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  • Books
  • Articles  (72)
  • Hindawi  (72)
  • 2015-2019  (72)
  • 2016  (72)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (72)
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  • Books
  • Articles  (72)
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  • 2015-2019  (72)
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  • 1
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    Estimation of Scintillation Indices: A Novel Approach Based on Local Kernel Regression Methods (2016)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-08
    Description: We present a comparative study of computational methods for estimation of ionospheric scintillation indices. First, we review the conventional approaches based on Fourier transformation and low-pass/high-pass frequency filtration. Next, we introduce a novel method based on nonparametric local regression with bias Corrected Akaike Information Criteria (AICC). All methods are then applied to data from the Norwegian Regional Ionospheric Scintillation Network (NRISN), which is shown to be dominated by phase scintillation and not amplitude scintillation. We find that all methods provide highly correlated results, demonstrating the validity of the new approach to this problem. All methods are shown to be very sensitive to filter characteristics and the averaging interval. Finally, we find that the new method is more robust to discontinuous phase observations than conventional methods.
    Print ISSN: 1687-5990
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-6008
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Hindawi
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  • 2
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    Development of a Low-Level Control System for the ROV Visor3 (2016)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-21
    Description: This paper addresses the development of the simulation of the low-level control system for the underwater remotely operated vehicle Visor3. The 6-DOF mathematical model of Visor3 is presented using two coordinated systems: Earth-fixed and body-fixed frames. The navigation, guidance, and control (NGC) structure is divided into three layers: the high level or the mission planner; the mid-level or the path planner; and the low level formed by the navigation and control systems. The nonlinear model-based observer is developed using the extended Kalman filter (EKF) which uses the linearization of the model to estimate the current state. The behavior of the observer is verified through simulations using Simulink®. An experiment was conducted with a trajectory that describes changes in the and and yaw components. To accomplish this task, two algorithms are compared: a multiloop PID and PID with gravity compensation. These controllers and the nonlinear observer are tested using the 6-DOF mathematical model of Visor3. The control and navigation systems are a fundamental part of the low-level control system that will allow Visor3’s operators to take advantage of more advanced vehicle’s capabilities during inspection tasks of port facilities, hydroelectric dams, and oceanographic research.
    Print ISSN: 1687-5990
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-6008
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Hindawi
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  • 3
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    Shrinking Regions in a Shrinking Country: The Geography of Population Decline in Lithuania 2001–2011 (2016)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-22
    Description: Shrinking populations have been gaining increasing attention, especially in postsocialist Eastern and Central European countries. While most studies focus on specific cities and regions, much less is known about the spatial dimension of population decline on the national level and the local factors determining spatially uneven population change. This study uses Lithuanian census data from the years 2001 to 2011 to get insight into the geography of population change for the whole country. Lithuania has experienced one of the highest rates of population decline in the world in the last decades. The predictive models show that regional factors have a strong effect on the variation in population change throughout the country but also reveal that sociodemographic and economic area characteristics play a role in the process of decline. Our results give little hope to those who would like to reverse the ongoing trends of population change and emphasize the need for spatial planning to cope with the changes. This is an approach which currently does not exist in practice in Lithuania.
    Print ISSN: 2090-4185
    Electronic ISSN: 2090-4193
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 4
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    Analysis of Akure Urban Land Use Change Detection from Remote Imagery Perspective (2016)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-07
    Description: This study presents the analysis of Akure urban land use change detection from remote imagery perspective. Efforts were made to examine the direction that the continuous expansion of the city tends towards since its inception as a state capital in 1976. Using Aerial Imagery Overlay (AIO), the pattern of land use changes in Akure and its environs were determined. This involves imageries interpolation and overlaying to determine the land use changes, direction, and extent of the expansion. Findings revealed unguided expansion in the growth of the city which affects the pattern of land uses within the city and, by extension, into the adjoining settlements. There were incompatible conversions in land uses and undue encroachment into green areas in the adjoining communities. The study suggests effective zoning strategy on unguided nature of urban development whose effects on land use are very prominent in the study area. Adequate monitoring by the Development Control Department and other stakeholders in urban planning is equally suggested to mitigate the incompatible land use changes in the area.
    Print ISSN: 2090-4185
    Electronic ISSN: 2090-4193
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 5
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    Social Isolation of the Stateless and the Destitute: A Study on the Refugee-Camp and the Sullied Slum of Dhaka City (2016)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-04
    Description: The lower-class segment of the population of the developing nations often fails to form meaningful social relations and remain disengaged from essential social institutions. The research examines those people who live in refugee-camp and sullied slum of Dhaka city and inspect how much they are socially isolated. Certain characteristics, taken as indicators to test the level of social isolation, indicate that a large segment of camp and slum dwellers are feeling isolated. However, the evidence shows no differences in the predicted direction with respect to the objective demographic variables; nonetheless, a pattern of perceived social isolation was found from the survey data.
    Print ISSN: 2090-4185
    Electronic ISSN: 2090-4193
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 6
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    Potential for Application of Retroreflective Materials instead of Highly Reflective Materials for Urban Heat Island Mitigation (2016)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-18
    Description: Research on urban heat island (UHI) mitigation has been carried out globally. Several strategies have been proposed or developed to mitigate UHI, including highly reflective (HR) envelopes of buildings, green roofs, urban vegetation, shading, heat sinks, and air-conditioning efficiency. Among these techniques, HR envelopes have been extensively studied as an effective method to mitigate the UHI effect by reducing energy consumption. However, because most of HR materials are diffusive, HR envelopes applied to vertical surfaces can reflect both onto roads and nearby buildings. Additionally, HR roofs cannot reflect all incoming solar radiation to the sky if there are high buildings around it. Thus, HR materials applied as building envelopes have a limited effect against the solar contribution to the UHI. In order to solve this problem, retroreflective (RR) materials, which reflect the solar radiation back towards the source, have been studied and developed to be applied as building envelopes instead of HR materials. This paper summarizes several previous researches on HR envelopes and cool roofs and summarizes several current researches on RR materials. The potential for application of RR envelopes in cities is proposed with consideration of economic and environmental factors.
    Print ISSN: 2090-4185
    Electronic ISSN: 2090-4193
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 7
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    Crystalline Coating and Its Influence on the Water Transport in Concrete (2016)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-01
    Description: The presented paper deals with an experimental study of the efficiency of surface coating treatment based on secondary crystallization as an additional protection of the subsurface concrete structure loaded by moisture or ground water pressure. The aim of the experimental program was the evaluation of the depth impact of the crystalline coating and the assessment of the reliability of construction joints performed on models simulating real conditions of the concrete structure. The evolution of the secondary crystallizing process was monitored using the water absorption test carried out at different depths of the samples. The coefficient of adsorption decreased to 60% of the reference mixture for a surface layer of up to 40 mm at 28 days and to 50% at 180 days after the coating’s application. Furthermore, the electrical resistivity method was applied with respect to the nature of measurement and the low accessibility of real subsurface concrete structures. The results of moisture measurement at a depth of 180–190 mm from the surface treated with a crystalline coating showed an essential decrease in moisture content percentage in comparison with untreated specimens (measured 125 days after the coating’s application).
    Print ISSN: 1687-8086
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-8094
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 8
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    Modelling Blast Effects on a Reinforced Concrete Bridge (2016)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-01
    Description: The detailed investigation of blast phenomena and their catastrophic effects on existing structures are the main objectives of the present paper. It is well known that blast phenomena may be characterized by significant complexity, often involving complicated wave propagation effects as well as distinguishable material behaviors. Considering the above and in an attempt to provide a simplified modelling approach for the simulation of blast effects, a novel procedure is presented herein based on well-established methodologies and common engineering practices. In the above framework, firstly, the “predominant” deformation shape of the structure is estimated based on elastic finite element simulations under blast loads and then the structural response of the system is evaluated as a result of common computational beam-element tools such as displacement-based pushover analysis. The proposed methodology provides an immediate first estimation of the structural behavior under blast loads, based on familiar engineering procedures. A two-span reinforced concrete bridge was thoroughly investigated and the results provide insightful information regarding the damage patterns and localization.
    Print ISSN: 1687-8086
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-8094
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 9
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    GIS Based Approach for Vulnerability Assessment of the Karnataka Coast, India (2016)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-01
    Description: The coastal zones are highly resourceful and dynamic. In recent times, increased events of tropical cyclones and the devastating impact of the December 2004 tsunami have brought forth the importance of assessing the vulnerability of the coast to hazard-induced flooding and inundation in coastal areas. This study intends to develop coastal vulnerability index (CVI) for the administrative units, known astalukasof the Karnataka state. Seven physical and geologic risk variables characterizing the vulnerability of the coast, including rate of relative sea level change, historical shoreline change, coastal slope, coastal regional elevation, mean tidal range, and significant wave height derived using conventional and remotely sensed data, along with one socioeconomic parameter “population,” were used in the study. A total of 298 km of shoreline are ranked in the study. It was observed that about 68.65 km of the shoreline is under very high vulnerable category and 79.26 km of shoreline is under high vulnerable category. Of the remaining shoreline, 59.14 km and 91.04 km are of moderate and low vulnerable categories, respectively.
    Print ISSN: 1687-8086
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-8094
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 10
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    Modeling of Hydrophysical Properties of the Soil as Capillary-Porous Media and Improvement of Mualem-Van Genuchten Method as a Part of Foundation Arrangement Research (2016)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-01
    Description: Within the concepts about the capillarity and the lognormal distribution of effective pore radii, a theoretical justification for function of differential water capacity and its antiderivative (function of water-retention capacity in form of a dependence of the soil volumetric water content on capillary pressure of the soil moisture) is presented. Using these functions, the ratio of soil hydraulic conductivity function to the filter coefficient is calculated. Approximations to functions describing the water-retention capacity and relative hydraulic conductivity of the soil have been suggested. Parameters of these functions have been interpreted and estimated with applying the physical and statistical indices of the soil.
    Print ISSN: 1687-8086
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-8094
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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