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  • Articles  (216)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 915-931 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Yucca Mountain ; performance assessment ; logic tree ; high-level radioactive waste ; Monte Carlo ; expert judgment ; repository ; groundwater ; climate ; infiltration ; percolation ; hydrothermal ; corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has sponsored the development of a model to assess the long-term, overall “performance” of the candidate spent fuel and high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal facility at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The model simulates the processes that lead to HLW container corrosion, HLW mobilization from the spent fuel, and transport by groundwater, and contaminated groundwater usage by future hypothetical individuals leading to radiation doses to those individuals. The model must incorporate a multitude of complex, coupled processes across a variety of technical disciplines. Furthermore, because of the very long time frames involved in the modeling effort (≫104 years), the relative lack of directly applicable data, and many uncertainties and variabilities in those data, a probabilistic approach to model development was necessary. The developers of the model chose a logic tree approach to represent uncertainties in both conceptual models and model parameter values. The developers felt the logic tree approach was the most appropriate. This paper discusses the value and use of logic trees applied to assessing the uncertainties in HLW disposal, the components of the model, and a few of the results of that model. The paper concludes with a comparison of logic trees and Monte Carlo approaches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Uncertainty ; variability ; risk assessment ; risk management ; ozone ; clean air act ; social policy ; analysis of benefits and costs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper is a challenge from a pair of lifelong technical specialists in risk assessment for the risk-management community to better define social decision criteria for risk acceptance vs. risk control in relation to the issues of variability and uncertainty. To stimulate discussion, we offer a variety of “straw man” proposals about where we think variability and uncertainty are likely to matter for different types of social policy considerations in the context of a few different kinds of decisions. In particular, we draw on recent presentations of uncertainty and variability data that have been offered by EPA in the context of the consideration of revised ambient air quality standards under the Clean Air Act.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energy retention ; protein retention ; fat retention ; growth ; body composition ; broilers ; Energieansatz ; Proteinansatz ; Fettansatz ; Wachstum ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Broiler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit steigender Aufnahme erhöht sich der Körperfettgehalt und der Körperproteingehalt nimmt ab. Es wird oft angenommen, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz mit mehr Fett und weniger Protein verbunden ist. Experimentelle Ergebnisse widerlegen jedoch diese Annahme. In zwei Experimenten mit männlichen Broilerhühnern wurden die Tiere auf einem Niveau von 60 % und 100 % der empfohlenen Energieaufnahme gefüttert. Die Körperzusammensetzung bei 1500 g zeigte, wie erwartet, daß sich bei steigenden Aufnahmen der Körperfettgchalt vergrößert und der Körperproteingehalt abnimmt. Fettund Proteinansatz waren linear mit der totalen Energieretention (ER) korreliert. Das bedeutet, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz den gleichen Protein- und Fettgehalt besitzt. Wenn der Fettansatz gleich Null ist wird nur Protein, etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes, retiniert. Wenn ER=O ist, wird Protein angesetzt und Fett mobilisiert. Energie-und N-Bilanzuntersuchungen bestätigen die konstante Zusammensetzung jeder Vergrößerung des Ansatzes. Die Ergebnisse beider Experimente zeigen, daß die ER aus zwei Komponenten besteht: einem basalen konstanten täglichen Proteinansatz und einer variablen zusätzlichen ER, die hauptsächlich aus Fett besteht. Der basale Proteinansatz beträgt etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes. Mit steigenden Energieaufnahmen wird der basale Proteinansatz mit einer zusätzlichen Menge von Protein und Fett im konstanten Verhältnis ergänzt.
    Notes: Summary With increasing intakes the body fat content increases and that of protein decreases. It is most often assumed that this is brought about because each increment in retention contains more fat and less protein. Experimental results, however, showed that this explanation is not true. In two experiments male broiler chickens were fed at levels between 60 and 100 % of recommended energy intake. Body composition at 1500 g showed, as expected, that with increasing intakes body fat content increased and protein content decreased. Both fat and protein retention per day were linearly related to total energy retention (ER). This means that each increment in retention has the same protein and fat content. At zero fat retention only protein was retained, about 50 % of maximal retention. At zero ER protein was retained and fat mobilized. Energy and N balance experiments confirmed the constant composition of each increment in retention. The results of both experiments show that total ER consisted of two components: a basic constant daily protein retention and a variable additional ER, mainly consisting of fat. The basic protein retention is about half of maximal retention. With increasing energy intakes the basic protein retention is combined with an additional amount of protein and fat in a constant ratio.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 332-335 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nutrient intake ; protein metabolism ; protein synthesis ; growth ; energy expenditures ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Proteinstoffwechsel ; Proteinsynthese ; Wachstum ; Energieaufwand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Zunahme von fettfreiem Gewebe tritt auf, wenn die Proteinsynthese größer ist als der Proteinabbau. Obwohl während des Wachstums von der Geburt bis zur Reife die absoluten Proteinsynthese- und -abbauraten ansteigen, nehmen dagegen die fraktionellen Raten ab. Bcide Prozesse reagieren auf die Nährstoffaufnahme. Es gibt aber deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Geweben. Protein, Kohlenhydrate und Fett können den Proteinansatz bei unreifen Tieren und Kindern stimulieren. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und die Energieaufwendungen scheinen jedoch unterschiedlich zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Lean tissue growth occurs when the rate of protein synthesis exceeds the rate of protein breakdown. Althoughabsolute rates of protein synthesis and breakdown rise during growth from birth to maturityfractional rates fall. Both these processes are sensitive to nutrient intake but responses to feeding vary greatly amongst different tissues. Protein, carbohydrate and fat can all stimulate body protein accretion in immature animals and in children but the mechanisms by which they do so, and the energy expenditures involved, seem to be different.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1265-1274 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: corrosion ; hydrogen embrittlement ; inhibitors ; HSLA steel ; nitrite compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The inhibitive action of valeronitrile, benzonitrile and derivatives of benzonitrile on the corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement behaviour of HSLA steel in 0.5m H2SO4 was investigated. All these inhibitors reduced the corrosion rate of the steel with naphthonitrile showing the highest inhibitive efficiency and valeronitrile the lowest. All the inhibitors adsorbed on the steel as per the Temkin adsorption isotherm. The steel become less active on the addition of benzonitrile, 3-chlorobenzonitrile, 4-chlorobenzonitrile, 4-methylbenzonitrile and naphthonitrile to the acid while valeronitrile and 2-chlorobenzonitrile made the steel more active. Naphthonitrile reduced the rate of the hydrogen evolution reaction most efficiently. Derivatives of benzonitrile inhibited hydrogen absorption most effectively.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1245-1253 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: fluorine production ; monel alloy ; corrosion ; passive films ; KF.2HF melts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Commercial fluorine production is conducted from KF.2HF melts at 85∘C in Monel cells that are subject to corrosion. Here we report studies of passivation and depassivation of the Monel in relation to that of Ni, its principal (65 wt % ) constituent, by means of cyclic voltammetry and recording of open-circuit potential-relaxation transients. The latter exhibit arrests at characteristic Flade-type potentials and lead to information on the kinetics of passive film breakdown. The role of diffusion processes in such breakdown and film dissolution is evaluated using the rotating disc electrode technique which enables comparisons to be made with the passivation behaviour of the separate main components of Monel, viz. Ni and Cu.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: Organic coatings ; mild steel ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Coatings of poly(2-vinylpyridine) have been formed on mild steel substrates in aqueous medium by electrochemical polymerization of the 2-vinylpyridine monomer. The pH of the solution has been found to be critical for this electropolymerization coating process. At low pH (below 3.5), even with an efficient initiation reaction, the propagation process was impeded and no substantial polymer film was formed. At high pH (above 6.0), only a thin and irregular film formed due to the lack of an effective initiation reaction. Only when the solution pH is in the range of 4 to 5.5 can good quality coatings be formed on mild steel substrates. The detailed effects of the pH on the electropolymerization are discussed in terms of a proposed free radical polymerization mechanism. This research has also resolved the issue of some of the non-reproducible experimental results reported in the literature and confirmed the feasibility of forming poly(2-vinylpyridine) coatings on a mild steel substrate by electropolymerization of the monomer.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 1351-1357 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: copper ; corrosion ; cyclic voltammetry ; iron ; Spirulina platensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Cyclic voltammograms of iron and copper electrodes were run in sodium hydroxide, carbonate–bicarbonate buffer and culture media for Spirulina platensis at 30°C. Potentiostatic steady state polarisation curves for both electrode surfaces in these electrolytes were performed in the presence and the absence of S. platensis at fixed temperature. Corrosion potential and corrosion current density values of iron and copper were obtained graphically from these curves. In all cases, the largest corrosion current density corresponded to the maximum biogenerated-oxygen concentrations, that is, illuminated culture media containing S. platensis. Corrosion potentials of iron electrodes shifted to positive values for increasing corrosion rates, whereas constant corrosion potentials were obtained for copper electrodes independently of the electrolyte.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 1405-1411 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: cupric oxide ; pH ; powder ; sodium sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrochemical synthesis of cupric oxide powder (CuO) in alkaline sodium sulfate is of technological interest. As it is known that hydroxyl ions are needed for the formation of cupric oxide, according to the principal chemical reaction: Cu2+ + 2oH- → CuO+H2 The effect of pH (in the range from 7.50 to 10.80) on cupric oxide powder formation was investigated. Optimum conditions for cupric oxide powder synthesis, with respect to particle size, cell voltage, current efficiency and specific energy consumption were determined to be a pH7.5 and a current density of 4000Am−2. A significant effect of pH on the particle size and aggregation of the powder was confirmed by both galvanostatic measurements and particle size determination. The lowest powder particle sizes were obtained at pH7.5. Aggregation of powder particles at higher pH was also observed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1997), S. 151-160 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: corrosion ; 1024 mild steel ; pitting ; film breakdown ; electro-oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The passive film breakdown of 1024 mild steel induced by the presence of 0.05m chloride ions had been investigated in 0.075–0.75m bicarbonate solutions at pH8.9–9.7. A rotating disc electrode with a Kel-F holder was used in conjunction with a rotating ring-disc electrode. The resistance to localized attack is closely linked to the preanodization potential (Eox) applied in the absence of Cl- ions. For Eox below about 0.2–0.3V vs SCE, the resistance to localized attack provided by the passive film is independent of Eox; above the breakdown potential, the localized attack is manifested by the formation of pits at the mild steel surface. The breakdown potential increases linearly with NaHCO3 concentration and pH. Passive film breakdown for Eox below about 0.2–0.3V vs SCE most likely begins with a surface film dissolution prior to the penetration of the aggressive anions through the film. For Eox above about 0.3V vs SCE under the same conditions, no pitting is noticed and the potential associated with localized attack shifts considerably in the anodic direction due to interstitial (formation of crevices) corrosion at the mild steel/Kel-F interface.
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