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Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Note: Preface 1 Introduction 2 Introduction to Equilibrium Thermodynamics Gibbs energy and equilibrium G-x and T-x diagrams Algebraic equilibrium relations Approach 1 Approach 2 General equilibrium relation Worked examples 2 Problems 2 References 3 Activities and Standard States Standard state 1 Standard state 2 Standard state 3 Standard state 4 Summary Worked examples 3 Problems 3 References 4 Thermodynamics of Solids Mole fractions Activity coefficients Worked examples 4 Problems 4 References 5 Thermodynamics of Fluids Aqueous fluids Ions in solution Silicate liquids Worked examples 5 Problems 5 References 6 Equilibrium Thermodynamic Calculations Data Uncertainties Worked examples 6 Problems 6 References 7 Processes 1 Nucleation and growth Mass transfer Temperature-time dependence of rate processes Worked examples 7 References 8 Processes 2 Buffering Metasomatism Fractionation Worked examples 8 Problems 8 References 9 Petrological Topics Worked examples 9 References Appendix A Thermodynamic Properties Introduction Volume Entropy Enthalpy Gibbs energy Simplifications Approximations Volume Heat capacity Entropy and enthalpy Thermodynamic data References Appendix B A Maths Refresher Some formulae and relationships Solving a set of simultaneous equations Appendix C Standard States for Fluids Appendix D Solutions to Problems Appendix E Symbols, Units and Constants Index

Note: Contents Preface List of Contributors Section I. Floristics, Vegetation, and Primary Production Ia. Vascular Plants Ib. Nonvascular Plants 1. Introduction / LARRY L. TIESZEN Background Research Design and Site Selections Overview of the Barrow Ecological System References 2. Vegetation, Floristics, and Phytogeography of Northern Alaska / D. F. MURRAY Tundra Landscapes and Vegetation Floristics and Phytogeography Acknowledgments References 3. Spatial and Temporal Variation of the Vegetation and its Productivity / P. J. WEBBER Introduction and Site Overview Methods Results Discussion Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 4. Seasonal Dynamics of Above- and Belowground Production of Vascular Plants at Barrow, Alaska / J. G. DENNIS , L. L. TIESZEN and M. A. VETTER Introduction Methods and Materials Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 5. Floristics, Phytogeography and Ecology of Arctic Alaskan Bryophytes / W. C. STEERE The Bryophyte Flora and its Floristic Elements Ecology and Physical Factors of the Environment Acknowledgments References 6. Composition and Bryomass of the Moss Layers of Two Wet-Tundra-Meadow Communities near Barrow, Alaska / J. R. RASTORFER Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 7. The Role of Lichens in the Structure, Productivity, and Mineral Cycling of the Wet Coastal Alaskan Tundra / M. E. WILLIAMS , E. D. RUDOLPH , E. A. SCHOFIELD , and D. C. PRASHER Introduction Environmental Setting Lichen Occurrence Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 8. The Role of Algae in Tundra Soil / R. E. CAMERON , A. D. KNOX , and F. A. MORELLI Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 9. Ecto- and Endomycorrhizae of Arctic Plants at Barrow, Alaska / O. K. MILLER, JR. and G. A. LAURSEN Introduction Distribution of Ectomycorrhizae Distribution of Endomycorrhizae Distribution of Mycorrhizal Fungi Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Conclusions and Discussion Acknowledgments References Section II. Photosynthesis, Respiration and Water Relations. IIa. Plant and Community Photosynthesis IIb. Photosynthesis and Water Relations 10. Photosynthesis in the Principal Barrow, Alaska Species: A Summary of Field and Laboratory Responses / L. L. TlESZEN Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 11. Primary Production Processes in Arctic Bryophytes at Barrow, Alaska / W. C. OECHEL and B. SVEINBJÖRNSSON Introduction Field Research Site Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 12. Meteorological Assessment of CO2 Exchange Over an Alaskan Arctic Tundra / P. I. COYNE and J. J. KELLEY Introduction Theory Experimental Procedure Data Analysis Results Contents Discussion Acknowledgments References 13. Constraints on Tundra Productivity: Photosynthetic Capacity in Relation to Solar Radiation Utilization and Water Stress in Arctic and Alpine Tundras / M. M. CALDWELL, D. A. JOHNSON and M. FAREED Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Acknowledgments References 14. Some Aspects of Water Relations of Arctic and Alpine Regions / P. C. MILLER, W. A. STONER, and J. R. EHLERINGER Introduction Conceptual Framework Methods Results Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 15. Radio-Tracer Measurement of Transpiration in Tundra Vegetation, Barrow, Alaska / J. J. KORANDA , B. CLEGG, and M. STUART Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 16. Simulation of the Effect of the Tundra Vascular Plant Canopy on the Productivity of Four Moss Species / W. A. STONER, P. C. MILLER, and W. C. OECHEL Introduction Simulation Models and Methods Results and Discussion Acknowledgments References Section III. Growth and the Allocation and Use of Mineral and Organic Nutrients IIIa. Growth and Organic Nutrient Allocation IIIb. Inorganic Nutrient Utilization, Response to Fertilization, and Nitrogen Fixation IIIc. Growth, Nutrient and Population Modeling 17. Translocation and Allocation of 14C-Photoassimilate by Dupontia fisheri / M. L. ALLESSIO and L. L. TIESZEN Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 18. Growth, Turnover, and Respiration Rates of Roots and Tillers in Tundra Graminoids / W. D. BILLINGS, K. M. PETERSON, and G. R. SHAVER Introduction Methods Results Conclusions Acknowledgments References 19. The Interactions of Organic Nutrients, Soil Nitrogen, and Soil Temperature and Plant Growth and Survival in the Arctic Environment / B. H. MCCOWN Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 20. Plant Nutrient Limitations of Tundra Plant Growth / A. ULRICH and P. L. GERSPER Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 21. Phosphate Uptake and Nutrient Utilization by Barrow Tundra Vegetation / F. S. CHAPIN, III Introduction Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 22. Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on Carbohydrate and Nutrient Levels in Dupontia fisheri and Arctagrostis latifolia / J. D. MCKENDRICK, V. J. OTT , and G. A. MITCHELL Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 23. Nitrogen Fixation in Arctic and Alpine Tundra / V. ALEXANDER, M. BILLINGTON, and D. M. SCHELL Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 24. A Model of Plant Growth and Phosphorus Allocation for Dupontia fisheri in Coastal, Wet-Meadow Tundra / W. A. STONER, P. C. MILLER, and L. L. TIESZEN Introduction Description of the Model Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 25. A Model of Carbohydrate, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Allocation and Growth in Tundra Production / P. C. MILLER, W. A. STONER, L. L. TIESZEN , M. ALLESSIO, B. MCCOWN , F. S. CHAPIN, and G. SHAVER Introduction Results and Discussion Acknowledgments References 26. A Simulation Model of Population Processes of Arctic Tundra Graminoids / B. A. LAWRENCE , M. C. LEWIS , and P. C. MILLER Introduction The Model Methods of Simulations Validation Simulation Experiments Summary Acknowledgments References 27. Summary / L. L. TIESZEN Introduction Historical and Floristic Relationships Abiotic Relationships Spatial and Temporal Relationships Summary References Appendix: Checklists of Vascular Plants, Bryophytes, and Lichens for the Alaskan U.S. IBP Tundra Biome Study Areas - Barrow, Prudhoe Bay, Eagle Summit / BARBARA M. MURRAY AND DAVID F. MURRAY Introduction Checklists References Index

Note: Table of Contents Introduction W. W. Bishop Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, NP, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.01 Historical background: Early exploration in the East African Rift—the Gregory Rift valley Peter Kent Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 1-4, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.02 Part I. Frameworks: Structural—Volcanic—Geophysical Rifting in east Africa and large-scale tectonic processes E. Ronald Oxburgh Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 7-18, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.03 Structural development of the East African Rift system Robert M. Shackleton Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 19-28, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.04 Structural and volcanic evolution of the Gregory Rift Valley Basil C. King Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 29-54, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.05 Character of Quaternary volcanism in the Gregory Rift Valley Laurence A. J. Williams Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 55-69, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.06 Geophysical investigations and the Rift Valley geology of Kenya M. Aftab Khan and Christopher J. Swain Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 71-83, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.07 Part II. Background: Palaeontological and Archaeological Problems Taphonomical background to fossil man-problems in palaeoecology Andrew Hill Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 87-101, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.08 A statistical approach to temporal biostratigraphy R. T. Shuey, Frank H. Brown, G. G. Eck and F. Clark Howell Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 103-124, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.09 Allometry and Hominid studies Bernard A. Wood Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 125-138, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.10 The first geologists—the archaeology of the original rock breakers Glynn Ll. Isaac Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 139-147, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.11 Part III. Regional Studies in the Gregory Rift Valley Olduvai Gorge 1911–75: a history of the investigations Mary D. Leakey Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 151-155, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.12 Fossil hominids from the Laetolil Beds, Tanzania Mary D. Leakey, R. L. Hay, G. H. Curtis, R. E. Drake, M. K. Jackes and T. D. White Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 157-170, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.13 Geological Map of the Olorgesailie Area, Kenya Robert M. Shackleton Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 171-172, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.14 The Olorgesailie Formation: Stratigraphy, tectonics and the palaeogeographic context of the Middle Pleistocene archaeological sites Glynn Ll. Isaac Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 173-206, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.15 Chronostratigraphy of the Baringo Basin, Kenya Gregory R. Chapman and Maureen Brook Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 207-223, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.16 Preliminary observations on the palaeomagnetic stratigraphy of the area west of Lake Baringo, Kenya Peter Dagley, Alan E. Mussett and H. C. Palmer Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 225-235, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.17 Geology, palaeoenvironments and vertebrate faunas of the mid-Miocene Ngorora Formation, Kenya Martin H. L. Pickford Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 237-262, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.18 Stratigraphy and mammalian palaeontology of the late-Miocene Lukeino Formation, Kenya Martin H. L. Pickford Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 263-278, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.19 Fossil Hippopotamidae from the Baringo Basin and relationships within the Gregory Rift, Kenya Shirley Cameron Coryndon Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 279-292, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.20 The fossil bovidae of the Baringo Area, Kenya Alan W. Gentry Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 293-308, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.21 Chesowanja: a revised geological interpretation William Bishop, Andrew Hill and Martin Pickford Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 309-327, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.22 (A) Geological framework of the Kilombe Acheulian archaeological site, Kenya Walter W. Bishop Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 329-336, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.23 (B) Kilombe—an Acheulian site complex in Kenya John A. J. Gowlett Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 337-360, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.24 Geological setting of the hominid fossils and Acheulian artifacts from the Kapthurin Formation, Baringo District, Kenya Peter W. J. Tallon Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 361-373, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.25 The early history of the Turkana Depression Robert J. G. Savage and Peter G. Williamson Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 375-394, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.26 Stratigraphy, sedimentary facies and paleoenvironments, East Lake Turkana, Kenya Carl F. Vondra and Bruce E. Bowen Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 395-414, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.27 Isochronous surfaces within the Plio-Pleistocene sediments east of Lake Turkana Ian C. Findlater Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 415-420, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.28 Y Correlation of Plio-Pleistocene sequences in the northern Lake Turkana Basin: a summary of evidence and issues Anna K. Behrensmeyer Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 421-440, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.29 Geochronological problems and radioisotopic dating in the Gregory Rift Valley Frank J. Fitch, Paul J. Hooker and John A. Miller Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 441-461, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.30 Age of KBS Tuff in Koobi Fora Formation, East Lake, Turkana, Kenya G. H. Curtis, R. E. Drake, T. E. Cerling, B. W. Cerling and J. H. Hampel Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 463-469, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.003.01.31 Magneto-stratigraphy east of Lake Turkana and at Olduvai Gorge: a brief summary Andrew Brock Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 471, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.32 Observations on problems of correlation of late Cenozoic hominid-bearing formations in the North Lake Turkana Basin F. H. Brown, F. Clark Howell and G. G. Eck Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 473-

Note: CONTENTS Preface CONFERENCE SUMMARY / A. L. Fymat TEMPERATURE SOUNDING INVERSION METHODS AND THE OBSOLESCENCE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR SPECIFYING PHYSICAL OBSERVABLES / J. I. F. King SOME EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECT OF REMOTE SOUNDING TEMPERATURES UPON WEATHER FORECASTING / M. Halem, M. Ghil and R. Atlas NONLINEAR INVERSION: THEORY AND PRAXIS / J. I. F. King A NEW TREATMENT OF THE BOUNDARY TERM IN THE INVERSION OF THE RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION / H. E. Fleming and D. S. Crosby EVALUATION OF ERRORS IN DERIVED CLEAR COLUMN RADIANCES / L. McMillin RECURSIVE FILTERING OF RADIANCE DATA FROM NIMBUS-E SATELLITE / I. A. Ismail DEPENDENCE OF THE TEMPERATURE DEVIATION OF THE OCEAN SURFACE AS MEASURED BY SATELLITE ON THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF AEROSOLS / T. Takashima THE DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE PROFILES FROM INFRARED INTERFEROMETER MEASUREMENTS ON BOARD OF METEOR-25 / V. A. Golovko and D. Spänkuch COMPOSITION SOUNDING GLOBAL TOTAL OZONE DETERMINATION FROM NIMBUS 4 BUV SPACECRAFT DATA / A. J. Fleig, R. S. Fraser, B. W. Guenther, D. F. Heath, E. Hilsenrath, L. V. Novak, V. G. Kaveeshwar, R. D. McPeters, C. L. Mateer and A. G. Miller INFORMATION CONTENT AND RESULTS OF NON-LINEAR INVERSION OF NIMBUS 6 LIMB RADIANCE INVERSION RADIOMETER DATA / J. C. Gille and P. L. Bailey AN APPROXIMATE METHOD FOR NONLINEAR INVERSION OF LIMB RADIANCE OBSERVATIONS / P. L. Bailey and J. C. Gille A NONLINEAR TECHNIQUE FOR INVERTING LIMB ABSORPTION PROFILES / J. D. Mill and S. R. Drayson SENSITIVITY OF THE INVERSION OF LIMB RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS IN THE 6.3μm WATER VAPOR BAND / H. Fischer AN ANALYSIS OF NIMBUS-V THIR 6-7 μm OBSERVATIONS OVER THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA / M. Roulleau MICROWAVE GROUND-BASED DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TOTAL WATER CONTENT / G. G. Shchukin and L. P. Bobylev A SOLAR HETERODYNE RADIOMETER FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE ALTITUDINAL PROFILES OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES / V. I. Astakhov, N. V. Vanin, V. V. Galaktionov, V. M. Dorokhov, V. M. Zakharovand V. U. Khattatov PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING IN THE PRESENCE OF MULTIPLE SCATTERING: A NUMERICAL INVERSION METHOD / B. R. Barkstrom PARTICULATE SOUNDING RECONSTRUCTING THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES FROM ANGULAR FORWARD SCATTERING DATA / A. L. Fymat and K. D. Mease COMPLEX REFRACTIVE INDEX OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS: A SIZE DISTRIBUTION INDEPENDENT RETRIEVAL APPROACH USING MULTISPECTRAL TRANSMISSION RATIOS / A. L. Fymat and K. D. Mease THE METHOD OF MULTIFREQUENCY LASER SOUNDING OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL MICROSTRUCTURE / V. E. Zuev and I. E. Naats LASER SOUNDING OF THE ATMOSPHERE USING AEROSOL SCATTERING / V. E. Zuev STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL LAYERS MONITORED BY LIDAR / R. Reiter, H. Jaeger, W. Carnuth and M. Littfass LIDAR DETECTION OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS BY RAMAN SCATTERING AND FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA / V. M. Zakharov and V. A. Torgovichev REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUD PROPERTIES FROM NIMBUS 5 / D. J. McCleese THE ATMOSPHERIC BLURRING EFFECT OF REMOTELY SENSED EARTH IMAGERY / S. Ueno, Y. Haba, Y. Kawata, T. Kusaka and Y. Terashita Author Index Subject Index