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  • American Physical Society  (100,678)
  • University of Chicago Press
  • 2010-2014  (98,583)
  • 1935-1939  (4,081)
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  • 1
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    On predicting abundance from occupancy (2010)
    University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © University of Chicago, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of University of Chicago for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in American Naturalist 176 (2010): 96-98, doi:10.1086/653077.
    Description: There is growing interest in predicting the abundance of a species in a region from the occupancy of cells in a uniform grid overlaid on the region. When the number of individuals in each cell follows a negative binomial distribution, prediction is in general not possible from the number of unoccupied cells alone. A prediction method based on the number of unoccupied cells and the number containing a single individual is described and shown to work well on simulated and real data.
    Keywords: Negative binomial distribution ; Optimal prediction ; Species abundance ; Species occupancy
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    The karyomastigont as an evolutionary seme (2013)
    University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © University of Chicago Press, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of University of Chicago Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Quarterly Review of Biology 87 (2012): 315-324, doi:10.1086/668165.
    Description: The problem of eukaryogenesis—the evolutionary mechanism whereby eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes—remains one of the great unsolved mysteries of cell biology, possibly due to the reductionist tendency of most scientists to work only within their subdisciplines. Communication between biologists who conduct research on the nucleus and those working on the cytoskeleton or endomembrane system are sometimes wanting, and yet, all of these quintessentially eukaryotic elements of the cell are interdependent, and are physically associated in many protists as the karyomastigont organellar system: nucleus, one or more basal bodies and flagella, nuclear connector, and Golgi apparatus. Here we suggest a more holistic view of the karyomastigont as not simply an organellar system, but an evolutionary seme, the archaic state of the eukaryotic cell. We also present a scheme whereby the karyomastigont may have dissociated, giving rise in more derived cells to one or more free nuclei and discrete flagellar apparati (akaryomastigonts).
    Description: Mark C. Alliegro is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIGMS) and National Science Foundation.
    Description: 2013-12-01
    Keywords: Karyomastigont ; Eukaryogenesis ; Flagellum ; Basal body ; Centrosome ; Nucleus
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Unique biochemical and mineral composition of whale ear bones (2014)
    University of Chicago Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © University of Chicago Press, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of University of Chicago Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 87 (2014): 576-584, doi:10.1086/676309.
    Description: Cetaceans are obligate aquatic mammals derived from terrestrial artiodactyls. The defining characteristic of cetaceans is a thick and dense lip (pachyosteosclerotic involucrum) of an ear bone (the tympanic). This unique feature is absent in modern terrestrial artiodactyls and is suggested to be important in underwater hearing. Here, we investigate the mineralogical and biochemical properties of the involucrum, as these may hold clues to the aquatic adaptations of cetaceans. We compared bioapatites (enamel, dentine, cementum, and skeletal bone) of cetaceans with those of terrestrial artiodactyls and pachyosteosclerotic ribs of manatees (Sirenia). We investigated organic, carbonate, and mineral composition as well as crystal size and crystallinity index. In all studied variables, bioapatites of the cetacean involucrum were intermediate in composition and structure between those of tooth enamel on the one hand and those of dentine, cementum, and skeletal bone on the other. We also studied the amino acid composition of the cetacean involucrum relative to that of other skeletal bone. The central involucrum had low glycine and hydroxyproline concentrations but high concentrations of nonessential amino acids, unlike most bone samples but similar to the tympanic of hippos and the (pachyosteosclerotic) ribs of manatees. These amino acid results are evidence of rapid bone development. We hypothesize that the mineralogical and amino acid composition of cetacean bullae differs from that of other bone because of (1) functional modifications for underwater sound reception and (2) structural adaptations related to rapid ossification.
    Description: This research was conducted under NMFS permit 493-1848/MA130062 and funded by the National Science Foundation (EAR SGP 0847413 to M.T.C.).
    Description: 2015-06-03
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    The three scales of submarine groundwater flow and discharge across passive continental margins (2010)
    University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geology 118 (2010): 565-575, doi:10.1086/655114.
    Description: Increased study of submarine groundwater systems in recent years has provided a wealth of new data and techniques, but some ambiguity has been introduced by insufficient distinguishing of the relevant spatial scales of the phenomena studied. Submarine groundwater flow and discharge on passive continental margins can be most productively studied and discussed by distinct consideration of the following three spatial scales: (1) the nearshore scale, spanning approximately 0–10 m offshore and including the unconfined surficial aquifer; (2) the embayment scale, spanning approximately 10 m to as much as 10 km offshore and including the first confined submarine aquifer and its terminus; and (3) the shelf scale, spanning the width and thickness of the aquifers of the entire continental shelf, from the base of the first confined aquifer downward to the basement, and including influences of geothermal convection and glacio-eustatic change in sea level.
    Description: The U.S. Geological Survey’s Coastal and Marine Geology Program provided primary support for preparation of the manuscript and for participation in several field studies and scientific meetings that led to the recognition of the need for such a discussion.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Mating behavior, population growth, and the operational sex ratio : a periodic two‐sex model approach (2010)
    University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © University of Chicago, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of University of Chicago for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in American Naturalist 175 (2010): 739-752, doi:10.1086/652436.
    Description: We present a new approach to modeling two‐sex populations, using periodic, nonlinear two‐sex matrix models. The models project the population growth rate, the population structure, and any ratio of interest (e.g., operational sex ratio). The periodic formulation permits inclusion of highly seasonal behavioral events. A periodic product of the seasonal matrices describes annual population dynamics. The model is nonlinear because mating probability depends on the structure of the population. To study how the vital rates influence population growth rate, population structure, and operational sex ratio, we used sensitivity analysis of frequency‐dependent nonlinear models. In nonlinear two‐sex models the vital rates affect growth rate directly and also indirectly through effects on the population structure. The indirect effects can sometimes overwhelm the direct effects and are revealed only by nonlinear analysis. We find that the sensitivity of the population growth rate to female survival is negative for the emperor penguin, a species with highly seasonal breeding behavior. This result could not occur in linear models because changes in population structure have no effect on per capita reproduction. Our approach is applicable to ecological and evolutionary studies of any species in which males and females interact in a seasonal environment.
    Description: H.C. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation (DEB-0343820 and DEB-0816514) and the Ocean Life Institute and the hospitality of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research.
    Keywords: Two‐sex periodic matrix model ; Population structure ; Population growth rate ; Mating systems ; Sex ratio ; Emperor penguin
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Antagonistic Coevolution Accelerates the Evolution of Reproductive Isolation inTribolium castaneum (2012)
    University of Chicago Press
    In:  The American Naturalist, 180 (4). pp. 520-528.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: The evolution of reproductive isolation among populations is often the result of selective forces. Among those, parasites exert strong selection on host populations and can thus also potentially drive reproductive isolation. This hypothesis has yet to be explicitly tested, and here we set up a multigenerational coevolution experiment to explore this possibility. Five lines of Tribolium castaneum were allowed to coevolve with their natural parasite, Nosema whitei; five paired lines of identical origin were maintained in the absence of parasites. After 17 generations, we measured resistance within and reproductive isolation between all lines. Host lines from the coevolution treatment had considerably higher levels of resistance against N. whitei than their paired host lines, which were maintained in the absence of parasites. Reproductive isolation was greater in the coevolved selection regime and correlated with phenotypic differentiation in parasite resistance between coevolved host lines. This suggests the presence of a selection-driven genetic correlation between offspring number and resistance. Our results show that parasites can be a driving force in the evolution of reproductive isolation and thus potentially speciation.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 7
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    Male Pregnancy and Biparental Immune Priming (2012)
    University of Chicago Press
    In:  The American Naturalist, 180 (6). pp. 802-814.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: In vertebrates, maternal transfer of immunity via the eggs or the placenta provides offspring with crucial information on prevailing pathogens and parasites. Males contribute little to such trans-generational immune priming, either because they do not share the environment and parasite pressure of the offspring, or because sperm are suggested to be too small for transfer of immunity. In the teleost group of Syngnathids (pipefish, seahorses and sea dragons) males brood female eggs in a placenta-like structure. Such sex-role-reversed species provide a unique opportunity to test for adaptive plasticity in immune transfer. Here males in addition to females should influence offspring immunity. We experimentally tested paternal effects on offspring immunity by examining immune cell proliferation and immune gene expression. Maternal and paternal bacterial exposure induced the offspring's immune defence five weeks after hatching, and this effect persisted in four-month-old offspring. For several offspring immune traits double parental exposure (maternal and paternal) enhanced the response, while for another group of immune traits, the trans-generational induction already took place if only one parent was exposed. Our study shows that sex-role reversal in connection with male pregnancy opens the door for bi-parental influences on offspring immunity, and may represent one additional advantage for the evolution of male pregnancy.
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  • 8
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    Postcollisional high-grade metamorphism, orogenic collapse, and differential cooling of the East African Orogen of Northeast Mozambique (2012)
    University of Chicago Press
    In:  Journal of Geology, 120 (5). pp. 507-530.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: The postcollisional tectonic development of northeast Mozambique and subsequent cooling from high-temperature metamorphism is delineated with an extensive new set of U-Pb titanite, 40Ar/39Ar hornblende, and 40Ar/39Ar mica analyses. The complex data suggest a polyphase metamorphic history from the late Neoproterozoic to the Ordovician within the East African–Antarctic Orogen (EAAO), with marked differences between the major constituent blocks. In all the data sets, samples from the basement south of the Lúrio Belt show generally younger ages than those from the north, resulting from a late metamorphic event and slow cooling between ca. 520 and 440 Ma. The ages north and south of the Lúrio Belt are consistently offset by ca. 30–70 Ma, a difference that is maintained and even appears to increase during cooling from very high temperatures to ca. 350°C. Based on the first-order assumption that all the ages are cooling ages, cooling rates in the south are estimated at ca. 7°–8°C/Ma, while those north of the Lúrio Belt are faster at ca. 16°C/Ma. The data are consistent with previous geochronological, petrographic, and field data and suggest a late high-temperature/low-pressure metamorphic event that affected only the basement rocks south of the Lúrio Belt and portions of the latter. This late metamorphism and subsequent delayed, slower cooling agree well with a model of elevated heat flow following lithosphere delamination in the southern part of the orogen, which also explains the observed widespread granitoid magmatism, migmatization, and renewed deformation in the southern basement.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 9
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    The HMA-LMA dichotomy revisited: an electronmicroscopical survey of 56 sponge species (2014)
    University of Chicago Press
    In:  Biological Bulletin, 227 (1). pp. 78-88.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-19
    Description: The dichotomy between high microbial abundance (HMA) and low microbial abundance (LMA) sponges has been long recognized. In the present study, 56 sponge species from three geographic regions (greater Caribbean, Mediterranean, Red Sea) were investigated by transmission electron microscopy for the presence of microorganisms in the mesohyl matrix. Additionally, bacterial enumeration by DAPI-counting was performed on a subset of samples. Of the 56 species investigated, 28 were identified as belonging to the HMA and 28 to the LMA category. The sponge orders Agelasida and Verongida consisted exclusively of HMA species, and the Poecilosclerida were composed only of LMA sponges. Other taxa contained both types of microbial associations (e.g., marine Haplosclerida, Homoscleromorpha, Dictyoceratida), and a clear phylogenetic pattern could not be identified. For a few sponge species, an intermediate microbial load was determined, and the microscopy data did not suffice to reliably determine HMA or LMA status. To experimentally determine the HMA or LMA status of a sponge species, we therefore recommend a combination of transmission electron microscopy and 16S rRNA gene sequence data. This study significantly expands previous reports on microbial abundances in sponge tissues and contributes to a better understanding of the HMA-LMA dichotomy in sponge-microbe symbioses.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 10
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    Mating Behavior of a Deep-Sea Squid Revealed by in situ Videography and the Study of Archived Specimens (2012)
    University of Chicago Press
    In:  Biological Bulletin, 223 . pp. 263-267.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-19
    Description: The mating behavior of deep-sea squids is shrouded in mystery. The squids for which mating has been observed use a hectocotylus, a modified arm, for the transfer of sperm packets called spermatophores. However, many deep-sea squid species lack a hectocotylus. We present the first in situ observations of mating behavior in a deep-sea squid that has no hectocotylus but instead uses an elongated terminal organ for the transfer of spermatangia, which are released from the spermatophores and burrow deeply into the female tissue. With remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), we observed two mating pairs of the deep-sea squid Pholidoteuthis adami in the Gulf of Mexico. The male adopted a peculiar position during mating, with its ventral side up and its posterior mantle above the female's head. While the male held the female in what looked like a firm grip, we observed the long terminal organ extending through the funnel of the male, contacting the female dorsal mantle. Examinations of museum specimens show that spermatangia burrow from the outer dorsal mantle into the inner dorsal mantle. This combination of serendipitous in situ observations and archived specimens can be a powerful tool for understanding the behavior of deep-sea animals.
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