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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (167)
  • Animals
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering
  • 1950-1954  (167)
  • 1952  (167)
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  • 1950-1954  (167)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relation of composition of polyvinyl acetals to their physical properties. I. Acetals of saturated aliphatic aldehydesPresented at the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, September, 1951. (1952)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 225-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyvinyl alcohol was condensed with straight and branched chain aldehydes (CnH2nO, n = 2 to 8) to varying degrees of completion. Measurements on resins and plasticized compositions included apparent modulus of elasticity at various temperatures, brittle temperature, tensile strength and elongation, and solubility. From these measurements it is concluded that: (1) Increasing degree of acetalization results in lowered transition temperature, lower stiffness at transition, narrower transition range, higher brittle temperature, decreased tensile strength, and shift in solubility toward solvents of lower dielectric constant. (2) Acetals of higher normal aldehydes have lower transition and brittle temperatures, lower tensile strength, and more limited solubility. (3) Branched chain aldehydes have higher transition and brittle temperatures than their normal isomers.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1952.120080208
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Report on nomenclature in the field of macromoleculesAdopted by the Council of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, September 15, 1951, after approval by the Union's Commission on Macromolecules (H. Mark, Chairman). This report was prepared by this Commission's Subcommission on Nomenclature, under the Chairmanship of M. L. Huggins, with subsequent revision under the Chairmanship of J. J. Hermans. Future correspondence concerning nomenclature problems in the macromolecular field should be addressed to the current Chairman of this Subcommission, Prof. Dr. O. Kratky, Institut für theoretische und physikalische Chemie der Universität Graz, Halbärthgasse 5, Graz, Austria.. International union of pure and applied chemistry (1952)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 257-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1952.120080301
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copolymerization theory of the vulcanization of rubber. VI. Hydrogen sulfide effects and some self-limiting features (1952)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 321-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Vulcanization with sulfur is ascribed to the formation of sulfur radicals which are believed to copolymerize with the rubber molecule double bonds. Hydrogen sulfide is proposed as necessary for chain initiation but when formed in sufficient amounts serves as a chain terminator. This is believed to lead to numerous self-limiting features including ceiling temperatures, post-vulcanization and delayed action effects. Initiation may result from the oxidation of H2S to sulfur radicals and termination to the formation of HS radicals.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1952.120080306
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polydispersité du polyacrylonitrile (1952)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 346-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1952.120080309
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The p-phenylene linkage in linear high polymers: Some structure-property relationshipsPresented at the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, New York, September, 1951. (1952)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The high crystallite melting point of polyethylene terephthalate (Terylene) compared with the melting points of the aliphatic polyesters emphasizes the significance of the p-phenylene linkage as an important factor determining polymer properties. A consideration of other polymer structures containing the p-phenylene linkage shows that its influence is independent of any polar groups which may be present. X-ray examination of the crystallite structure of polyethylene terephthalate and related substances has revealed no evidence of strong intermolecular forces.From a study of co-polyesters based upon polyethylene terephthalate with aliphatic dibasic acids it is shown that the melting point of compositions containing more than 40 mole per cent of ethylene terephthalate is essentially independent of the aliphatic di-basic acid employed. The Flory relationship between crystallite melting point and mole fraction of the units forming the crystallites shows fair agreement with the results obtained. The calculated latent heat of fusion of polyethylene terephthalate approaches closely to that of the corresponding aliphatic polyesters, and suggests that the high melting point induced by the p-phenylene linkage is due to chain rigidity rather than to strong interchain attraction.This rigidity is consistent with the second order transition temperatures of such polyesters. It is shown that second order transition temperature is a linear function of the number of p-phenylene linkages per unit chain length. The p-phenylene linkage reduces the possibilities of change of shape available to a given length of chain, so accounting for the low entropy of crystallization and high melting point of polyethylene terephthalate.Evidence is advanced for the isomorphism of adipyl and terephthalyl linkages in linear polyamides. The absence of isomorphism in polyethylene adipate/terephthalate copolymers is ascribed to the weakness of the interchain forces.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1952.120080101
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Size and shape of the molecules in artificially branched polystyrenePresented at the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, New York, September, 1951. This work was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research. (1952)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 477-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A sample of copolymer of divinylbenzene and styrene has been prepared and fractionated. Using the techniques of light scattering and viscometry the relations between the molecular size, intrinsic viscosity, and weight-average molecular weight have been determined. The results may be interpreted in terms of the already existing theory of branched polymers. The curve of logarithm of intrinsic viscosity plotted against logarithm of molecular weight shows clearly the effect of branching in the polymer chains, the intrinsic viscosities of the higher molecular weight fractions being low compared to those of pure polystyrene. The mean square radius of the molecules as determined by light scattering shows similar effects, though complications obscure the picture. Some of the other solution properties of the branched materials also are peculiar. The results show that the semiquantitative determination of branching is possible in this way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1952.120080505
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cross-linking in the polymerization of vinyl benzoate and related compoundsPresented at the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, New York, September, 1951. (1952)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 91-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Branching and cross-linking are noted in emulsion and mass polymerizations involving vinyl benzoate and nuclearly substituted vinyl benzoates. A theory is proposed to account for this phenomenon based on free radical addition to the benzoate nucleus. Six new vinyl esters of substituted benzoic acids are described.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1952.120080107
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Étude sur les phénomènes de dissolution du chlorure de polyvinylePresented at the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, New York, September, 1951. (1952)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 101-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper presents certain results concerning the solubility of polyvinyl chloride in mixed solvents of which one is carbon disulfide or acetone. The technique consists in immersing a pressed disc of the polymer in the mixed solvent at constant temperature for a fixed length of time and observing the depth of penetration of the solvent into the sectioned disc. Three classes of solvents are distinguished. (1) Inert solvents producing no change. (2) “Disintegrating liquids” in which dissolution proceeds without previous visible swelling. (3) Solvents producing swelling (“gelatinization”) and sometimes subsequent dissolution. The speed of penetration of several pairs of solvents are examined over the whole concentration range and a maximum in the depth of penetration is found on varying the solvent composition, at near stoichiometric proportions. It is suggested that the speed of penetration is closely related to solvent power, and the importance of solvation of the polymer (perhaps strong enough to be called “molecular combination”) both in swelling and in completed dispersion is stressed. It is concluded that class 3 solvents (high dipole moments) increase the solubility of class 2 solvents (low to zero dipole moment) by the solvation effect.
    Notes: Après avoir rappelé quelques considérations générales concernant la mise en solution des hauts polymères dans les liquides organiques, les auteurs relatent les principaux résultats de leurs expériences sur la solubilisation des chlorures de polyvinyle industriels dans les liquides binaires. Ils montrent qu'en pastillant par compression le polymère il est possible d'examiner sur ces comprimés l'action de divers liquides et distinguent: (1) les liquides inertes; (2) les liquides désagrégeants; (3) les liquides gélatinisants. Les meilleurs solvants binaires se présentent généralement sous forme de mélange d'un liquide gélatinisant et d'un liquide désagrégeant ce qui revient à combiner l'action d'un liquide polaire et d'un liquide non polaire.Ils montrent ensuite comment on peut apprécier le pouvoir solvant d'un solvant binaire en fonction de sa composition en mesurant la vitesse de pénétration de ce dernier dans une pastille de polymère. Les courbes obtenues ainsi accusent des maxima correspondant sensiblement à des rapports stoechiométriques simples entre les molécules des deux constituants.Ils insistent ensuite sur la nécessité de considérer un phénomène de solvatation comme facteur de gélification et, par suite, comme premier stade de la dissolution. Ceci s'appuie sur leur détermination des degrés de solvatation du chlorure de polyvinyle au moyen de la méthode graphique des restes. Ces solvates font intervenir un seul ou deux des constituants du liquide binaire utilisé comme solvant. Mais dans le cas d'une fixation simultanée des deux constituants du solvant sur le polymère il y a lieu de considérer une action individuelle de ces deux constituants, les propriétés physiques des mélanges étudiés excluant en effet l'hypothèse de complexes d'addition dans le solvant binaire lui-même.Enfin les auteurs pensent que la solvatation des molécules du polymère persiste dans la solution colloïdale de ce dernier et annoncent qu'ils poursuivent actuellement leurs essais dans le but de mettre cette solvatation en évidence.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1952.120080108
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Etude thermocinétique de l'adsorption. Cas des corps solubles et des substances macromoléculairesPresented at the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, September, 1951. (1952)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 163-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermokinetic aspects of adsorption and of the heat evolved as functions of the amount of substance absorbed per weight gram of adsorbent were followed by measurements on a microcalorimeter (especially designed for slow processes). For insoluble substances these experiments make possible evaluation of the area and surface of powders and of the approximate expansion rate of the films, as well as a study of the activated surface fraction. For soluble compounds they show the generally well-known phenomenon of adsorption which precedes dissolution and make possible the interpretation of the mechanism of dissolution. For macromolecular substances they permit classification of the solvents and gelatinizing agents according to their activity, and the study of swelling, the complex of solvation, etc.
    Notes: L'étude thermocinètique de l'adsorption et celle de la chaleur dégagée en fonction de la masse du corps adsorbé par unité de masse de l'adsorbant réalisées au microcalorimètre (spécialement adapté à la mesure des phénomènes lents) nous parait présenter un grand intérêt: pour les corps insolubles ces études permettent l'évaluation des surfaces des poudres, la mesure approximative de la vitesse d'expansion des films, l'étude de la fraction activée des surfaces; pour les corps solubles elles permettent de mettre en évidence le phénomène très général de l'adsorption qui précède la dissolution et d'interpréter le mécanisme de la dissolution; pour les substances macromoléculaires elles permettent de classer les solvants ou gélatinisants suivant leur activité, d'étudier le gonflement, les complexes de solvatation, etc. Tout cela démontre le nécessité d'organiser des Centres bien équipés de microcalorométrie des phénomènes lents.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1952.120080203
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some types of organic high polymers and permutoids provided with active groups: Their synthesis, optical properties, and reactivityPresented at the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, September, 1951. (1952)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 191-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis and the properties of permutoids with ionic active groups and the kinetics of the decomposition of diazoacetic ester and of nitrosomethylurea through the ionic active groups are dealt with. A discussion follows of the synthesis of high polymers and permutoids with active groups of the chlorophyll and hemin series obtained by the introduction of the corresponding active groups into high-polymeric compounds, by copolymerization, and by inclusion of the prosthetic group in the polycondensation process. A report is added on the optical properties of the high-molecular compounds provided with active groups and on remarkable differences between low-molecular compounds in a dissolved state and as active groups linked to high polymers. The apparatuses developed for taking absorption and reflection spectra are described. Finally, the catalytic effect of the high polymers provided with active groups of the hemin series is examined.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1952.120080206
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