stacks have a physical resolution of 0.293 mm in the x and y directions and 0.625 mm resolution in the z direction (collimation; 0.3 mm reconstruction interval). Images were reconstructed using the filtered Back Projection (fBP) mode and a bone kernel (YB (Enhanced)). The data were processed with the ZIB edition of the Amira software (version 2019.51; Stalling et al., 2005; http://amira.zib.de). Within Amira, the core liners, including about 2 mm of the core rims, were deleted from the data set. Mangan nodules with diameters 〉~1 mm, open bioturbation traces, an unidentified organism, the natural bioturbated and surficial homogenised sediment were segmented by a marker-based watershed segmentation and visualized in 3D. Subsequently, the sediment components were quantified (MaterialStatistics module; volume per slice) and the mean and standard deviation of the sediment x-ray attenuation (MaterialStatistics module; statistics per slice per label; to avoid marginal averaging effects the sediment label was reduced by three voxels) were determined.

Description: Selected multicorer cores and ROV push cores (IP21_021-17, IP21_021-18, IP21_061, IP21_061-19, IP21_061-20) of R/V Island Pride cruise IP21 were scanned using a Philips Brilliance iCT Elite 256 computer tomograph (CT) at the hospital Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, with an X- ray source voltage of 120 kV and a current of 300 mA. The CT image stacks have a physical resolution of 0.293 mm in the x and y directions and 0.625 mm resolution in the z direction (collimation; 0.3 mm reconstruction interval). Images were reconstructed using the filtered Back Projection (fBP) mode and a bone kernel (YB (Enhanced)). The data were processed with the ZIB edition of the Amira software (version 2019.51; Stalling et al., 2005; http://amira.zib.de). Within Amira, the core liners, including about 2 mm of the core rims, were deleted from the data set. Mangan nodules with diameters 〉~1 mm, open bioturbation traces, an unidentified organism, the natural bioturbated and surficial homogenised sediment were segmented by a marker-based watershed segmentation and visualized in 3D. Subsequently, the sediment components were quantified (MaterialStatistics module; volume per slice) and the mean and standard deviation of the sediment x-ray attenuation (MaterialStatistics module; statistics per slice per label; to avoid marginal averaging effects the sediment label was reduced by three voxels) were determined.

Description: Selected multicorer cores and ROV push cores (IP21_021-17, IP21_021-18, IP21_061, IP21_061-19, IP21_061-20) of R/V Island Pride cruise IP21 were scanned using a Philips Brilliance iCT Elite 256 computer tomograph (CT) at the hospital Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, with an X- ray source voltage of 120 kV and a current of 300 mA. The CT image stacks have a physical resolution of 0.293 mm in the x and y directions and 0.625 mm resolution in the z direction (collimation; 0.3 mm reconstruction interval). Images were reconstructed using the filtered Back Projection (fBP) mode and a bone kernel (YB (Enhanced)). The data were processed with the ZIB edition of the Amira software (version 2019.51; Stalling et al., 2005; http://amira.zib.de). Within Amira, the core liners, including about 2 mm of the core rims, were deleted from the data set. Mangan nodules with diameters 〉~1 mm, open bioturbation traces, an unidentified organism, the natural bioturbated and surficial homogenised sediment were segmented by a marker-based watershed segmentation and visualized in 3D. Subsequently, the sediment components were quantified (MaterialStatistics module; volume per slice) and the mean and standard deviation of the sediment x-ray attenuation (MaterialStatistics module; statistics per slice per label; to avoid marginal averaging effects the sediment label was reduced by three voxels) were determined.

Description: Selected multicorer cores and ROV push cores (IP21_021-17, IP21_021-18, IP21_061, IP21_061-19, IP21_061-20) of R/V Island Pride cruise IP21 were scanned using a Philips Brilliance iCT Elite 256 computer tomograph (CT) at the hospital Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, with an X- ray source voltage of 120 kV and a current of 300 mA. The CT image stacks have a physical resolution of 0.293 mm in the x and y directions and 0.625 mm resolution in the z direction (collimation; 0.3 mm reconstruction interval). Images were reconstructed using the filtered Back Projection (fBP) mode and a bone kernel (YB (Enhanced)). The data were processed with the ZIB edition of the Amira software (version 2019.51; Stalling et al., 2005; http://amira.zib.de). Within Amira, the core liners, including about 2 mm of the core rims, were deleted from the data set. Mangan nodules with diameters 〉~1 mm, open bioturbation traces, an unidentified organism, the natural bioturbated and surficial homogenised sediment were segmented by a marker-based watershed segmentation and visualized in 3D. Subsequently, the sediment components were quantified (MaterialStatistics module; volume per slice) and the mean and standard deviation of the sediment x-ray attenuation (MaterialStatistics module; statistics per slice per label; to avoid marginal averaging effects the sediment label was reduced by three voxels) were determined.

Description: Selected multicorer cores and ROV push cores (IP21_021-17, IP21_021-18, IP21_061, IP21_061-19, IP21_061-20) of R/V Island Pride cruise IP21 were scanned using a Philips Brilliance iCT Elite 256 computer tomograph (CT) at the hospital Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, with an X- ray source voltage of 120 kV and a current of 300 mA. The CT image stacks have a physical resolution of 0.293 mm in the x and y directions and 0.625 mm resolution in the z direction (collimation; 0.3 mm reconstruction interval). Images were reconstructed using the filtered Back Projection (fBP) mode and a bone kernel (YB (Enhanced)). The data were processed with the ZIB edition of the Amira software (version 2019.51; Stalling et al., 2005; http://amira.zib.de). Within Amira, the core liners, including about 2 mm of the core rims, were deleted from the data set. Mangan nodules with diameters 〉~1 mm, open bioturbation traces, an unidentified organism, the natural bioturbated and surficial homogenised sediment were segmented by a marker-based watershed segmentation and visualized in 3D. Subsequently, the sediment components were quantified (MaterialStatistics module; volume per slice) and the mean and standard deviation of the sediment x-ray attenuation (MaterialStatistics module; statistics per slice per label; to avoid marginal averaging effects the sediment label was reduced by three voxels) were determined.

Description: Selected multicorer cores and ROV push cores (IP21_021-17, IP21_021-18, IP21_061, IP21_061-19, IP21_061-20) of R/V Island Pride cruise IP21 were scanned using a Philips Brilliance iCT Elite 256 computer tomograph (CT) at the hospital Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, with an X- ray source voltage of 120 kV and a current of 300 mA. The CT image stacks have a physical resolution of 0.293 mm in the x and y directions and 0.625 mm resolution in the z direction (collimation; 0.3 mm reconstruction interval). Images were reconstructed using the filtered Back Projection (fBP) mode and a bone kernel (YB (Enhanced)). The data were processed with the ZIB edition of the Amira software (version 2019.51; Stalling et al., 2005; http://amira.zib.de). Within Amira, the core liners, including about 2 mm of the core rims, were deleted from the data set. Mangan nodules with diameters 〉~1 mm, open bioturbation traces, an unidentified organism, the natural bioturbated and surficial homogenised sediment were segmented by a marker-based watershed segmentation and visualized in 3D. Subsequently, the sediment components were quantified (MaterialStatistics module; volume per slice) and the mean and standard deviation of the sediment x-ray attenuation (MaterialStatistics module; statistics per slice per label; to avoid marginal averaging effects the sediment label was reduced by three voxels) were determined.