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  • American Geophysical Union  (321)
  • Wiley-Blackwell
  • 2020-2023  (321)
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  • 11
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    Fluid‐mediated mass transfer between mafic and ultramafic rocks in subduction zones (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-04
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Codillo, E., Klein, F., Dragovic, B., Marschall, H., Baxter, E., Scambelluri, M., & Schwarzenbach‬, E. Fluid‐mediated mass transfer between mafic and ultramafic rocks in subduction zones. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 23, (2022): e2021GC010206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gc010206.
    Description: Metasomatic reaction zones between mafic and ultramafic rocks exhumed from subduction zones provide a window into mass-transfer processes at high pressure. However, accurate interpretation of the rock record requires distinguishing high-pressure metasomatic processes from inherited oceanic signatures prior to subduction. We integrated constraints from bulk-rock geochemical compositions and petrophysical properties, mineral chemistry, and thermodynamic modeling to understand the formation of reaction zones between juxtaposed metagabbro and serpentinite as exemplified by the Voltri Massif (Ligurian Alps, Italy). Distinct zones of variably metasomatized metagabbro are dominated by chlorite, amphibole, clinopyroxene, epidote, rutile, ilmenite, and titanite between serpentinite and eclogitic metagabbro. Whereas the precursor serpentinite and oxide gabbro formed and were likely already in contact in an oceanic setting, the reaction zones formed by diffusional Mg-metasomatism between the two rocks from prograde to peak, to retrograde conditions in a subduction zone. Metasomatism of mafic rocks by Mg-rich fluids that previously equilibrated with serpentinite could be widespread along the subduction interface, within the subducted slab, and the mantle wedge. Furthermore, the models predict that talc formation by Si-metasomatism of serpentinite in subduction zones is limited by pressure-dependent increase in the silica activity buffered by the serpentine-talc equilibrium. Elevated activities of aqueous Ca and Al species would also favor the formation of chlorite and garnet. Accordingly, unusual conditions or processes would be required to stabilize abundant talc at high P-T conditions. Alternatively, a different set of mineral assemblages, such as serpentine- or chlorite-rich rocks, may be controlling the coupling-decoupling transition of the plate interface.
    Description: M. Scambelluri acknowledges the Italian Ministry of Research MUR for granting the PRIN project n. 2017ZE49E7. This research was funded by NSF-OISE (Office of International Science & Engineering, Petrology & Geochemistry) PIRE, Award #1545903, and the WHOI Ocean Ventures Fund.
    Keywords: Fluid-rock interactions ; Magnesium metasomatism ; Subduction zones ; Voltri Massif
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 12
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    The roles of heat and gas in a mushy magma chamber (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-03
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 127(7),(2022): e2022JB024357, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jb024357.
    Description: Crustal magmatic systems likely consist of magmatic reservoirs dominated by crystal mush. Recent studies suggest that the physical processes occurring in crystal mush could alter the response of magmatic reservoirs during volcanic unrest. Here, we present a magma chamber deformation model that incorporates two new aspects in crystal mush: heat and exsolved gas. The model is based on earlier studies by Liao et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB019395) with additional processes including thermal-mechanical coupling, dependence of material properties on gas content, and temperature evolution following an injection of hotter magma. The post-injection time-dependent evolution of the system can be grouped into three periods, which are dominated by poroelastic diffusion (short term), viscoelastic relaxation (mid term), and thermal equilibration (long term). All three time-regimes are strongly affected by gas distribution, which alters the relative compressibility of the crystal-rich and crystal-poor regions in the chamber. The contribution of thermal evolution emerges during the mid-term evolution. The time-dependent evolution of the system highlights the intrinsic ability of a gas-bearing mushy magma chamber to generate non-monotonic time series of stresses, deformation, and magma transport.
    Keywords: Crystal mush ; Magma chamber ; Exsolved volatiles
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  • 13
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    Mature diffuse tectonic block boundary revealed by the 2020 southwestern Puerto Rico seismic sequence (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in ten Brink, U. S., Vanacore, E. A., Fielding, E. J., Chaytor, J. D., Lopez-Venegas, A. M., Baldwin, W. E., Foster, D. S., & Andrews, B. D. Mature diffuse tectonic block boundary revealed by the 2020 southwestern Puerto Rico seismic sequence. Tectonics, 41(3), (2022): e2021TC006896, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021TC006896.
    Description: Distributed faulting typically tends to coalesce into one or a few faults with repeated deformation. The progression of clustered medium-sized (≥Mw4.5) earthquakes during the 2020 seismic sequence in southwestern Puerto Rico (SWPR), modeling shoreline subsidence from InSAR, and sub-seafloor mapping by high-resolution seismic reflection profiles, suggest that the 2020 SWPR seismic sequence was distributed across several short intersecting strike-slip and normal faults beneath the insular shelf and upper slope of Guayanilla submarine canyon. Multibeam bathymetry map of the seafloor shows significant erosion and retreat of the shelf edge in the area of seismic activity as well as slope-parallel lineaments and submarine canyon meanders that typically develop over geological time. The T-axis of the moderate earthquakes further matches the extension direction previously measured on post early Pliocene (∼〉3 Ma) faults. We conclude that although similar deformation has likely taken place in this area during recent geologic time, it does not appear to have coalesced during this time. The deformation may represent the southernmost part of a diffuse boundary, the Western Puerto Rico Deformation Boundary, which accommodates differential movement between the Puerto Rico and Hispaniola arc blocks. This differential movement is possibly driven by the differential seismic coupling along the Puerto Rico—Hispaniola subduction zone. We propose that the compositional heterogeneity across the island arc retards the process of focusing the deformation into a single fault. Given the evidence presented here, we should not expect a single large event in this area but similar diffuse sequences in the future.
    Description: 2022-08-08
    Keywords: Rupture of multiple faults ; Intra-arc deformation ; Earthquake-generated submarine canyon ; Anisotropic arc composition ; Caribbean seismic hazard
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  • 14
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    Dynamics of marsh-derived sediments in lagoon-type estuaries (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Donatelli, C., Kalra, T. S., Fagherazzi, S., Zhang, X., & Leonardi, N. Dynamics of marsh-derived sediments in lagoon-type estuaries. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 125(12), (2020): e2020JF005751, doi:10.1029/2020JF005751.
    Description: Salt marshes are valuable ecosystems that must trap sediments and accrete in order to counteract the deleterious effect of sea level rise. Previous studies have shown that the capacity of marshes to build up vertically depends on both autogenous and exogenous processes including ecogeomorphic feedbacks and sediment supply from in‐land and coastal ocean. There have been numerous efforts to quantify the role played by the sediments coming from marsh edge erosion on the resistance of salt marshes to sea level rise. However, the majority of existing studies investigating the interplay between lateral and vertical dynamics use simplified modeling approaches, and they do not consider that marsh retreat can affect the regional‐scale hydrodynamics and sediment retention in back‐barrier basins. In this study, we evaluated the fate of the sediments originating from marsh lateral loss by using high‐resolution numerical model simulations of Jamaica Bay, a small lagoonal estuary located in New York City. Our findings show that up to 42% of the sediment released during marsh edge erosion deposits on the shallow areas of the basin and over the vegetated marsh platforms, contributing positively to the sediment budget of the remaining salt marshes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that with the present‐day sediment supply from the ocean, the system cannot keep pace with sea level rise even accounting for the sediment liberated in the bay through marsh degradation. Our study highlights the relevance of multiple sediment sources for the maintenance of the marsh complex.
    Description: This study was supported by the Department of the Interior Hurricane Sandy Recovery program (ID G16AC00455, subaward to University of Liverpool). S. F. was partly supported by NSF awards 1637630 (PIE LTER) and 1832221 (VCR LTER). We thank Robert Chant from Rutgers University for sharing the hydrodynamic measurements in Jamaica Bay.
    Keywords: Marsh erosion ; Sediment recycling ; Sea level rise ; Jamaica Bay
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  • 15
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    Timescales and processes of methane hydrate formation and breakdown, with application to geologic systems (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ruppel, C. D., & Waite, W. F. Timescales and processes of methane hydrate formation and breakdown, with application to geologic systems. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 125(8), (2020): e2018JB016459, doi:10.1029/2018JB016459.
    Description: Gas hydrate is an ice‐like form of water and low molecular weight gas stable at temperatures of roughly −10°C to 25°C and pressures of ~3 to 30 MPa in geologic systems. Natural gas hydrates sequester an estimated one sixth of Earth's methane and are found primarily in deepwater marine sediments on continental margins, but also in permafrost areas and under continental ice sheets. When gas hydrate is removed from its stability field, its breakdown has implications for the global carbon cycle, ocean chemistry, marine geohazards, and interactions between the geosphere and the ocean‐atmosphere system. Gas hydrate breakdown can also be artificially driven as a component of studies assessing the resource potential of these deposits. Furthermore, geologic processes and perturbations to the ocean‐atmosphere system (e.g., warming temperatures) can cause not only dissociation, but also more widespread dissolution of hydrate or even formation of new hydrate in reservoirs. Linkages between gas hydrate and disparate aspects of Earth's near‐surface physical, chemical, and biological systems render an assessment of the rates and processes affecting the persistence of gas hydrate an appropriate Centennial Grand Challenge. This paper reviews the thermodynamic controls on methane hydrate stability and then describes the relative importance of kinetic, mass transfer, and heat transfer processes in the formation and breakdown (dissociation and dissolution) of gas hydrate. Results from numerical modeling, laboratory, and some field studies are used to summarize the rates of hydrate formation and breakdown, followed by an extensive treatment of hydrate dynamics in marine and cryospheric gas hydrate systems.
    Description: Both authors have received nearly two decades of support from the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS's) Energy Resources Program and the Coastal/Marine Hazards and Resources Program and from numerous DOE‐USGS Interagency Agreements, most recently DE‐FE0023495. C. R. acknowledges support from NOAA's Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (OER) under NOAA‐USGS Interagency Agreement 16‐01118.
    Keywords: Gas hydrate ; Hydrate breakdown ; Hydrate formation ; Permafrost hydrate ; Geologic systems ; Marine hydrate
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  • 16
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    Emerging wetlands from river diversions can sustain high denitrification rates in a Coastal Delta (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 126(5), (2021): e2020JG006217, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JG006217.
    Description: It is assumed that to treat excess NO3− high soil organic matter content (%OM) is required to maintain high denitrification rates in natural or restored wetlands. However, this excess also represents a risk by increasing soil decomposition rates triggering peat collapse and wetland fragmentation. Here, we evaluated the role of %OM and temperature interactions controlling denitrification rates in eroding (Barataria Bay-BLC) and emerging (Wax Lake Delta-WLD) deltaic regions in coastal Louisiana using the isotope pairing (IPT) and N2:Ar techniques. We also assessed differences between total (direct denitrification + coupled nitrification-denitrification) and net (total denitrification minus nitrogen fixation) denitrification rates in benthic and wetland habitats with contrasting %OM and bulk density (BD). Sediment (benthic) and soil (wetland) cores were collected during summer, spring, and winter (2015–2016) and incubated at close to in-situ temperatures (30°C, 20°C, and 10°C, respectively). Denitrification rates were linearly correlated with temperature; maximum mean rates ranged from 40.1–124.1 μmol m−2 h−1 in the summer with lower rates (〈26.2 ± 5.3 μmol m−2 h−1) in the winter seasons. Direct denitrification was higher than coupled denitrification in all seasons. Denitrification rates were higher in WLD despite lower %OM, lower total N concentration, and higher BD in wetland soils. Therefore, in environments with low carbon availability, high denitrification rates can be sustained as long as NO3− concentrations are high (〉30 μM) and water temperature is 〉10°C. In coastal Louisiana, substrates under these regimes are represented by emergent supra-tidal flats or land created by sediment diversions under oligohaline conditions (〈1 ppt).
    Description: This study was supported by the NOAA-Sea Grant Program-Louisiana (Grant 2013R/E-24) to Victor H. Rivera-Monroy and Kanchan Maiti. Victor H. Rivera-Monroy was also supported by the Department of the Interior South-Central Climate Adaptation Science Center (Cooperative Agreement #G12AC00002).
    Keywords: Coastal Louisiana ; Deltaic system ; Denitrification ; Nitrate loading ; Organic matter ; Seasonal change ; Sediment and freshwater diversions
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  • 17
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    Modeling the dynamics of salt marsh development in coastal land reclamation (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 49(6), (2022): e2021GL095559, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095559.
    Description: The valuable ecosystem services of salt marshes are spurring marsh restoration projects around the world. However, it is difficult to determine the final vegetated area based on physical drivers. Herein, we use a 3D fully coupled vegetation-hydrodynamic-morphological modeling system to simulate the final vegetation cover and the timescale to reach it under various forcing conditions. Marsh development in our simulations can be divided in three distinctive phases: A preparation phase characterized by sediment accumulation in the absence of vegetation, an encroachment phase in which the vegetated area grows, and an adjustment phase in which the vegetated area remains relatively constant while marsh accretes vertically to compensate for sea level rise. Sediment concentration, settling velocity, sea level rise, and tidal range each comparably affect equilibrium coverage and timescale in different ways. Our simulations show that the Unvegetated-Vegetated Ratio also relates to sediment budget in marsh development under most conditions.
    Description: This study was supported by the Department of the Interior Hurricane Sandy Recovery program (ID G16AC00455), NSF awards 1637630 (PIE LTER) and 1832221 (VCR LTER), and China Scholarship Council.
    Description: 2022-09-16
    Keywords: Marsh restoration ; Land reclamation ; COAWST ; Vegetation dynamics ; Phases of marsh development ; Expectance of marsh coverage
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  • 18
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    Introduction to special issue on gas hydrate in porous media: linking laboratory and field-scale phenomena (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 124(8), (2019): 7525-7537, doi: 10.1029/2019JB018186.
    Description: The proliferation of drilling expeditions focused on characterizing natural gas hydrate as a potential energy resource has spawned widespread interest in gas hydrate reservoir properties and associated porous media phenomena. Between 2017 and 2019, a Special Section of this journal compiled contributed papers elucidating interactions between gas hydrate and sediment based on laboratory, numerical modeling, and field studies. Motivated mostly by field observations in the northern Gulf of Mexico and offshore Japan, several papers focus on the mechanisms for gas hydrate formation and accumulation, particularly with vapor phase gas, not dissolved gas, as the precursor to hydrate. These studies rely on numerical modeling or laboratory experiments using sediment packs or benchtop micromodels. A second focus of the Special Section is the role of fines in inhibiting production of gas from methane hydrate, controlling the distribution of hydrate at a pore scale, and influencing the bulk behavior of seafloor sediments. Other papers fill knowledge gaps related to the physical properties of hydrate‐bearing sediments and advance new approaches in coupled thermal‐mechanical modeling of these sediments during hydrate dissociation. Finally, one study addresses the long‐standing question about the fate of methane hydrate at the molecular level when CO2 is injected into natural reservoirs under hydrate‐forming conditions.
    Description: C. R. was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey's Energy Resources Program and the Coastal/Marine Hazards and Resources Program, as well as by DOE Interagency Agreement DE‐FE0023495. C. R. thanks W. Waite and J. Jang for discussions and suggestions that improved this paper and L. Stern for a helpful review. J. Y. Lee was supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy (MOTIE) through the Project “Gas Hydrate Exploration and Production Study (19‐1143)” under the management of the Gas Hydrate Research and Development Organization (GHDO) of Korea and the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM). Any use of trade, firm, or product name is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
    Keywords: Gas hydrate ; Methane ; Reservoir properties ; Multiphase flow
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  • 19
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    Surface methane concentrations along the mid-Atlantic bight driven by aerobic subsurface production rather than seafloor gas seeps. (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125(5), (2020): e2019JC015989, doi:10.1029/2019JC015989.
    Description: Relatively minor amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, are currently emitted from the oceans to the atmosphere, but such methane emissions have been hypothesized to increase as oceans warm. Here, we investigate the source, distribution, and fate of methane released from the upper continental slope of the U.S. Mid‐Atlantic Bight, where hundreds of gas seeps have been discovered between the shelf break and ~1,600 m water depth. Using physical, chemical, and isotopic analyses, we identify two main sources of methane in the water column: seafloor gas seeps and in situ aerobic methanogenesis which primarily occurs at 100–200 m depth in the water column. Stable isotopic analyses reveal that water samples collected at all depths were significantly impacted by aerobic methane oxidation, the dominant methane sink in this region, with the average fraction of methane oxidized being 50%. Due to methane oxidation in the deeper water column, below 200 m depth, surface concentrations of methane are influenced more by methane sources found near the surface (0–10 m depth) and in the subsurface (10–200 m depth), rather than seafloor emissions at greater depths.
    Description: This research was supported by DOE Grant (DE‐FE0028980) to J. K. and by DOE‐USGS Interagency Agreement DE‐FE0026195.
    Description: 2020-10-04
    Keywords: Methane ; Ocean ; Isotopes ; Gas seeps ; Mid Atlantic bight ; Oxidation
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  • 20
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    Enhanced carbon uptake and reduced methane emissions in a newly restored wetland (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 125(1), (2020): e2019JG005222, doi:10.1029/2019JG005222.
    Description: Wetlands play an important role in reducing global warming potential in response to global climate change. Unfortunately, due to the effects of human disturbance and natural erosion, wetlands are facing global extinction. It is essential to implement engineering measures to restore damaged wetlands. However, the carbon sink capacity of restored wetlands is unclear. We examined the seasonal change of greenhouse gas emissions in both restored wetland and natural wetland and then evaluated the carbon sequestration capacity of the restored wetland. We found that (1) the carbon sink capacity of the restored wetland showed clear daily and seasonal change, which was affected by light intensity, air temperature, and vegetation growth, and (2) the annual daytime (8–18 hr) sustained‐flux global warming potential was −11.23 ± 4.34 kg CO2 m−2 y−1, representing a much larger carbon sink than natural wetland (−5.04 ± 3.73 kg CO2 m−2 y−1) from April to December. In addition, the results showed that appropriate tidal flow management may help to reduce CH4 emission in wetland restoration. Thus, we proposed that the restored coastal wetland, via effective engineering measures, reliably acted as a large net carbon sink and has the potential to help mitigate climate change.
    Description: We would like to thank Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Ministry of Education & Shanghai Observation and Research Station for providing sites during our research. This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant 2017YFC0506002), the National Natural Science Foundation of China Overseas and Hong Kong‐Macao Scholars Collaborative Research Fund (Grant 31728003), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant 2018M640362), the Shanghai University Distinguished Professor (Oriental Scholars) Program (Grant JZ2016006), the Open Fund of Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco‐Restoration (Grant SHUES2018B06), and the Scientific Projects of Shanghai Municipal Oceanic Bureau (Grant 2018‐03). The complete data set is available at https://data.4tu.nl/repository/uuid:536b2614‐c4ca‐43d2‐84dd‐6180fd859544.
    Keywords: Blue carbon ; Restored wetland ; Sustained‐flux global warming potential (SGWP) ; Greenhouse gas (GHG) ; Carbon sequestration capacity
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