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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2024-06-20
    Description: Nereis diversicolor, a detritivorous marine polychaete, was cultured, in a newly designed culture unit, to evaluate its potential for integrated aquaculture. The culture unit consists of a 75-litre tank, filled with 25 kg gravel (grain size 2-4 mm) and 25 litre brackish water. A continuous air and nutrient supply were connected to the culture unit. Solid waste (faeces and uneaten food), obtained from a recirculating aquaculture system for European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), was used as solitary food source during growth experiments of Nereis diversicolor. Protein content of applied solid waste ranged from 100 to 360 gram dry weight per kg supplied waste and the amount of supplied protein per tank ranged from 1.61 to 8.19 gram dry weight per day. Supplied energy to the tanks ranged from 22.5 to 62.1 kJ per day. Three experiments with different stocking densities were executed. Each treatment (stocking density) consists of four replicates. All experiments were designed with a low stocking density, 188, 208 and 235 Individuals per m2, and a high stocking density, 376, 423 and 470 Individuals per m2. Water temperature and salinity during experiments was 18 ± 2°C and 16 ± 1‰, respectively. Culture of Nereis diversicolor within the newly developed system is possible. Average mortality ranged between 9 and 21% during all experiments. No relation between stocking rate and mortality and food composition and mortality was observed. During all experiments positive growth was observed. Average specific growth rates ranged from 0.67 to 1.87% wet weight per day. A relationship between specific growth rate and daily supplied energy per individual worm was detected. The average protein content of Nereis diversicolor reared under experimental conditions ranged from 575 to 640 gram per kg dry weight. Ten out of twenty-four cases showed a biomass loss during the experiments due to mortality. Within the newly developed culture unit the protein retention due to biomass increase ranged from 0.4 to 6.6 gram dry weight per m2, which represents 0.3 to 8.8% of supplied protein in the solid waste.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2024-06-20
    Description: In der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit sollte die Cephalopodenfauna der nordwestlichen Keltischen See und der nördlich angrenzenden Irischen Gewässer anhand der Auswertung von Jungfischtrawlfängen des Forschungsschiffes „HEINCKE" untersucht werden. Es sollte geprüft werden, ob Unterschiede in der Artzusammensetzung zwischen küstennahem (,,onshore") und küstenfernem ("offshore") Bereich vorliegen. Solche Ergebnisse können für zukünftige Untersuchungen zur Verbreitung von Cephalopoden von großer Bedeutung sein, da bei genauer Kenntnis einer Faunenzusammensetzung eventuelle Veränderungen, fischereibedingt oder durch natürliche Einflüße, schnell erkannt werden können. Des weiteren wurde erhofft, durch die Untersuchung der Cephalopodenfauna Rückschlüsse auf die Existenz zukünftig fischereilich nutzbarer Spezies im ozeanischen Bereich ziehen zu können. Die vorliegende Untersuchung beinhaltete eine Artbestimmung auf taxonomisch hoch auflösendem Niveau, sowie multivariate Analysen zur Verdeutlichung der Unterschiede in der Cephalopodenzusammensetzung zwischen den verglichenen Gebieten. Des weiteren wurde durch Parallelitätsanalyse (ANCOVA) geprüft, ob ausgewählte Körperproportionen bei zwei Spezies derselben Familie ein signifikant unterschiedliches Verhältnis zur dorsalen Mantellänge (DML) aufwiesen. Insgesamt wurden 306 Cephalopoden gefangen. Sie konnten vier Ordnungen, 11 Familien und 15 Arten zugeordnet werden. Die drei verwendeten Fangstrategien befischten verschiedene Bereiche, wobei zwischen Stationen über dem Schelf, schelfnahen und ozeanischen Stationen unterschieden wurde. Dementsprechend unterschiedlich waren die jeweiligen Fangergebnisse, wobei typisch ozeanische Spezies, wie die Vertreter der Onychoteuthidae, Cranchiidae, Gonatidae und Histioteuthidae auf ozeanischen Stationen, typisch neritische Spezies, wie die Vertreter der Sepiolidae, auf Stationen über dem Schelf gefangen wurden. Durch die vorliegende Arbeit konnte daher ein Ausschnitt der Cephalopodenfauna aus dem Gebiet der nordwestlichen Keltischen See und nördlich angrenzender Gewässer beschrieben und diesbezügliche Unterschiede zwischen Schelf und ozeanischem Bereich herausgestellt werden. Dominierende Arten des Gesamtfanges waren Brachioteuthis riisei und Todaropsis eblanae, beides ozeanische Spezies. Auch Sepiola atlantica, Sepietta oweniana des neritischen Bereiches und Histioteuthis reversa (eine ozeanische Spezies) wurden verhältnismäßig häufig gefangen. Die Kenntnisse zur Zoogeographie der Arten im Nordostatlantik und in Irischen Gewässern konnten bestätigt und erweitert werden. Bei den gefangenen Cephalopoden handelte es sich um epi-, meso-, sowie benthopelagische und benthische Arten. Die Verteilung von Todaropsis eblanae ließ, entgegen den Literaturangaben, auf eine oberflächennahe ozeanische Lebensweise schließen, zumindest im „larvalen" Stadium. Im Hinblick auf neue nutzbare Bestände in Irischen Gewässern, die vor allem unter den ozeanischen Ommastrephidae (Kurzflossenkalmare) zu suchen sind, konnten mit dem vergleichsweise hohen Vorkommen von Todaropsis eblanae vorangegangene Untersuchungen zu dieser Fragestellung bestätigt werden (LORDAN et al., 1995, 2001). Signifikant unterschiedliche Proportionsverhältnisse zwischen Sepiola atlantica und Sepietta oweniana zeigten, daß diesbezügliche Untersuchungen zur Artbestimmung herangezogen werden können. Die Längenhäufigkeitsverteilung der untersuchten Arten zeigte in jedem Fall das Vorkommen von nur einem Jahrgang an. Mit der Bestimmung von drei männlichen Individuen von Sepiola ligulata konnte der erste Nachweis dieser Spezies in Gewässern nördlich der portugiesischen Küste erzielt werden. Dieses Ergebnis stützt somit auch die Aussagen von GUERRA (1983), der den ersten gesicherten Nachweis von Sepiola ligulata außerhalb mediterraner Gewässer erbrachte. Dennoch wurde sie weiterhin als eine endemische Spezies des mediterranen Raumes beschrieben wurde (NAEF, 1987: MANGOLD & BOLETZKY, 1988).
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2024-06-20
    Description: Über die Prozesse, die nach der Verfrachtung einer einzelnen Art ablaufen, ist schon einiges bekannt. Anders ist es für die Prozesse nach der Verfrachtung von Artengemeinschaften. Hierzu wurden Freilanduntersuchungen an künstlichen Hartsubstraten in der westlichen Ostsee durchgeführt. Gemeinschaften unterschiedlicher Standorte und unterschiedlichen Alters wurden in eine neue Umgebung eingesetzt und in ihrer weiteren Entwicklung mit derjenigen schon am neuen Standort etablierter Gemeinschaften verglichen. Die verfrachteten Gemeinschaften zeigten eine zunehmende Besiedlung mit Organismen, die typisch für das neue Habitat waren. Als Folge kam es zu einer Konvergenz zwischen den autochthonen und den allochthonen Gemeinschaften. In den ersten drei Wochen nach der Verfrachtung und nach Stürmen zum Ende der Untersuchungen war die Konvergenzrate höher als zu anderen Zeitpunkte der Untersuchungen. Neben der Verfrachtung bewirken auch andere Faktoren von außen, in diesem Fall Stürme eine Konvergenz. Unterschiede in der Konvergenzrate gab es, je nach Alter und Herkunft der verfrachteten Gemeinschaften. Ältere Gemeinschaften konvergierten in den ersten Wochen nach der Verfrachtung langsamer als jüngere Gemeinschaften. Über einen längeren Zeitraum ist dies nicht mehr der Fall. Gemeinschaften mit Arten, die unempfindlicher gegenüber äußere Einflüsse sind, konvergieren zunächst langsamer als gleich alte Gemeinschaften mit anderer Artenzusammensetzung. Über einen längeren Zeitraum ist dies auch hier nicht mehr der Fall.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2024-06-20
    Description: Since the initial discovery of the non-exponential mass fractionation (non-EMF) of Nd isotopes analysis in 2002, similar deviations from an EMF pattern have been reported for measurements of a number of isotope systems (e.g., Si, Ge, Sr, Sn, Ba, Yb, W, Os, Hg and Pb) with MC-ICP-MS. However, the previous controversial reports on the magnitude of the deviations from EMF suggest that instrumental mass bias behaviour of MC-ICP-MS is neither fully understood nor well-characterised. Consequently, the standard approach of using a mass dependent fractionation (MDF) correction model (e.g., exponential law) may lead to both inaccurate and imprecise results. In this study, we systematically characterise the instrumental mass fractionation of MC-ICP-MS using Nd isotope measurements carried out under different plasma conditions, quantified using the normalised argon index (NAI) as an estimate of plasma temperature. Our results indicate that the mass bias of MC-ICP-MS is not always a simple exponential function of mass but shows systematic deviations from an EMF behaviour, which are closely associated with decreased NAIs. As a result, the conventional exponential correction yields a 143Nd/144Nd value of 0.512257 for the reference material BHVO-2 when the NAI is low, which is 722 ppm lower than the reported value of 0.512979. By tuning the plasma to higher NAIs (higher plasma temperatures), the deviations from the EMF array are systematically attenuated and the exponential correction is able to correct for the instrumental mass bias under high NAIs. In contrast, a regression correction model for Nd isotopes is developed to account for the observed mass fractionation behaviour that does not follow EMF under low NAIs, given that the regression correction relies on the observed loglinear fractionation of different isotope pairs and does not require both isotope ratios to undergo EMF. We expect that the analytical protocol and fundamental insights gained in this study are applicable to a wide range of other isotope measurements with MC-ICP-MS.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2024-06-20
    Description: Fjord-like estuaries are hotspots of biogeochemical cycling due to steep physicochemical gradients. The spatiotemporal distribution of nitrous oxide (N2O) within many of these systems is poorly described, especially in the southern hemisphere. The goal of this study is to describe the spatiotemporal distribution of N2O within a southern hemisphere fjord-like estuary, describe the main environmental drivers of this distribution, the air/sea flux of N2O, and the main drivers of N2O production. Cruises were undertaken in Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania to capture N2O concentrations and water column physicochemical profiles in winter (July 2022), spring (October 2022), summer (February 2023), and autumn (April 2023). N2O samples were collected at one depth at system end members, and at 5 depths at 4 stations within the harbour. Results indicate that N2O is consistently supersaturated (reaching 170 % saturation) below the system’s freshwater lens where oxygen concentrations are often hypoxic, but infrequently anoxic. In the surface lens, levels of N2O saturation vary with estimated river flow and with proximity to the system’s main freshwater endmember. The linear relationship between AOU and ΔN2O saturation indicates that nitrification is the process generating N2O in the system. When river flow was high (July and October 2022), surface water N2O was undersaturated (as low as 70 %) throughout most of the harbour. When river flow was low (February and April 2023) N2O was observed to be supersaturated at most stations. Calculated air/sea fluxes of N2O indicated that the system is generally a source of N2O to the atmosphere under weak river flow conditions and a sink during strong river flow conditions. The diapycnal flux was a minor contributor to surface water N2O concentrations, and subhalocline N2O is intercepted by the riverine surface lens and transported out of the system to the ocean during strong river flow conditions. In a changing climate, Western Tasmania is expected to receive higher winter rainfall and lower summer rainfall which may augment the source and sink dynamics of this system by enhancing the summer / autumn efflux of N2O to the atmosphere. This study is the first to report observations of N2O distribution, generation processes, and estimated diapycnal / surface N2O fluxes from this system.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2024-06-20
    Description: Numerical models are a powerful tool for investigating the dynamic processes in the interior of the Earth and other planets, but the reliability and predictive power of these discretized models depends on the numerical method as well as an accurate representation of material properties in space and time. In the specific context of geodynamic models, particle methods have been applied extensively because of their suitability for advection-dominated processes and have been used in applications such as tracking the composition of solid rock and melt in the Earth's mantle, fluids in lithospheric- and crustal-scale models, light elements in the liquid core, and deformation properties like accumulated finite strain or mineral grain size, along with many applications outside the Earth sciences.There have been significant benchmarking efforts to measure the accuracy and convergence behavior of particle methods, but these efforts have largely been limited to instantaneous solutions, or time-dependent models without analytical solutions. As a consequence, there is little understanding about the interplay of particle advection errors and errors introduced in the solution of the underlying transient, nonlinear flow equations. To address these limitations, we present two new dynamic benchmarks for transient Stokes flow with analytical solutions that allow us to quantify the accuracy of various advection methods in nonlinear flow. We use these benchmarks to measure the accuracy of our particle algorithm as implemented in the ASPECT geodynamic modeling software against commonly employed field methods and analytical solutions. In particular, we quantify if an algorithm that is higher-order accurate in time will allow for better overall model accuracy and verify that our algorithm reaches its intended optimal convergence rate. We then document that the observed increased accuracy of higher-order algorithms matters for geodynamic applications with an example of modeling small-scale convection underneath an oceanic plate and show that the predicted place and time of onset of small-scale convection depends significantly on the chosen particle advection method.Descriptions and implementations of our benchmarks are openly available and can be used to verify other advection algorithms. The availability of accurate, scalable, and efficient particle methods as part of the widely used open-source code ASPECT will allow geodynamicists to investigate complex time-dependent geodynamic processes such as elastic deformation, anisotropic fabric development, melt generation and migration, and grain damage.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2024-06-20
    Description: The Black Sea is a permanently anoxic, marine basin serving as model system for the deposition of organic-rich sediments in a highly stratified ocean. In such systems, archaeal lipids are widely used as paleoceanographic and biogeochemical proxies; however, the diverse planktonic and benthic sources as well as their potentially distinct diagenetic fate may complicate their application. To track the flux of archaeal lipids and to constrain their sources and turnover, we quantitatively examined the distributions and stable carbon isotopic compositions (delta 13C) of intact polar lipids (IPLs) and core lipids (CLs) from the upper oxic water column into the underlying sediments, reaching deposits from the last glacial. The distribution of IPLs responded more sensitively to the geochemical zonation than the CLs, with the latter being governed by the deposition from the chemocline. The isotopic composition of archaeal lipids indicates CLs and IPLs in the deep anoxic water column have negligible influence on the sedimentary pool. Archaeol substitutes tetraether lipids as the most abundant IPL in the deep anoxic water column and the lacustrine methanic zone. Its elevated IPL/CL ratios and negative delta 13C values indicate active methane metabolism. Sedimentary CL- and IPL-crenarchaeol were exclusively derived from the water column, as indicated by non-variable delta 13C values that are identical to those in the chemocline and by the low BIT (branched isoprenoid tetraether index). By contrast, in situ production accounts on average for 22% of the sedimentary IPL-GDGT-0 (glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether) based on isotopic mass balance using the fermentation product lactate as an endmember for the dissolved substrate pool. Despite the structural similarity, glycosidic crenarchaeol appears to be more recalcitrant in comparison to its non-cycloalkylated counterpart GDGT-0, as indicated by its consistently higher IPL/CL ratio in sediments. The higher TEX86, CCaT, and GDGT-2/-3 values in glacial sediments could plausibly result from selective turnover of archaeal lipids and/or an archaeal ecology shift during the transition from the glacial lacustrine to the Holocene marine setting. Our in-depth molecular-isotopic examination of archaeal core and intact polar lipids provided new constraints on the sources and fate of archaeal lipids and their applicability in paleoceanographic and biogeochemical studies.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2024-06-20
    Description: The world should redouble its efforts on the SDGs, not abandon them. Here’s how to progress the United Nations’ agenda towards 2050.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 19
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    In:  Warnsignal Klima: Wetterextreme schlagen zu - sie werden länger, häufiger & stärker
    Publication Date: 2024-06-20
    Description: Steigende Temperaturen, veränderte Niederschlagsverteilungen sowie häufigere und intensivere Extremwetterereignisse stellen die Landwirtschaft weltweit vor neue Herausforderungen. Insbesondere im globalen Süden ist in den kommenden Jahrzehnten mit Ertragseinbußen zu rechnen. Klimaresiliente Sorten können einen wichtigen Beitrag bei der Anpassung an den Klimawandel leisten. Es wird geschätzt, dass in Zukunft je nach Emissionsszenario 15-39% der weltweiten Anbauflächen neue Pflanzensorten benötigen. Die Züchtung einer neuen Sorte ist jedoch ein langwieriger und kostspieliger Prozess, der im Schnitt 10-12 Jahre in Anspruch nimmt. Durch neue Technologien wie Genome Editierung könnte dieser Prozess deutlich beschleunigt werden, gleichzeitig bietet die genetische Vielfalt von Landrassen und verwandten Wildarten große Möglichkeiten für die Züchtung. Im globalen Süden leisten internationale Forschungseinrichtungen sowie Gen- und Saatgutbanken einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Bereitstellung klimaresilienter Sorten. Hohe Kosten, unsichere Landeigentumsrechte, fehlender Zugang zu Märkten und Krediten stehen jedoch einer größeren Nutzung verbesserten Saatgutes entgegen. Durch Informationskampagnen, praktischer Demonstration von verbessertem Saatgut sowie finanziellen Anreizen kann ein schneller Sortenwechsel gefördert werden.
    Language: German
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2024-06-20
    Description: The Arctic sea ice (ASI) is expected to decrease with further global warming. However, considerable uncertainty remains regarding the temperature range that would lead to a completely ice-free Arctic. Here, we combine satellite data and a large suite of models from the latest phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) to develop an empirical, observation-based projection of the September ASI area for increasing global mean surface temperature (GMST) values. This projection harnesses two simple linear relationships that are statistically supported by both observations and model data. First, we show that the September ASI area is linearly proportional to the area inside a specific northern hemisphere January–September mean temperature contour Tc. Second, we use observational data to show how zonally averaged temperatures have followed a positive linear trend relative to the GMST, consistent with Arctic amplification. To ensure the reliability of these observations throughout the rest of the century, we validate this trend by employing the CMIP6 ensemble. Combining these two linear relationships, we show that the September ASI area decrease will accelerate with respect to the GMST increase. Our analysis of observations and CMIP6 model data suggests a complete loss of the September ASI (area below 10〈sup〉8〈/sup〉 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉) for global warming between 1.5 C and 2.2 C above pre-industrial GMST levels.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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