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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (880)
  • 1990-1994  (880)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1991  (880)
  • 1
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    Magellan, Galileo, and Ulysses (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A combination of sophisticated computer animation and shuttle footage describe the missions of Ulysses, Galileo, and Magellan satellites to the solar system. Ulysses, launched in October 1990 by the European Space Agency, will study the sun. Galileo, launched in October 1989, will probe the Jovian system by releasing a probe that will descend into Jupiter's atmosphere and by using 12 instruments which will study Jupiter's 16 moons, its atmosphere, and its radiation and magnetic fields. Magellan, released from Space Shuttle Atlantis in May 1989, uses a synthetic aperture radar to probe through Venus' dense atmosphere to map its planetary surface. A computer animation simulates flying over the surface of Venus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: ASR-255 , NASA-TM-109362 , NONP-NASA-VT-94-198209
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Surface knowledge and risks to landing and roving - The scale problem (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The role of surface information in the performance of surface exploration missions is discussed. Accurate surface models based on direct measurements or inference are considered to be an important component in mission risk management. These models can be obtained using high resolution orbital photography or a combination of laser profiling, thermal inertia measurements, and/or radar. It is concluded that strategies for Martian exploration should use high confidence models to achieve maximum performance and low risk.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: COSPAR Colloquium on the Environmental Model of Mars; Jan 22, 1990 - Jan 26, 1990; Sopron; Hungary
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  • 3
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    Observations of the lunar sodium exosphere (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Measurements of sodium resonance emission showed that the sodium exosphere of the moon extends up to 1500 km altitude above the equatorial limb. The line-of-sight sodium atom densities at various altitudes were derived from the measured sodium emission intensities, using calibation based on brightness of the lunar limb. The data were fit to a simple two-parameter model of the exosphere. Above the equatorial limb, this yielded apparent temperatures of 950-1150 K, and surface densities of sodium atoms of 29-46 atoms/cu cm. Above the north pole, adjacent to the polar terminator, the temperature was much less, 450 K, and the surface density rose to 65 atoms/cu cm. Sodium emission could not be detected above the equatorial terminator, indicating a decrease to levels below about 200 Rayleighs, difficult to distinguish from the sodium nightglow.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 18; 2089-209
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  • 4
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    Venusian highlands - Geoid to topography ratios and their implications (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Geoid-to-topography ratios (GTRs) are estimated for 12 Venusian highland features to allow comparison with convection calculations and with terrestrial data of oceanic hot spots, swells, and plateaus. The geoid is estimated in the wavenumber domain from the isostatic formula, using the topography and the apparent depths isostatic compensation (ADC) for each region. In the space domain, the GTR is equal to the least squares slope of the linear fit of the geoid to the topograpy. The resulting GTR range is 7-31 m/km, which is much higher than terrestrial oceanic values (-1 to 5 m/km). The features fall into two distinct groups, one with a GTR range of 7-13 m/km, and one with a range of 19-25 m/km. A model for thermal thinning of a 100-km-thick lithosphere fits all values in the lower GTR group to within one standard deviation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters (ISSN 0012-821X); 107; 4-Mar; 582-597
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  • 5
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    Black ordinary chondrites - An analysis of abundance and fall frequency (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Black ordinary chondrite meteorites sample the spectral effects of shock on ordinary chondrite material in the space environment. Since shock is an important regolith process these meteorites provide insight into the spectral properties of the regoliths on ordinary chondrite parent bodies. To determine how common black chondrites are in the meteorite collection and, by analogy, the frequency of shock-alteration in ordinary chondrites, several of the world's major meteorite collections were examined to identify black chondrites. Over 80 percent of all cataloged ordinary chondrites were examined and, using an optical definition, 61 black chondrites were identified. Black chondrites account for approximately 13.7 percent of ordinary chondrite falls. If the optically altered gas-rich ordinary chondrites are included the proportion of falls that exhibit some form of altered spectral properties increases to 16.7 percent. This suggests that optical alteration of asteroidal material in the space environment is a relatively common process.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114); 26; 279-285
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  • 6
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    Revived interest in the lunar atmosphere (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Lunar-orbiting spacecraft can use the moon's tenuous atmosphere to directly study the weathering and modification of the lunar surface layer and regolith, to study lunar activity through analysis of released gases, and to search for water that may be essential for lunar base sites. An effort is presently made the historical accumulation and current understanding of lunar atmosphere data, to which the Apollo landing made the most important contributions. The answers to remaining questions entail a robotic revisiting of the lunar surface.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: EOS (ISSN 0096-3941); 72; 225
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  • 7
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    Lunar sourcebook - A user's guide to the moon (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The present status of lunar knowledge based on U.S. and USSR lunar missions and the continuing analysis of lunar samples and data is reviewed. Particular attention given to exploration, samples, and recent concepts of the moon; the lunar environment; lunar surface processes; the lunar minerals, rocks, and regolith; chemical elements in the moon; physical properties of the lunar surface; and global and regional data about the moon.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 8
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    Reports of Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, 1990 (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Abstracts of reports from NASA's Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program are presented. Research is documented in summary form of the work conducted. Each report reflects significant accomplishments within the area of the author's funded grant or contract.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-4300 , NAS 1.15:4300
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    Revived interest in the lunar atmosphere (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The recent discoveries of Na and K in the lunar atmosphere are emphasized in a review of lunar atmospheric observations which identifies possible directions of research. Observations are briefly reviewed through the Apollo era which identified the atmosphere as a surface-boundary exosphere, and identified atmospheric constituents included He and Ar which rose and fell by a factor of 20 during the lunar diurnal cycle. Ar-36 and -40 were also identified as were the sources of ionospheric source and sink processes including the solar EUV flux. Na and K are discussed which were identified in a study of the spectroscopic ring effect, and the effects of elemental interaction with the lunar surface can be approximated in laboratory experiments. Observations and measurements of the lunar surface are important for the continued investigation of lunar and other planetary mechanisms.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth in Space (ISSN 1040-3124); 4; 10
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  • 10
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    Images from Galileo of the Venus cloud deck (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Images of Venus taken at 418 and 986 nm show that the morphology and motions of large-scale features change with depth in the cloud deck. Poleward meridional velocities, seen in both spectral regions, are much reduced in the NIR. In the south polar region the markings in the two wavelength bands are strongly anticorrelated. The images follow the changing state of the upper cloud layer downwind of the subsolar point, and the zonal flowfield shows a longitudinal periodicity that may be coupled to the formation of large-scale planetary waves. No optical lightning was detected.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 253; 1531-153
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