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  • Copernicus  (3,845)
  • 2010-2014
  • 2005-2009  (3,845)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1930-1934
  • 2009  (3,845)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 2005-2009  (3,845)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1930-1934
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2009-12-31
    Print ISSN: 2193-3081
    Electronic ISSN: 1399-1183
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Ecological Federation.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2009-12-31
    Description: La suburbanisation de Québec s’est déroulée à un rythme rapide au cours des cinquante dernières années, ce qui n’a pas manqué d’entraîner des débats de plus en plus amples sur les avantages et les inconvénients des genres de vie urbains et suburbains. Les quartiers centraux, après avoir perdu près de la moitié de leur population entre 1950 et 1990, ont connu une reprise démographique, particulièrement vive entre 1996 et 2001. Cette reprise, vue ici comme une forme de revalorisation des genres de vie urbains, semble associée assez étroitement avec la vigueur des débats publics portant sur des enjeux de développement à l’échelle des quartiers. Ce processus politique jouerait même un plus grand rôle dans cette revalorisation que les mécanismes économiques généralement associés à l’hypothèse du «rent gap». Toutefois, les effets de démocratisation locale associés à ce processus pourraient être remis en question par le régime élitiste de gouvernance par projets en train de s’implanter dans la ville.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7312
    Electronic ISSN: 2194-8798
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2009-12-31
    Description: En deux décennies, les espaces publics sont devenus l’un des éléments clés de l’action publique sur la ville. A mesure que de nouvelles formes d’aménagement ont émergé, de nouveaux modes de production ont aussi vu le jour. Les pouvoirs publics se sont ouverts à d’autres acteurs, que ce soient les associations d’usagers, les associations d’habitants ou les habitants eux-mêmes. Cette évolution a été relativement lente à Paris, dans un contexte politico-institutionnel très particulier. Aujourd’hui, il existe plusieurs modes d’association, de la simple information à la participation, en passant par la consultation de la population ou la concertation au moment des projets d’aménagement. Il convient cependant de poser un regard critique sur ce renouvellement. Certes l’aménagement des espaces publics, autrefois dominé par la logique administrative et technique, peut désormais être publiquement débattu. Mais ce nouveau mode de production demeure soumis aux limites intrinsèques de la démocratie locale. Les intérêts locaux pèsent fortement sur les choix d’aménagement. Or, ces intérêts sont principalement des intérêts de résidents, en particulier ceux qui sont issus des classes moyennes et supérieures. Ce faisant, les espaces publics se muent en «paysages publics», en contradiction avec ce qui fait la ville dans son ensemble.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7312
    Electronic ISSN: 2194-8798
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2009-12-31
    Description: This special issue introduces different texts on urban participatory democracy, a topic that has recently gained much momentum. The issue allows a transversal, interdisciplinary, and international comparison of a series of experiments from France, Switzerland, Italy, Scotland and Chile. The examples show sustainable development to be as much an element of the valorization of public spaces as of major architectural and urban planning projects. The introduction focuses on a critical description of ongoing projects in the city of Lausanne which bear testimony to the effect citizen participation in urban project development can have in defining new stakes, a new style of public action and a way of governing. This process of participation can lead to a process of cooperative construction of the environment. The article closes with an examination of the ambiguities and flaws inherent in participatory democracy.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7312
    Electronic ISSN: 2194-8798
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2009-12-31
    Description: A qui profite la concertation en aménagement urbain? Aux fabricants et à la fabrication des aménagements urbains. En effet, l’observation de la concertation dans les projets de requalification des espaces publics urbains de l’agglomération lyonnaise (1989–2006) montre que la concertation tend à une tentative de subordination des usages à la fabrication. Cette observation met en défaut deux promesses de la fabrication contemporaine: celle d’une meilleure démocratie urbaine apportée par la concertation et celle de l’autonomie des publics urbains accrue par l’instrumentalisation des dispositifs techniques et spatiaux de l’urbain. La concertation est le fait des fabricants. Visant à l’efficacité de la fabrication, elle se produit aux dépens des usages. Ainsi, elle ne peut tenir les deux promesses et se révèle contre-productive du point de vue de l’urbanité et plus généralement de la civilité.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7312
    Electronic ISSN: 2194-8798
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2009-12-31
    Description: Städte haben in den vergangenen Jahren begonnen, eine quartiersbezogene Nachhaltigkeitspolitik zu realisieren, die auf einem netzwerkorientierten Planungsverständnis aufbaut. Vor allem für die Akteure auf der lokalen Ebene eröffnet sich damit die Möglichkeit, konsequenter als bisher in die Planung eingebunden zu werden. Das ist eine der Grundvoraussetzungen des Verstetigungsansatzes, der auf die Notwendigkeit institutioneller Mechanismen zur Transformation von Bürgerengagement in tragfähige Strukturen hinweist. Um diese Mechanismen zu beschreiben, eignet sich die Urban Regime Theory. Regime werden verstanden als Formen längerfristiger Koalitionen, die Akteure anregen, Ressourcen und Kompetenzen zu investieren. Auf der Basis bestehender Arbeiten zu urbanen Regimen bereitet der vorliegende Beitrag die Kontexte auf, in denen sich Projekte nachhaltiger Quartiersentwicklung verorten lassen. Anschliessend werden am Beispiel von Stadtquartieren in Basel, Luzern und Genf drei Idealtypen von Regimen eingeführt. Insgesamt – so die These des vorliegenden Beitrages – kann die Ausweisung unterschiedlicher Regime nachhaltiger Quartiersentwicklung Planungsverantwortliche bei der Formulierung von Verstetigungsstrategien auf Quartiersebene unterstützen.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7312
    Electronic ISSN: 2194-8798
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2009-12-31
    Description: Cet article vise à présenter différents registres de la participation à Gênes et à Valparaiso, à partir de projets urbains à dimension patrimoniale. La participation est étudiée comme une modalité d’action collective intégrée à l’action publique et pose la question des processus de légitimation des projets et des capacités à formuler des projets, dans la mesure où la participation vise à permettre aux citoyens à peser sur l’aménagement urbain. Deux catégories de démarches participatives sont comparées: celles conduites par les pouvoirs publics, impliquant une définition a priori des principes de l’aménagement et celles résultant de processus contestataires. Deux dimensions semblent ainsi nécessaires à une participation infléchissant les politiques publiques: une pluralité d’expertises et une dimension axiologique.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7312
    Electronic ISSN: 2194-8798
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2009-12-23
    Description: In this study we present results from the factor analysis of 43 aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) datasets and provide an overview of worldwide organic aerosol (OA) components and their evolution in the atmosphere. At most sites, the OA can be separated into oxygenated OA (OOA), hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), and sometimes other components such as biomass burning OA (BBOA). In many analyses, the OOA can be further deconvolved into low-volatility OOA (LV-OOA) and semi-volatile OOA (SV-OOA). A wide range of f44 (ratio of m/z 44 to total signal in the component mass spectrum) and O:C ratios are observed for both LV-OOA (0.17±0.04, 0.73±0.14) and SV-OOA (0.07±0.04, 0.35±0.14) components, reflecting the fact that there is a continuum of OOA properties in ambient aerosol. Differences in the mass spectra of these components are characterized in terms of the two main ions m/z 44 (CO2+) and m/z 43 (mostly C2H3O+). The LV-OOA component spectra have higher f44 and lower f43 than SV-OOA. The OOA components (OOA, LV-OOA, and SV-OOA) from all sites cluster within a well defined triangular region in the f44 vs. f43 space, which can be used as a standardized means of comparing and characterizing any OOA components (laboratory or ambient) observed with the AMS. Examination of the OOA components in this triangular space indicates that OOA component spectra become increasingly similar to each other and to fulvic acid and HULIS sample spectra as f44 (a surrogate for O:C and an indicator of photochemical aging) increases. This indicates that ambient OA converges towards highly aged LV-OOA with atmospheric oxidation. The common features of the transformation between SV-OOA and LV-OOA at multiple sites potentially enables a simplified description of the oxidation of OA in the atmosphere. Comparison of laboratory SOA data with ambient OOA indicates that laboratory SOA are more similar to SV-OOA, and rarely become as oxidized as ambient LV-OOA, likely due to the higher loadings employed in the experiments and/or limited oxidant exposure in most chamber experiments.
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2009-12-23
    Description: Airborne lidar and in-situ measurements of the aerosol properties were conducted between Svalbard Island and Scandinavia in April 2008. Evidence of aerosol transport from Europe and Asia is given. The analysis of the aerosol optical properties based on a multiwavelength lidar (355, 532, 1064 nm) including depolarization at 355 nm aims at distinguishing the role of the different aerosol sources (Siberian wild fires, Eastern Asia and European anthropogenic emissions). Combining, first aircraft measurements, second FLEXPART simulations with a calculation of the PBL air fraction originating from the three different mid-latitude source regions, and third level-2 CALIPSO data products (i.e. backscatter coefficient, depolarisation and color ratio in aerosol layers) along the transport pathways, appears a valuable approach to identify the role of the different aerosol sources even after a transport time larger than 4 days. Above Asia, CALIPSO data indicate more depolarisation (up to 15%) and largest color ratio (〉0.5) for the northeastern Asia emissions (i.e. an expected mixture of Asian pollution and dust), while low depolarisation together with smaller and quasi constant color ratio (≈0.3) are observed for the Siberian biomass burning emissions. A similar difference is visible between two layers observed by the aircraft above Scandinavia. The analysis of the time evolution of the aerosol optical properties revealed by CALIPSO between Asia and Scandinavia shows a gradual decrease of the aerosol backscatter, depolarisation ratio and color ratio which suggests the removal of the largest particles in the accumulation mode. A similar study conducted for a European plume has shown aerosol optical properties intermediate between the two Asian sources with color ratio never exceeding 0.4 and moderate depolarisation ratio being always less than 8%, i.e. less aerosol from the accumulation mode.
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2009-12-23
    Description: Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) affects atmospheric composition, air quality and radiative transfer. However major difficulties are encountered in the development of reliable models for SOA formation. Constraints on processes involved in SOA formation can be obtained by interpreting the speciation and evolution of organics in the gaseous and condensed phase simultaneously. In this study we investigate SOA formation from dark α-pinene ozonolysis with particular emphasis upon the mass distribution of gaseous and particulate organic species. A detailed model for SOA formation is compared with the results from experiments performed in the EUropean PHOtoREactor (EUPHORE) simulation chamber, including on-line gas-phase composition obtained from Chemical-Ionization-Reaction Time-Of-Flight Mass-Spectrometry measurements, and off-line analysis of SOA samples performed by Electrospray Ionisation Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. The temporal profile of SOA mass concentration is relatively well reproduced by the model. Sensitivity analysis highlights the importance of the choice of vapour pressure estimation method. Comparisons of the simulated gaseous- and condensed-phase mass distributions with those observed show a generally good agreement. The simulated speciation has been used to (i) propose a chemical structure for the principal gaseous semi-volatile organic compounds and condensed monomer organic species and (ii) explore the possible contribution of a range of accretion reactions occurring in the condensed phase. We find that oligomer formation through esterification reactions gives the best agreement between the observed and simulated mass spectra.
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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