ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Information visualization is the act of gaining insight into data, and is carried out by virtually everyone. It is usually facilitated by turning data - often a collection of numbers - into images that allow much easier comprehension.Everyone benefits from information visualization, whether internet shopping, investigating fraud or indulging an interest in art. So no assumptions are made about specialist background knowledge in, for example, computer science, mathematics, programming or human cognition. Indeed, the book is directed at two main audiences. One comprises first year students of any discipline. The other comprises graduates - again of any discipline - who are taking a one- or two-year course of training to be visual and interaction designers. By focusing on the activity of design the pedagogical approach adopted by the book is based on the view that the best way to learn about the subject is to do it, to be creative: not to prepare for the ubiquitous examination paper. The content of the book, and the associated exercises, are typically used to support five creative design exercises, the final one being a group project mirroring the activity of a consultancy undertaking a design (not an implementation) for a client. Engagement with the material of this book can have a variety of outcomes. The composer of a school newsletter and the applicant for a multi-million investment should both be able to convey their message more effectively, and the curator of an exhibition will have new presentational techniques on their palette. For those students training to be visual/interaction designers the exercises have led to original and stimulating outcomes.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: PART 1 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Climate archives, variables and dating. - 1.2 Noise and statistical distribution. - 1.3 Persistence. - 1.4 Spacing. - 1.5 Aim and structure of this book. - 1.6 Background material. - 2 Persistence models. - 2.1 First-Order Autoregressive Model. - 2.1.1 Even spacing. - 2.1.2 Uneven Spacing. - 2.2 Second-Order Autoregressive Model. - 2.3 Mixed Autoregressive Moving Average Model. - 2.4 Other models. - 2.4.1 Long-memory process. - 2.4.2 Nonlinear and non-gaussian models. - 2.5 Climate theory. - 2.5.1 Stochastic climate models. - 2.5.2 Long memory of temperature fluctuations?. - 2.5.3 Long memory of river runoff. - 2.6 Background material. - 2.7 Technical issues. - 3 Bootstrap confidence intervals. - 3.1 Error bars and confidence intervals. - 3.1.1 Theoretical example: Mean estimation of Gaussian White Noise. - 3.1.2 Theoretical example: Standard deviation estimation of Gaussian White Noise. - 3.1.3 Real world. - 3.2 Bootstrap principle. - 3.3 Bootstrap resampling. - 3.3.1 Nonparametric: Moving block bootstrap. - 3.3.2 Parametric: Autoregressive Bootstrap. - 3.3.3 Parametric: Surrogate Data. - 3.4 Bootstrap Confidence Intervals. - 3.4.1 Normal confidence interval. - 3.4.2 Student's t confidence interval. - 3.4.3 Percentile confidence interval. - 3.4.4 BCa Confidence Interval. - 3.5 Examples. - 3.6 Bootstrap hypothesis tests. - 3.7 Notation. - 3.8 Background material. - 3.9 Technical issues. - PART 2 UNIVARIATE TIME SERIES. - 4 Regression I. - 4.1 Linear regression. - 4.1.1 Weighted least-squares and ordinary least-squares estimation. - 4.1.2 Generalized least-squares estimation. - 4.1.3 Other estimation types. - 4.1.4 Classical confidence intervals. - 4.1.5 Bootstrap confidence intervals. - 4.1.6 Monte Carlo Experiments: Ordinary least-squares estimation. - 4.1.7 Timescale errors. - 4.2 Nonlinear regression. - 4.2.1 Climate Transition Model: Ramp. - 4.2.2 Trend-Change Model: Break. - 4.3 Nonparametric regression or smoothing. - 4.3.1 Kernel estimation. - 4.3.2 Bootstrap confidence intervals and bands. - 4.3.3 Extremes or outlier detection. - 4.4 Background material. - 4.5 Technical issues. - 5 Spectral analysis. - 5.1 Spectrum. - 5.1.1 Example: AR(1) process, discrete time. - 5.1.2 Example: AR(2) process, discrete time. - 5.1.3 Physical meaning. - 5.2 Spectral estimation. - 5.2.1 Periodogram. - 5.2.2 Welch's overlapped segment averaging. - 5.2.3 Multitaper estimation. - 5.2.4 Lomb-Scargle estimation. - 5.2.5 Peak detection: red-noise hypthesis. - 5.2.6 Example: Peaks in monsoon spectrum. - 5.2.7 Aliasing. - 5.2.8 Timescale errors. - 5.2.9 Example: Peaks in monsoon spectrum (continued). - 5.3 Background material. - 5.4 Technical Issues. - 6 Extreme value time series. - 6.1 Data types. - 6.1.1 Event times. - 6.1.2 Peaks over threshold. - 6.1.3 Block extremes. - 6.1.4 Remarks on data selection. - 6.2 Stationary models. - 6.2.1 Generalized extreme value distribution. - 6.2.2 Generalized pareto distribution. - 6.2.3 Bootstrap confidence intervals. - 6.2.4 Example: Elbe summer floods, 1852-2002. - 6.2.5 Persisitence. - 6.2.6 Remark: Tail estimation. - 6.2.7 Remark: Optimal estimation. - 6.3 Nonstationary models. - 6.3.1 Time-dependent generalized extreme value distribution. - 6.3.2 Inhomogenous poisson process. - 6.3.3 Hybrid: Poisson-Extreme value distribution. - 6.4 Sampling and time spacing. - 6.5 Background material. - 6.6 Technical issues. - PART 3 BIVARIATE TIME SERIES. - 7. Correlation. - 7.1 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. - 7.1.1 Remark: Alternative correlation measures. - 7.1.2 Classical confidence intervals, nonpersistent processes. - 7.1.3 Bivariate time series models. - 7 .1.4 Classical Confidence Intervals, Persistent Processes. - 7.1.5 Bootstrap Confidence Intervals. - 7.2 Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient. - 7.2.1 Classical Confidence Intervals, Nonpersistent Processes. - 7.2.2 Classical Confidence Intervals, Persistent Processes. - 7.2.3 Bootstrap Confidence Intervals. - 7.3 Monte Carlo Experiments. - 7.4 Example: Elbe Runoff Variations. - 7.5 Unequal Timescales. - 7.5.1 Binned Correlation. - 7.5.2 Synchrony Correlation. - 7.5.3 Monte Carlo Experiments. - 7.5.4 Example: Vostok Ice Core Records. - 7.6 Background Material. - 7. 7 Technical Issues. - 8 Regression II. - 8.1 Linear Regression. - 8.1.1 Ordinary Least-Squares Estimation. - 8.1.2 Weighted Least-Squares for Both Variables Estimation. - 8.1.3 Wald-Bartlett Procedure. - 8.2 Bootstrap Confidence lntervals. - 8.2.1 Simulating Incomplete Prior Knowledge. - 8.3 Monte Carlo Experiments. - 8.3.1 Easy Setting. - 8.3.2 Realistic Setting: Incomplete Prior Knowledge. - 8.3.3 Dependence on Accuracy of Prior Knowledge. - 8.3.4 Mis-Specified Prior Knowledge. - 8.4 Example: Climate Sensitivity. - 8.5 Prediction. - 8.5.1 Example: Calibration of a Proxy Variable. - 8.6 Lagged Regression. - 8.6.1 Example: CO2 and Temperature Variations in the Pleistocene. - 8.7 Background Material. - 8.8 Technical Issues. - PART 4 OUTLOOK. - 9 Future Directions. - 9 .1 Timescale Modeling. - 9.2 Novel Estimation Problems. - 9.3 Higher Dimensions. - 9.4 Climate Models. - 9.4.1 Fitting Climate Models to Observations. - 9.4.2 Forecasting with Climate Models. - 9.4.3 Design of the Cost Function. - 9.4.4 Climate Model Bias. -9.5 Optimal Estimation. - 9.6 Background Material. - References. - Author Index. - Subject Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Climate is a paradigm of a complex system. Analysing climate data is an exciting challenge, which is increased by non-normal distributional shape, serial dependence, uneven spacing and timescale uncertainties. This book presents bootstrap resampling as a computing-intensive method able to meet the challenge. It shows the bootstrap to perform reliably in the most important statistical estimation techniques: regression, spectral analysis, extreme values and correlation. This book is written for climatologists and applied statisticians. It explains step by step the bootstrap algorithms (including novel adaptions) and methods for confidence interval construction. It tests the accuracy of the algorithms by means of Monte Carlo experiments. It analyses a large array of climate time series, giving a detailed account on the data and the associated climatological questions.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I Introduction ; 1 Introduction: Decision-Making, Global Negotiations and Climate Change: The Making of a Decision Framework ; Part II The Climate Change Negotiations: The Value of Context and Modeled Experience ; 2 Contextualization of Multilateral Climate Change Negotiations: Understanding the Meaning of Path Dependency for Decision-Making ; 3 Negotiation Re-visited: Understanding Decision-making ; 4 Simulation as Method of Research: Learning from Experiences of the COP15 Games ; 5 Complexities in Global Climate Talks: Stumbling Blocks to Decision Making ; Part III Understanding the Conflictual Relations in the Global Climate Talks ; 6 The Entanglement of Global Climate Talks in North-South Relations: Identity Politics in the Trajectories of Relations ; 7 Rethinking Paradigms in Global Climate Talks: Conceptualizing Equitable Access to Sustainable Development (EASD) ; Part IV Strategic Facilitation of Global Climate Negotiations: Opportunities and Intervention ; 8 Strategic Facilitation of the Climate Decision Making Process: Leadership and Coordination as Basis for Long-Term Cooperation ; 9 Managing the Bargaining Table Through Flexibility Mechanisms: The Benefits of Coalitions and Sequencing ; Part V Conclusion ; 10 Conclusion: Decision-Making, Global Negotiations and Climate Change - Lessons for Theory and for Practice

Description / Table of Contents: he book summarizes the latest results on gravimetry and gravity networks, global gravity field modeling and applications, future gravity field missions. It provides a detailed compilation on advances in precise local and regional high-resolution geoid modeling, the establishment and unification of vertical reference systems, contributions to gravity field and mass transport modeling as well as articles on the gravity field of planetary bodies.