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  • Chirality
  • Symmetry
  • Springer  (65)
  • American Physical Society  (1)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Authors, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of American Physical Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Physical Review Letters 96 (2006): 018305, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.018305.
    Description: We study the liquid-crystalline phase behavior of a concentrated suspension of helical flagella isolated from Salmonella typhimurium. Flagella are prepared with different polymorphic states, some of which have a pronounced helical character while others assume a rodlike shape. We show that the static phase behavior and dynamics of chiral helices are very different when compared to simpler achiral hard rods. With increasing concentration, helical flagella undergo an entropy-driven first order phase transition to a liquid-crystalline state having a novel chiral symmetry.
    Description: M. S. and R. O. are supported by NIH Grant No. EB002583.
    Keywords: Entropy ; Molecular biophysics ; Liquid crystal phase transformations ; Symmetry ; Chirality
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: 765344 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 15 (1978), S. 77-86 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Proportion-Constraints ; Symmetry ; Converging Matrices ; Mathematical Programming ; Bounded Matrices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to establish sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions to mathematical programs where the variables of the solution satisfy given proportions. These conditions rely on convergence properties of powers of nonnegative matrices when these powers form a bounded sequence. We assume that if an arbitrary vectorx is premultiplied by elements of this sequence, the limit of the sequence (which might be a Cesaro (C, 1) limit) gives an improvement of the objective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Computing 50 (1993), S. 31-49 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65L05 ; 65L20 ; Symmetry ; symmetrizer ; extrapolation ; A-stability ; stiffness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit verallgemeinern wir den Symmetriebegriff für Runge-Kutta-Verfahren auf zusammengesetzte Verfahren. Die übliche Aneinanderreihung symmetrischer Schritte ℛ zu keineA-stabilen Extrapolationsstufen ergibt. Diese Einschränkung läßt sich jedoch mit Hilfe zusammengesetzter Verfahren der Form umgehen, wobei das als “Symmetrizer” bezeichnete nicht-symmetrische und möglicherweiseL-stabile Verfahren die Bedingung erfüllt. Obwohl sie nicht im engeren Sinn symmetrisch sind, erfüllen diese zusammengesetzen Verfahren und haben deshalb wie die symmetrischen Verfahren asymptotische Fehlerentwicklungen in geraden Potenzen von 1/n. Die Implementierung solcher in dieser Arbeit behandelter Verfahren führt zu Kosten, die denen bei symmetrischen Verfahren vergleichbar sind. Diese Verfahren stellen eine Verallgemeinerung der impliziten Mittelpunkt- und Trapezregeln mit Standardglättung dar und erweitern die Methoden, für die Konvergenzbeschleunigung mittels Extrapolation und Defektkorrektur möglich ist. DieL-stabilen Symmetrizer für 2-stufige symmetrische Verfahren werden charakterisiert und an Hand eines speziellen steifen Modellproblems studiert. Die Analyse läßt erwarten, daß gewisseL-stabile Symmetrizer eine wichtige Rolle bei der Unterdrückung von Ordnungsabfalleffekten bei steifen Problemen spielen können.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the concept of symmetry for Runge-Kutta methods is generalized to include composite methods. The extrapolations of the usual compositions of a symmetric method ℛ of the form are shown not to beA-stable. However, this limitation can be overcome by considering composite methods of the form where represents a non-symmetric and possiblyL-stable method called a symmetrizer satisfying . While no longer symmetric, these composite methods yet satisfy and thus share with symmetric methods the important property of admitting asymptotic error expansions in even powers of 1/n. Composite methods that are constructed in this way and presented in this paper have implementation costs comparable to that for the symmetric method. They generalize those based on the implicit midpoint and trapezoidal rules used with the standard smoothing formulae and thus extend the class of methods for acceleration techniques of extrapolation and defect correction. A characterization ofL-stable symmetrizers for 2-stage symmetric methods is given and studied for a particular stiff model problem. The analysis suggests that certainL-stable symmetrizers can play an important role in suppressing order defect effects for stiff problems.
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  • 4
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    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 167-186 
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Feedback ; Interconnection ; Linear system ; Reductive group ; Symmetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the interplay between control problems and symmetries in the context of linear systems. In particular, we establish sufficient conditions under which it is possible to control a symmetric system in order to make it achieve control objectives, without “breaking” its symmetry.
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  • 5
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    Springer
    Journal of dynamics and differential equations 6 (1994), S. 639-658 
    ISSN: 1572-9222
    Keywords: Symmetry ; parabolic equations ; positive solutions ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Symmetry properties of positive solutions of a Dirichlet problem for a strongly nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation in a symmetric domainD ⊂ R n are considered. It is assumed that the domainD and the equation are invariant with respect to a group {Q} of transformations ofD. In examples {Q} consists of reflections or rotations. The main result of the paper is the theorem which states that any compact inC(D) negatively invariant set which consists of positive functions consists ofQ-symmetric functions. Examples of negatively invariant sets are (in autonomous case) equilibrium points, omega-limit sets, alpha-limit sets, unstable sets of invariant sets, and global attractors. Application of the main theorem to equilibrium points gives the Gidas-Ni-Nirenberg theorem. Applying the theorem to omega-limit sets, we obtain the asymptotical symmetrization property. That means that a bounded solutionu(t) asr→∞ approaches subspace of symmetric functions. One more result concerns properties of eigenfunctions of linearizations of the equations at positive equilibrium points. It is proved that all unstable eigenfunctions are symmetric.
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  • 6
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    Springer
    Geometriae dedicata 45 (1993), S. 49-82 
    ISSN: 1572-9168
    Keywords: Realizability of line diagrams ; Isotopy of lines ; Chirality ; 51E15 ; 51G05 ; 57Q37
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We give a characterization of the planar layouts of configurations with at most five lines. From this we obtain a new proof of Viro's theorem that the isotopy type of such configurations is completely determined by chirality. We extend this result to labelled configurations. We also give an infinite family of non-realizable line diagrams, called ‘alternatingC-angles’, not containing non-realizable subdiagrams.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: bis-Coumarins ; bis-Furanocoumarins ; Chirality ; Aldehyde hydrates ; 1H NMR ; 13C NMR ; Mass spectrometry ; Fragmentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Synthese einiger dimerer Cumarin- und Furanocumarin-Modellverbindungen und ihre Strukturaufklärung mit1H- und13C-NMR- sowie Massenspektrometrie werden beschrieben. In Gegenwart von Feuchtigkeit werden einige der Aldehyde von ihren Hydraten begleitet. Verdoppelungen der Methoxy-1H-Signale von8 in Anwesenheit eines chiralen Lanthanoid-Verschiebungsreagenzes beweisen, daß8 ein Dimer ist. In den Massenspektren finden sich Hinweise für heterolytische Spaltungen der O-C-Bindungen. Solche Fragmentierungen sind bei aromatischen Ethern ungewöhnlich.
    Notes: Summary The synthesis of some dimeric coumarin and furanocoumarin models and their structure elucidation by1H NMR,13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy is presented. In the presence of moisture some aldehydes are accompanied by their hydrates. Methoxy signal doubling in the presence of a chiral lanthanide shift reagent proves the dimeric nature of compound8. In the mass spectra, heterolytic cleavage of the O-C linkage was noticed which is a rare fragmentation in the case of aromatic ethers.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 6 (1975), S. 91-98 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Asymmetry ; Biopoesis ; Chirality ; Geomagnetism ; Handedness ; Lava Flows ; Magnetite ; Optical Activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Elementary particle effects (β-decay) provide at best only a weakly handed radiation in the biologically effective energy ranges. Global magnetic effects coupled to sunlight are randomized by paleomagnetic reversals. Hence a persistent terrestrial handed bias at possible local biopoetic sites offers a more promising explanation for the origin of the "handedness" of the molecules found among living systems on earth. Magnetite in lava flows maintains a handed bias for surface catalysis through many magnetic reversals. Magnetite contaminated with sulfur has already been proposed by Granick as a biopoetic site because it provides a weak source of chemical energy derived by photochemical conversion. Indirect evidence for this hypothesis has been provided by the molecular structure of ferredoxin - a single strand of the 14 primordial amino acids wrapped around an FeS core. Lava flows have been suggested as biopoetic sites by Fox, since their temperature and chemical composition might allow for the rapid synthesis of prebiotic compounds at the surface of the primitive earth. The additional fact that magnetite in lava flows also provides a persistent handed site for surface catalysis offers a further argument for the experimental investigation of this specific biopoetic environment.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 6 (1975), S. 77-89 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Optical Asymmetry ; Chirality ; Weak Interactions ; Neutral Currents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Weak interactions are parity violating forces, i.e. they differentiate between mirror images. Therefore it is a very attractive hypothesis to invoke weak interactions in explaining the origin of molecular asymmetry. It is, however, not clear whether weak interactions may operate between electrons and/or between electrons and protons? For these types of interactions so called neutral currents are needed. Recent experiments with muon neutrinos at CERN gave some evidence for the existence of neutral currents. Thus we may suppose that parity violating forces are active in molecules. In the first part of this paper a very elementary theory of weak interactions is outlined with special reference to the discovery of neutral currents. In the second part we show how weak interactions may differentiate between mirror image molecules. The asymmetrically distributed static charges in chiral molecules represent a helical potential field. This helical potential field may exert an effect on the orbital electrons and therefore coupling of spins and momenta occurs. Thus the enantiomers are parity transformed images not only as geometrical bodies, but their orbital electrons are parity transformed too as "a helical electron gas". Weak interactions will differentiate between L and D forms because their orbital electrons have a nonzero spin polarization with respect to their velocity.
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  • 10
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    Journal of molecular evolution 8 (1976), S. 351-356 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Step-Charge ; Electrophoresis ; Electromorph ; Unit Perception ; Step-State ; Unimodality ; Symmetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The population frequency distributions of electromorphs of polymorphic loci, when ordered by electrophoretic mobility, tend strongly and significantly to be both unimodal and symmetrical. Such distributions are predicted by all step-change models and their generality in published data can be construed as supportive of the step-change hypothesis. On the other hand, unimodality and symmetry might also be due to artifactual “unit perception” biases that affect the interpretation and reporting of electro-phoretic data. In any case, it appears that perceived electromorphs are highly heterogeneous.
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