ALBERT

Description: Mass balance measurements on Freya Glacier are caried out since 2007 by the direct glaciological method. Annual balance is measured every August by a network of ablation stakes (~10-15), snow pits and snow probing. Winter balance was measured only in 2008, 2012, 2013, and 2014 by a network of snow probings, GPR and snow pits. Mass balance point measurements are aggregated to a regular raster and evaluated on the glacier area 2013 and the surface DEM of 2013. New data will be added every year. Last update: 2018-03-01

Description: This is a compilation of all short-wave and long-wave radiation datasets from Budapest that were and are published in the frame of BSRN. New data will be added regularly. The data are subject to the data release guidelines of BSRN (https://bsrn.awi.de/data/conditions-of-data-release/).

Description: For nearly a century, the Atlantic Coastal Plain (ACP) of the United States has been the focus of studies investigating Pliocene and Pleistocene shorelines, however, the mapping of paleoshorelines was primarily done by using elevation contours on topographic maps. Here we review published geologic maps and compare them to paleoshoreline locations obtained through geomorphometric classification and satellite data. We furthermore present the results of an extensive field campaign that measured the mid-Pliocene (~ 3.3-2.9 Ma) shorelines of the Atlantic Coastal Plain using high-accuracy GPS and digital elevation models. We compare our new dataset to positions and elevations extracted from published maps and find that the extracted site information from earlier studies is prone to significant error, both in the location and, more severely, in the elevation of the paleoshoreline. We also investigate, using geophysical modeling, the origin of post-depositional displacement of the shoreline from Georgia to Virginia. In particular, we correct the elevation of our shoreline for glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) and then compare the corrected elevation to predictions of mantle flow-induced dynamic topography (DT). While a subset of these models does reconcile the general trends in the observed elevation of the mid-Pliocene shoreline, local discrepancies persist. These discrepancies suggests that either (i) the DT and GIA models presented here do not capture the full range of uncertainty in the input parameters; and/or (ii) other influences, such as sediment loading and unloading or local fault-driven tectonics, may have contributed to post-depositional deformation of the mid-Pliocene shoreline that are not captured in the above models. In this context, our field measurements represent an important observational dataset with which to compare future generations of geodynamic models. Improvements in models for DT, GIA and other relevant processes, together with an expanded, geographically distributed set of shoreline records, will ultimately be the key to obtaining more accurate estimates of eustatic sea level not only in the mid-Pliocene but also earlier in the Cenozoic.

Description: We investigated the spatio-temporal trajectories of mountain agro-ecosystems by studying five lakes located between 880 and 2440 m a.s.l. in the north-western Alps. More specifically, we were interested in past interactions between agropastoral activities, plant community composition and erosion dynamics. To investigate this question, we relied on a multi-proxy dataset of lake sediment analyses. The selected proxies come mainly from plant and mammal sedimentary DNA analyses, but also from pollen and spore analyses of coprophilous fungi (Sporormiella sp.). The originality of this dataset is the creation of an index of (agro-)pastoral activity intensity valid for each lake catchment. This index showed a pattern of development of (agro-)pastoral activities according to altitude in this Alpine region. This index was then used to analyse the impact of (agro)pastoral activities on erosion dynamics and plant cover.

Description: Raw data acquired by GPS1 position sensors on board research aircraft Polar 5 during the campaign P6_231_HALO_P6_2022 were processed to receive a validated master track which can be used as reference of further expedition data. Novatel FlexPak6 GPS receiver was used as navigation sensors during the campaign. Data were downloaded from DAVIS SHIP data base (https://dship.awi.de) with a resolution of 1 sec. Processed data are provided as a master track with 1 sec resolution and a generalized track with a reduced set of the most significant positions of the master track. A detailed report on processing is also available for each flight.

Description: During the HALO-(AC)³ aircraft campaign in 2022, onboard of Polar 6 aircraft, refractory black carbon (BC) mass and number concentration was measured by a single particle soot photometer (SP2) in the mass equivalent diameter range of 70-675 nm. The instrument was installed behind the counter-flow virtual impactor (CVI) inlet, and therefore measured the BC properties of cloud residuals when the aircraft flew through clouds and the counter flow was switched on. During out-of cloud measurements, the counter flow of the CVI was switched off and the instrument measured the total aerosol's BC properties. In the data files, the column CVI_flag indicates if total aerosol was sampled (value of 0), cloud residuals were sampled (value of 1). A CVI_flag value of 2 indicates that the inlet counter flow was currently switched on or off and therefore the measurement is not valid. The provided time resolution is 3 seconds.

Description: This data set consists of in-situ measurements carried out aboard the Polar 6 research aircraft during HALO-AC3 campaign in March/April 2022. This comprises the aerosol properties of arctic ambient aerosol particle (outside cloud) and cloud particle residual (inside cloud) and the cloud water content / water vapor. The measurements were carried out north-west and west of Svalbard using the CVI inlet together with the PSAP, CPC, UHSAS aerosol instruments and the WVSS-II hygrometer of the Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) in Leipzig, Germany.

Description: The Pliocene Epoch (~2.6–5.3 million years ago, Ma) was characterized by a warmer than present climate with smaller Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, and therefore offers an example of a climate system in long-term equilibrium with current or predicted near-future carbon dioxide concentrations. The end of the Pliocene (~2.6 Ma) is marked by further ice-sheet expansion and intensification of glacial (cold) stages, referred to as the "intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation" (iNHG). Here we present the data used to assess the spatial and temporal variability of ocean temperatures and ice-volume indicators through the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene (from 3.3 to 2.4 Ma) to determine the character of this climate transition. The data come from the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Southern Ocean, as well as some marginal seas. Here we present the synthesized alkenone sea-surface temperature, Mg/Ca sea-surface temperature, planktonic foraminifera d18O and benthic foraminifera d18O data which were used in our synthesis. Although the original data sets are largely published, here we present the alkenone SST records calculated using the BAYSPLINE calibration where these were not part of the original publication; the Mg/Ca-SST records where we revised the absolute SSTs; any data sets where we revised the age model.

Description: A third glacier inventory (GI3) is presented for the province of Salzburg where 173 glaciers are located in the seven mountain ranges: Ankogel (47°4'N, 13°14'E), Glockner, Granatspitz, Sonnblick (Goldberg), Hochkönig, Venediger and Zillertal (47°8'N, 12°7'E). The basis for the new GI3 are orthophotos of 2007 and 2009 and the digital elevation model (DEM) of the southern part of Salzburg. On the basis of former inventories, area- and volume changes have been calculated. The biggest relative loss of glacier area per mountain range was found in the Ankogel range and on Hochkönig as a result of the disrupted structure of their small and thin glaciers. In terms of absolute values, the largest changes took place in the Glockner- and Venediger range with an area loss of -10.1 km**2 and -9.7 km**2 during the period between GI1 (1969) and GI3 (2007/2009), respectively. Volume changes have been calculated for nearly half of the glacier area in Salzburg, where DEMs were available. The Glockner, Granatspitz and Sonnblick mountain ranges showed a volume loss of -0.481 km**3 which corresponds to a mean thickness change of -10.5 m. An extrapolation of these changes to all of the 173 glaciers in Salzburg results in a loss of about 1.04 km**3 between GI1 and GI3 and 0.44 km**3 between GI2 and GI3. Overall annual changes in the province of Salzburg between GI2 and GI3 were higher than between GI1 and GI2 and show likewise changes such as those of Tyrol.

Description: This chapter outlines the principles and pitfalls of oxygen isotope stratigraphy, and presents a compilation of δ18O data representing 3.8 Ga of Earth history. The record is based on more than 64,000 analyses of Phanerozoic fossils and microfossils (carbonate and phosphate), including data for benthic foraminifera (N = 39,675), planktonic foraminifera (N = 10,800), belemnites (N = 4352), bivalves (N = 605), brachiopods (N = 4784), and conodonts and fish teeth (N = 3898), as well as 10,080 analyses of Precambrian rocks.