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  • Springer Nature  (119,299)
  • American Physical Society  (100,678)
  • University of Chicago Press
  • 2010-2014  (200,220)
  • 1935-1939  (21,743)
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  • 1
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    Can monitoring data contribute to the biodiversity-ecosystem function debate? Evaluating data from a highly dynamic ecosystem (2014)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Biodiversity and Conservation, Springer Nature, 23(2), pp. 405-419, ISSN: 0960-3115
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-22
    Description: One of the most controversially discussed topics in current biodiversity-ecosystem function research is the transfer of results from experimental and theoretical studies to natural ecosystems. At the same time, monitoring data on biodiversity are requested as key indicators for the state of an ecosystem in most environmental evaluation frameworks. We analyse two monitoring data sets comprising information on abundance and biomass of macrozoobenthos communities in the German Wadden Sea in order to evaluate how much information monitoring data on biodiversity provide concerning ecosystem functioning and what implications this information (or the lack thereof) has for future monitoring programmes. Our results show a positive correlation between number of species of macrozoobenthos and its standing stock. Despite differences in overall biomass and individual size in different functional groups, this correlation remained consistent for different feeding guilds and therefore is likely to be independent of certain species traits. Moreover, functional turnover analyses indicate that increasing species richness is needed to maintain biomass levels over increasing periods of time. Whereas our data thus corroborate predictions from theory, we could not determine any causal relationships, because monitoring data commonly include only vague proxies for very few functional parameters, in our case standing biomass as a proxy for production. As to the use of diversity as an indicator for ecosystem functioning, we advise that management decisions are to be based on verified causal relationships and therefore strongly suggest the general incorporation of unambiguous proxies for functional parameters in the measuring campaigns of monitoring programmes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 2
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    Ongoing climate change following a complete cessation of carbon dioxide emissions (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-06
    Description: A threat of irreversible damage should prompt action to mitigate climate change, according to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which serves as a basis for international climate policy. CO2-induced climate change is known to be largely irreversible on timescales of many centuries1, as simulated global mean temperature remains approximately constant for such periods following a complete cessation of carbon dioxide emissions while thermosteric sea level continues to rise1,2,3,4,5,6. Here we use simulations with the Canadian Earth System Model to show that ongoing regional changes in temperature and precipitation are significant, following a complete cessation of carbon dioxide emissions in 2100, despite almost constant global mean temperatures. Moreover, our projections show warming at intermediate depths in the Southern Ocean that is many times larger by the year 3000 than that realized in 2100. We suggest that a warming of the intermediate-depth ocean around Antarctica at the scale simulated for the year 3000 could lead to the collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which would be associated with a rise in sea level of several metres2,7,8.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 3
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    On predicting abundance from occupancy (2010)
    University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © University of Chicago, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of University of Chicago for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in American Naturalist 176 (2010): 96-98, doi:10.1086/653077.
    Description: There is growing interest in predicting the abundance of a species in a region from the occupancy of cells in a uniform grid overlaid on the region. When the number of individuals in each cell follows a negative binomial distribution, prediction is in general not possible from the number of unoccupied cells alone. A prediction method based on the number of unoccupied cells and the number containing a single individual is described and shown to work well on simulated and real data.
    Keywords: Negative binomial distribution ; Optimal prediction ; Species abundance ; Species occupancy
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    The karyomastigont as an evolutionary seme (2013)
    University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © University of Chicago Press, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of University of Chicago Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Quarterly Review of Biology 87 (2012): 315-324, doi:10.1086/668165.
    Description: The problem of eukaryogenesis—the evolutionary mechanism whereby eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes—remains one of the great unsolved mysteries of cell biology, possibly due to the reductionist tendency of most scientists to work only within their subdisciplines. Communication between biologists who conduct research on the nucleus and those working on the cytoskeleton or endomembrane system are sometimes wanting, and yet, all of these quintessentially eukaryotic elements of the cell are interdependent, and are physically associated in many protists as the karyomastigont organellar system: nucleus, one or more basal bodies and flagella, nuclear connector, and Golgi apparatus. Here we suggest a more holistic view of the karyomastigont as not simply an organellar system, but an evolutionary seme, the archaic state of the eukaryotic cell. We also present a scheme whereby the karyomastigont may have dissociated, giving rise in more derived cells to one or more free nuclei and discrete flagellar apparati (akaryomastigonts).
    Description: Mark C. Alliegro is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIGMS) and National Science Foundation.
    Description: 2013-12-01
    Keywords: Karyomastigont ; Eukaryogenesis ; Flagellum ; Basal body ; Centrosome ; Nucleus
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Unique biochemical and mineral composition of whale ear bones (2014)
    University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © University of Chicago Press, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of University of Chicago Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 87 (2014): 576-584, doi:10.1086/676309.
    Description: Cetaceans are obligate aquatic mammals derived from terrestrial artiodactyls. The defining characteristic of cetaceans is a thick and dense lip (pachyosteosclerotic involucrum) of an ear bone (the tympanic). This unique feature is absent in modern terrestrial artiodactyls and is suggested to be important in underwater hearing. Here, we investigate the mineralogical and biochemical properties of the involucrum, as these may hold clues to the aquatic adaptations of cetaceans. We compared bioapatites (enamel, dentine, cementum, and skeletal bone) of cetaceans with those of terrestrial artiodactyls and pachyosteosclerotic ribs of manatees (Sirenia). We investigated organic, carbonate, and mineral composition as well as crystal size and crystallinity index. In all studied variables, bioapatites of the cetacean involucrum were intermediate in composition and structure between those of tooth enamel on the one hand and those of dentine, cementum, and skeletal bone on the other. We also studied the amino acid composition of the cetacean involucrum relative to that of other skeletal bone. The central involucrum had low glycine and hydroxyproline concentrations but high concentrations of nonessential amino acids, unlike most bone samples but similar to the tympanic of hippos and the (pachyosteosclerotic) ribs of manatees. These amino acid results are evidence of rapid bone development. We hypothesize that the mineralogical and amino acid composition of cetacean bullae differs from that of other bone because of (1) functional modifications for underwater sound reception and (2) structural adaptations related to rapid ossification.
    Description: This research was conducted under NMFS permit 493-1848/MA130062 and funded by the National Science Foundation (EAR SGP 0847413 to M.T.C.).
    Description: 2015-06-03
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    The three scales of submarine groundwater flow and discharge across passive continental margins (2010)
    University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geology 118 (2010): 565-575, doi:10.1086/655114.
    Description: Increased study of submarine groundwater systems in recent years has provided a wealth of new data and techniques, but some ambiguity has been introduced by insufficient distinguishing of the relevant spatial scales of the phenomena studied. Submarine groundwater flow and discharge on passive continental margins can be most productively studied and discussed by distinct consideration of the following three spatial scales: (1) the nearshore scale, spanning approximately 0–10 m offshore and including the unconfined surficial aquifer; (2) the embayment scale, spanning approximately 10 m to as much as 10 km offshore and including the first confined submarine aquifer and its terminus; and (3) the shelf scale, spanning the width and thickness of the aquifers of the entire continental shelf, from the base of the first confined aquifer downward to the basement, and including influences of geothermal convection and glacio-eustatic change in sea level.
    Description: The U.S. Geological Survey’s Coastal and Marine Geology Program provided primary support for preparation of the manuscript and for participation in several field studies and scientific meetings that led to the recognition of the need for such a discussion.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Mating behavior, population growth, and the operational sex ratio : a periodic two‐sex model approach (2010)
    University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © University of Chicago, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of University of Chicago for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in American Naturalist 175 (2010): 739-752, doi:10.1086/652436.
    Description: We present a new approach to modeling two‐sex populations, using periodic, nonlinear two‐sex matrix models. The models project the population growth rate, the population structure, and any ratio of interest (e.g., operational sex ratio). The periodic formulation permits inclusion of highly seasonal behavioral events. A periodic product of the seasonal matrices describes annual population dynamics. The model is nonlinear because mating probability depends on the structure of the population. To study how the vital rates influence population growth rate, population structure, and operational sex ratio, we used sensitivity analysis of frequency‐dependent nonlinear models. In nonlinear two‐sex models the vital rates affect growth rate directly and also indirectly through effects on the population structure. The indirect effects can sometimes overwhelm the direct effects and are revealed only by nonlinear analysis. We find that the sensitivity of the population growth rate to female survival is negative for the emperor penguin, a species with highly seasonal breeding behavior. This result could not occur in linear models because changes in population structure have no effect on per capita reproduction. Our approach is applicable to ecological and evolutionary studies of any species in which males and females interact in a seasonal environment.
    Description: H.C. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation (DEB-0343820 and DEB-0816514) and the Ocean Life Institute and the hospitality of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research.
    Keywords: Two‐sex periodic matrix model ; Population structure ; Population growth rate ; Mating systems ; Sex ratio ; Emperor penguin
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Primitive soft-bodied cephalopods from the Cambrian (2010)
    Springer Nature
    In:  Nature, 465 (7297). pp. 469-472.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-26
    Description: The exquisite preservation of soft-bodied animals in Burgess Shale-type deposits provides important clues into the early evolution of body plans that emerged during the Cambrian explosion1. Until now, such deposits have remained silent regarding the early evolution of extant molluscan lineages—in particular the cephalopods. Nautiloids, traditionally considered basal within the cephalopods, are generally depicted as evolving from a creeping Cambrian ancestor whose dorsal shell afforded protection and buoyancy2. Although nautiloid-like shells occur from the Late Cambrian onwards, the fossil record provides little constraint on this model, or indeed on the early evolution of cephalopods. Here, we reinterpret the problematic Middle Cambrian animal Nectocaris pteryx3,4 as a primitive (that is, stem-group), non-mineralized cephalopod, based on new material from the Burgess Shale. Together with Nectocaris, the problematic Lower Cambrian taxa Petalilium5 and (probably) Vetustovermis6,7 form a distinctive clade, Nectocarididae, characterized by an open axial cavity with paired gills, wide lateral fins, a single pair of long, prehensile tentacles, a pair of non-faceted eyes on short stalks, and a large, flexible anterior funnel. This clade extends the cephalopods’ fossil record2 by over 30 million years, and indicates that primitive cephalopods lacked a mineralized shell, were hyperbenthic, and were presumably carnivorous. The presence of a funnel suggests that jet propulsion evolved in cephalopods before the acquisition of a shell. The explosive diversification of mineralized cephalopods in the Ordovician may have an understated Cambrian ‘fuse’.
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  • 9
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    Antagonistic Coevolution Accelerates the Evolution of Reproductive Isolation inTribolium castaneum (2012)
    University of Chicago Press
    In:  The American Naturalist, 180 (4). pp. 520-528.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: The evolution of reproductive isolation among populations is often the result of selective forces. Among those, parasites exert strong selection on host populations and can thus also potentially drive reproductive isolation. This hypothesis has yet to be explicitly tested, and here we set up a multigenerational coevolution experiment to explore this possibility. Five lines of Tribolium castaneum were allowed to coevolve with their natural parasite, Nosema whitei; five paired lines of identical origin were maintained in the absence of parasites. After 17 generations, we measured resistance within and reproductive isolation between all lines. Host lines from the coevolution treatment had considerably higher levels of resistance against N. whitei than their paired host lines, which were maintained in the absence of parasites. Reproductive isolation was greater in the coevolved selection regime and correlated with phenotypic differentiation in parasite resistance between coevolved host lines. This suggests the presence of a selection-driven genetic correlation between offspring number and resistance. Our results show that parasites can be a driving force in the evolution of reproductive isolation and thus potentially speciation.
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  • 10
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    Male Pregnancy and Biparental Immune Priming (2012)
    University of Chicago Press
    In:  The American Naturalist, 180 (6). pp. 802-814.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: In vertebrates, maternal transfer of immunity via the eggs or the placenta provides offspring with crucial information on prevailing pathogens and parasites. Males contribute little to such trans-generational immune priming, either because they do not share the environment and parasite pressure of the offspring, or because sperm are suggested to be too small for transfer of immunity. In the teleost group of Syngnathids (pipefish, seahorses and sea dragons) males brood female eggs in a placenta-like structure. Such sex-role-reversed species provide a unique opportunity to test for adaptive plasticity in immune transfer. Here males in addition to females should influence offspring immunity. We experimentally tested paternal effects on offspring immunity by examining immune cell proliferation and immune gene expression. Maternal and paternal bacterial exposure induced the offspring's immune defence five weeks after hatching, and this effect persisted in four-month-old offspring. For several offspring immune traits double parental exposure (maternal and paternal) enhanced the response, while for another group of immune traits, the trans-generational induction already took place if only one parent was exposed. Our study shows that sex-role reversal in connection with male pregnancy opens the door for bi-parental influences on offspring immunity, and may represent one additional advantage for the evolution of male pregnancy.
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