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  • Articles  (194,540)
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  • 2005-2009  (124,826)
  • 1975-1979  (69,714)
  • Natural Sciences in General  (194,540)
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  • Articles  (194,540)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Algebra and Geometry in the Old Babylonian Period: Matters Concerning Reeds (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Centaurus 47 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0498
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract.  One of the mathematical topics examined in the Old Babylonian period consisted of calculating the size of a reed which was used to measure either a longitude or the perimeter of a rectangle or trapezium. These subjects were solved, probably, applying the geometric construction called completing the square. In this paper, we analyse the problem texts on the tablets AO 6770 (5), Str 368, VAT 7532, and VAT 7535.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.2005.00026.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    J. J. Thomson on the Nature of Matter: Corpuscles and the Continuum (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Centaurus 47 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0498
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract.  Historical accounts of the work of J. J. Thomson find a contradiction in his work. On the one hand, he is presented as a Maxwellian theoretical physicist dealing with a typically Victorian entity, the ether. On the other hand, the analysis of his experimental work at the Cavendish seems to have little connection with his mathematical work. In this paper, I discuss the metaphysical views of J. J. Thomson, and argue that his deep belief in the ultimate continuity of matter can be seen to give a framework to both his theoretical and his experimental work. His metaphysical beliefs were not in the least shaken by the discovery of discrete phenomena and entities, not even by his suggestion of the existence of corpuscles later known as electrons. His formation in Cambridge, together with some ideas that he acquired in his youth at Owens College, Manchester, are the key to understanding his metaphysics and the role it plays in his scientific work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.2005.00028.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kant vs. Legendre on Symmetry: Mirror Images in Philosophy and Mathematics (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Centaurus 47 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0498
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract.  In 1768, Kant published a short essay in which he inquired into the possibility of determining the directionality of space. Kant's central argument invokes the strategy that if one were to demonstrate directionality, then the relational view of space that Leibniz propounded would be refuted. This paper has been considered a major turning point in Kant's philosophical development towards his critical philosophy of transcendental idealism. I demonstrate that in this study, Kant came very close to the modern concept of symmetry. His novel construction of incongruent counterpart (inkongruentes Gegenstück) contains elements essential to the modern notion of symmetry. However, Kant does not consider the incongruent counterparts, which he designates as ‘Right’ and ‘Left’, symmetric; rather, he holds the French encyclopaedist view that symmetry is a kind of balance. This study convinced Kant that the solution to the problem of the nature of space lies not in mathematics but in metaphysics. He was wrong in this conclusion, at least with respect to symmetry. The solution was found within the framework of mathematics, that is, solid geometry. In 1794, Legendre recast the traditional encyclopaedist concept of symmetry by calling a certain property of polyhedra symmetrical. The view of Kant is contrasted with that of Legendre by comparing their usages of mirror image as an aid for understanding. While in both cases mirror images are not considered illusions—perhaps for the first time in the history of mirror reflections—the differences are substantial, highlighting the limitation of Kant's position and the great potential of Legendre's new concept of symmetry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.2005.00027.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reviews (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Centaurus 47 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0498
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Mathew Chandrankunnel, Philosophy of Physics, reviewed by Helge KraghDanian Hu, China and Albert Einstein: The Reception of the Physicist and His Theory in China, 1917-1979, reviewed by Helge Kragh
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.2005.00030.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Index (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Centaurus 47 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0498
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.2005.index.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origins and Application of Geometry in the Thera Prehistoric Civilization Ca. 1650 BC (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Centaurus 47 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0498
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract.  The present paper offers strong evidence that there was a particularly advanced, for the era, sense and application of geometry in the prehistoric civilization of the island of Thera (Santorini), Greece, ca. 1650 BC. First, by applying an original method, it is demonstrated that specific shapes, depicted on so far unpublished wall paintings initially decorating the third floor of Xeste 3, correspond to advanced geometric configurations with remarkable accuracy. Thus, it is shown that there are configurations corresponding to linear spiral prototypes, others matching elliptical prototypes and sets of points lying on isogonal lines that are radii of regular polygons with 48, 32, and 24 angles. Subsequently, it is shown that the use of geometric archetypes for drawing played a prominent role in the Late Bronze Age Thera civilization. In fact, it is demonstrated that celebrated wall paintings have border lines that impressively match a limited number of linear (Archimedes’) spirals, hyperbolas, and ellipses in a piecewise manner. This practically excludes the probability that these wall paintings were drawn by freehand, while, on the contrary, it strongly suggests that they were mainly drawn by means of geometric stencils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.2005.00029.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eclipse Prediction and the Length of the Saros in Babylonian Astronomy (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Centaurus 47 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0498
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The Saros cycle of 223 synodic months played an important role in Late Babylonian astronomy. It was used to predict the dates of future eclipse possibilities together with the times of those eclipses and underpinned the development of mathematical lunar theories. The excess length of the Saros over a whole number of days varies due to solar and lunar anomaly between about 6 and 9 h. We here investigate two functions which model the length of the Saros found in Babylonian sources: a simple zigzag function with an 18-year period presented on the tablet BM 45861 and a function which varies with the month of the year constructed from rules found on the important procedure text TU 11. These functions are shown to model nature very well and to be closely related. We further conclude that these functions are the likely source of the Saros lengths used to calculate the times of predicted eclipses and were probably known by at latest the mid-sixth-century BC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.2005.470301.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ptolemy's Planetary Mean Motions Revisited (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Centaurus 47 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0498
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract.  Ptolemy provides two explanations of the origin of his highly precise planetary mean motions in the Almagest, asserting in one set of passages that they were obtained directly from analysis of pairs of observations widely spaced in time, but in another passage that they were derived from period relations expressed as corrections to the well-known Babylonian Goal-Year periods. We show that the latter account is true. Moreover, while some of these period relations may have themselves been calibrated through the observations that Ptolemy cites, those for Mercury and Saturn can be shown to have had a different origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.2005.470303.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heron's Dioptra 35 and Analemma Methods: An Astronomical Determination of the Distance between Two Cities (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Centaurus 47 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0498
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract.  Heron's Dioptra 35 is the unique witness of an ancient mathematical procedure for finding the great arc distance between two cities using methods of ancient spherical astronomy and simultaneous observations of a lunar eclipse. This paper provides a new study of the text, with mathematical and historical commentary. I argue that Heron's account is a summary of some longer work of mathematical astronomy or geography, which made extensive use of the analemma, an ancient model of the celestial sphere. Heron's text can be used to show the utility of the analemma model, both as a theoretical device and as a computational tool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.2005.470304.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    National Styles? Jacques Loeb's Analysis of German and American Science Around 1900 in his Correspondence with Ernst Mach (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Centaurus 47 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0498
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract.  In modern discourse about the history of science, it seems to be widely accepted that at the end of the nineteenth century, Germany was one of the leading countries in the production of science. In the past, historians of science tried to trace back a specific ‘German style’ of science that—in combination with other factors—determined this German dominance around 1900, especially in the life sciences. Considering the theoretical concept of ‘national styles’, it has to be kept in mind that around 1900, contemporaries already proclaimed ‘national styles’ of science as representations of national identity. Thus, the question arises as to how far existing historiographical conceptions of national styles may include earlier claims and prejudices. Careful reconstructions of contemporary discourses on national styles and inquiries into the ‘stylisation’ of a dominant, successful ‘German style’ are necessary. One of the contemporary critics of a ‘German style’ of science was the physiologist Jacques Loeb (1859–1924), who emigrated to the USA in 1891. Loeb corresponded regularly with the physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach (1838–1916). Ernst Mach can be considered Loeb's intellectual father with whom he corresponded about strategic, philosophical, and epistemological questions. Using the Loeb–Mach correspondence, the aim of the paper is to reconstruct Loeb's conception of a ‘German style’ of science and its differences to an ‘American style’. Changes in his views are discussed as well as the roots of his views and some of their consequences. Finally, Loeb's ideas on national styles and his working profiles before and after his emigration are compared to historiographical analyses of ‘American’ or ‘German’ styles of science around 1900.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.2005.470302.x
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