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  • 2020-2024  (33,021)
  • 2015-2019  (1,668,282)
  • 2010-2014  (22)
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  • 1
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    A conservation genetic study of Rafflesia speciosa (Rafflesiaceae): patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation within and between islands (2018)
    In:  Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants vol. 63, pp. 93-101
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-07-11
    Description: Rafflesia speciosa is a threatened endo-holoparasitic species. It has several populations in the Central Panay Mountain Range (CPMR) of Panay island and a single population on Negros Island. Because R. speciosa is the only Philippine species of the genus that is not endemic to an individual island, it is a suitable species for improving our understanding of the factors underlying the high island endemism of Philippine Rafflesia. For this purpose and to inform the conservation management of R. speciosa, patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation were studied using 15 microsatellite loci and samples from nine populations. None of these populations shows evidence of inbreeding and R. speciosa has similar levels of heterozygosity as generally observed in outcrossing or perennial plant species. The results of AMOVA and Bayesian cluster analyses indicate that the Negros population is genetically differentiated from the CPMR populations. In addition, it has lower genetic diversity than similar-sized R. speciosa populations. These findings suggest that sea straits potentially provide significant reproductive barriers to Rafflesia species, and are perhaps responsible for their high island endemism. The general lack of genetic differentiation among the CPMR populations as suggested by the AMOVA, PCoA, and STRUCTURE results indicates recent gene flow among them and this finding improves our understanding of the geographical scale and context at which gene flow between Rafflesia populations occurs. Conservation efforts should be targeted towards avoiding further habitat degradation in the Negros population. We also recommend protective status for the entire CPMR and reforestation efforts to mitigate the severe habitat fragmentation, destruction, and degradation in this area.
    Keywords: microsatellites ; conservation ; Negros ; Panay ; Philippines ; population genetics
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 2
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    Glacier mass balances and elevation zones of Hallstätter Gletscher, Dachstein, Austria, 2006/2007 et seq (2016)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Institut für Interdisziplinäre Gebirgsforschung der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Innsbruck
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-07-11
    Description: The annual glacier mass balance of Hallstätter Gletscher in Austria is measured since 2006-10-01 with the direct glaciological method in the fixed date system (1st October to 30th September of the following year). The accumulation of snow is measured by determination of the water equivalent in 6 snow pits, the ice ablation is measured with 15 stakes drilled into the ice. Results are the annual net mass balance in kg, the total accumulation and ablation, the glacier area and the portions of the area which are subject to ablation and accumulation, the elevation of the equilibrium line and the specific mass balance in kg/m**2 (= mm w.e.). The accumulation during the winter is determined by the 1st May. The project is funded by the Amt der Oberösterreichischen Landesregierung and the Energie AG. The measurements are carried out by the Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research (http://www.mountainresearch.at/index.php/en/) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the company Blue Sky in Gmunden, Austria. New data will be added every year.
    Keywords: Glaciers Austria; Hallstätter Gletscher, Dachstein, Austria; HSG
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 47 datasets
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  • 3
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    Geochemistry (Sr/Ca, δ¹⁸O, d18Osw) of Porites coral from the Cocos Keeling Islands (Australia) (2018)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Hennekam, Rick; Zinke, Jens; Van Sebille, Erik; Ten Have, Malou; Brummer, Geert-Jan A; Reichart, Gert-Jan (2018): Cocos (Keeling) corals reveal 200 years of multi-decadal modulation of southeast Indian Ocean hydrology by Indonesian Throughflow. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017PA003181
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-07-11
    Description: The only low latitude pathway of heat and salt from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean, known as Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), has been suggested to modulate Global Mean Surface Temperature (GMST) warming through redistribution of surface Pacific Ocean heat. ITF observations are only available since ~1990s, and thus, its multidecadal variability on longer time scales has remained elusive. Here we present a 200 year bimonthly record of geochemical parameters (d18O-Sr/Ca) measured on Cocos (Keeling) corals tracking sea surface temperature (SST; Sr/Ca) and sea surface salinity (SSS; seawater-d18O-d18Osw) in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO). Our results show that SETIO SSS and d18Osw were impacted by ITF transport over the past 60 years, and therefore, reconstructions of Cocos d18Osw hold information on past ITF variability on longer time spans. Over the past 200 years ITF leakage into SETIO is dominated by the interannual climate modes of the Pacific Ocean (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) and Indian Ocean (Indian Ocean Dipole). Pacific decadal climate variability (represented by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation) significantly impacted ITF strength over the past 200 years determining the spatiotemporal SST and SSS advection into the Indian Ocean on multidecadal time scales. A comparison of our SETIO d18Osw record to GMST shows that ITF transport varied in synchrony with global warming rate, being predominantly high/low during GMST warming slowdown/acceleration, respectively. This hints toward an important role for the ITF in global warming rate modulation.
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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  • 4
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    Biogenic proxies, dust particles, teleconnections, carbon export and sub-orbital scalesfrom the composite sediment core MV99 GC41/PC14 (2018)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Arellano-Torres, Elsa; Álvarez-Covelli, Catalina; Kasper-Zubillaga, Juan José; Lozano-García, María del Socorro (2019): A 14-ka Record of Dust Input and Phytoplankton Regime Changes in the Subtropical NE Pacific: Oceanic and Terrestrial Processes Linked by Teleconnections at Suborbital Scales. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 34(1), 35-53, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018PA003479
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-07-11
    Description: To study shifts in phytoplankton proxies linked to terrigenous inputs and teleconnections, we analyze the composite core MV99 GC41/PC14 from Soledad Basin, Gulf of Ulloa, NW Mexico. We used biogenic opal (% opal), organic carbon (% TOC) and inorganic carbon (% CaCO3) as proxies of productivity; and opal/TOC and CaCO3/TOC ratios as proxies of nutrient uptake and C-export by siliceous and carbonate organisms. We reconstructed terrestrial inputs using grain size Weibull analyses. Grain size analyses show significant amounts of fine fraction (between 0.06 - 6.6 µm) present during the early- to mid-Holocene in agreement to extreme weather on land, with episodes of aeolian and fluvial transport to the sea. The found that ENSO-like variations influence biological C-export producers on a scale of 1.1-1.8 ka, although PDO-related variability is uncertain. We suggest that Holocene drivers for phytoplankton successions are changes in insolation, ITCZ migration, California Current upwelling, nutrient inputs by advection and terrestrial sources.
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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  • 5
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    Antarctic free-air and complete Bouguer gravity anomaly grid (2016)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Scheinert, Mirko; Ferraccioli, Fausto; Schwabe, Joachim; Bell, Robin E; Studinger, Michael; Damaske, Detlef; Jokat, Wilfried; Aleshkova, Nadezhda D; Jordan, Tom A; Leitchenkov, German L; Blankenship, Donald D; Damiani, Theresa; Young, Duncan A; Cochran, James R; Richter, Thomas (2016): New Antarctic gravity anomaly grid for enhanced geodetic and geophysical studies in Antarctica. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(2), 600-610, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL067439
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-07-11
    Description: Gravity surveying is challenging in Antarctica because of its hostile environment and inaccessibility. Nevertheless, many ground-based, airborne, and shipborne gravity campaigns have been completed by the geophysical and geodetic communities since the 1980s. We present the first modern Antarctic-wide gravity data compilation derived from 13 million data points covering an area of 10 million km**2, which corresponds to 73% coverage of the continent. The remove-compute-restore technique was applied for gridding, which facilitated leveling of the different gravity data sets with respect to an Earth gravity model derived from satellite data alone. The resulting free-air and Bouguer gravity anomaly grids of 10 km resolution are publicly available. These grids will enable new high-resolution combined Earth gravity models to be derived and represent a major step forward toward solving the geodetic polar data gap problem. They provide a new tool to investigate continental-scale lithospheric structure and geological evolution of Antarctica.
    Keywords: Accuracy; Bouguer anomaly; Free-air gravity anomaly; Height above ellipsoid; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Orthometric height; pan-Antarctica; x; y
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 2224256 data points
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  • 6
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    Tree-ring widths of Pinus sylvestris of tree samples Kom1213175b (2018)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrum Archäometrie gGmbH
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-07-11
    Keywords: Age; AGE; DD; Dendro drill; Kom1213175; Lake Kom, Finland; Ring width
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 294 data points
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  • 7
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    Tree-ring widths of Pinus sylvestris of tree samples Kom1213175a (2018)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrum Archäometrie gGmbH
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-07-11
    Keywords: Age; AGE; DD; Dendro drill; Kom1213175; Lake Kom, Finland; Ring width
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 350 data points
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  • 8
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    A global sediment trap database of Mg/Ca in planktic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber (2018)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Gray, William Robert; Weldeab, Syee; Lea, David W; Rosenthal, Yair; Gruber, Nicolas; Donner, Barbara; Fischer, Gerhard (2018): The effects of temperature, salinity, and the carbonate system on Mg/Ca in Globigerinoides ruber (white): A global sediment trap calibration. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 482, 607-620, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.11.026
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-07-11
    Description: The Mg/Ca of planktic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber (white) is a widely applied proxy for tropical and sub-tropical sea-surface temperature. The accuracy with which temperature can be reconstructed depends on how accurately relationships between Mg/Ca and temperature and the multiple secondary controls on Mg/Ca are known; however, these relationships remain poorly quantified under oceanic conditions. Here, we present new calibrations based on 440 sediment trap/plankton tow samples from the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, including 130 new samples from the Bay of Bengal/Arabian Sea and the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Our results indicate temperature, salinity and the carbonate system all significantly influence Mg/Ca in G. ruber (white). We propose two calibration models: The first model assumes pH is the controlling carbonate system parameter. In this model, Mg/Ca has a temperature sensitivity of 6.0 ± 0.8 %/°C (2 Sigma), a salinity sensitivity of 3.3 ± 2.2%/PSU and a pH sensitivity of -8.3 ± 7.7%/0.1 pH units; The second model assumes carbonate ion concentration ([CO3**2-]) is the controlling carbonate system parameter. In this model, Mg/Ca has a temperature sensitivity of 6.7 ± 0.8%/°C, a salinity sensitivity of 5.0 ± 3.0%/PSU and a [CO3**2-] sensitivity of -0.24 ± 0.11/µmol kg**1. In both models, the temperature sensitivity is significantly lower than the widely-applied sensitivity of 9.0 ± 0.6%/°C. Application of our new calibrations to down-core data from the Last Glacial Maximum, considering whole ocean changes in salinity and carbonate chemistry, indicate a cooling of 2.4 ± 1.6 °C in the tropical oceans if pH is the controlling parameter and 1.5 ± 1.4 °C if [CO3**2-] is the controlling parameter.
    Keywords: 110, M31/3-110.4_MSN1; 414; 601; Arabian Sea; Bay of Bengal; Bermuda; BIGSET; Cape Blanc; Carbonate ion; CB_trap; CBi3; Cenderawasih Bay; Day of study; Event label; Formosa Strait; Globigerinoides ruber white, Magnesium/Calcium ratio; GOC_trap; Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California; HAI; IMAGES VII - WEPAMA; Indian Ocean; JAM-1; JAM-2; JGOFS-IN-2; Latitude of event; Location; Longitude of event; M31/3; M31/3_MSN913; M32/5; M32/5_MSN974; M33/1; M33/1_MSN1007; Marion Dufresne (1995); MD122; MD122-PT10; MD122-PT12; MD122-PT17; MD122-PT18; MD122-PT26; Meteor (1986); MOOR; Mooring; Morphotype; MOZ1_trap; MOZ2; Mozambique Channel; MS-5; MSN; Multiple opening/closing net; NBBT-09; Oceanic Flux Program; off Cap Blanc; off south Java; OFP_trap; pH; POS344/1; Poseidon; Reference/source; Salinity; Sample ID; Sargasso Sea; SCIFF_site; SCS_M1s_trap; SCS_M2_trap; SCS_M3_trap; Sigma; Size fraction; SO119; SO119_MSN1284; Sonne; South China Sea; Sulu Sea; Temperature, water; Towed zooplankton net; Trap; TRAP; Trap, sediment; TRAPS
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 7480 data points
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  • 9
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    Marine fossil radiocarbon (14C) compilation up to 2021 (2022)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-07-11
    Description: This dataset includes a global compilation of new and published 14C measurements of benthic foraminifera and deep-sea corals (from 0-to 49872 years BP). We synthesized this new dataset into basin-average 14C ventilation age values over the 25,000 years, along density surfaces associated with the upper and lower cells of global ocean overturning circulation (27.5 and 28 kg m^-3, respectively). The published datasets are from all ocean basins, even those not utilized in our synthesis. We also provide the basin-average estimates for the Atlantic, Southern, and Pacific Oceans as produced by the Rafter et al. 2022 study.
    Keywords: 0050PG; 0066PG; 145-883; 145-887; 146-893A; 167-1019A; 202-1240; 202-1242A; 341-U1419; 35MF20120125, OISO_21, INDIEN SUD 2; 47396B; 50-37KL; 64-480; 90b; AII125-8-55; AII125-8-56; Akademik M.A. Lavrentyev; ALV-3887-1549-004-007; ALV-3887-1549-004-009; ALV-3887-1549-004-012; ALV-3890-1407-003-001; ALV-3891-1459-003-002; ALV-3891-1758-006-003; AMOCINT, IMAGES XVII; ANT-XI/4; ANT-XXIII/9; ANT-XXVI/2; Argentine Basin; ARK-II/5; ARK-X/2; Azores; B34-91; BC; Bering Sea; Binary Object; BO04-PC11; Box corer; Brazil Basin; Burdwood_Bank; CALYPSO; CALYPSO2; Calypso Corer; Calypso Corer II; Calypso square corer; Calypso Square Core System; Canarias Sea; Cape_Horn; Caribbean Sea; CASQ; CASQS; CD159; CD159-10; CD159-15; CD159-17; CD38-17P; Celtic Sea; Cenderawasih Bay; Central Pacific; CH84-14; Charles Darwin; CHAT_10k; CHAT_16k; CHAT-3K; CHAT-5K; Chatham Rise; COMPCORE; Composite Core; Conrad Rise; Core; CORE; Core1471; Core2088; Core21210009; Core2307; Core2631; Core2657; Core2706; Core2774; Core47396; Core654; Core660; Core936; Corner Rise; Denmark Strait; Drake Passage; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; Eastern Equatorial Pacific; Eastern slope of Kurile Basin; East Pacific; Emperor Seamounts; EN06601; EN066-39GGC; Endeavor; Equatorial East Pacific; ESTASE1; EW0408; EW0408-26JC; EW0408-85JC; EW0408-87JC; Exp341; F2-92-P3; F8-90-G21; File content; Galapagos; Galápagos Islands; GC; GC_POI; GeoB1503-1; GeoB2104-3; GeoB7149-2; GeoB7162-6; GeoB7163-7; GeoB7167-6; GGC; GGC5; gh02-1030; Giant box corer; Giant gravity corer; Giant piston corer; GIK17940-1; GIK23243-2 PS05/431; GKG; Glomar Challenger; GPC; Gravity corer; Gravity corer (Kiel type); Gravity corer (POI); GS07-150-17/1GC-A; GS07-150-20/2A; Gulf of Alaska; Gulf of California; H209; H213; HH12-946MC; HU72-021-7; HU89038-8PC; IMAGES III - IPHIS; IMAGES IV-IPHIS III; IMAGES V; IMAGES VIII - MONA; IMAGES VII - WEPAMA; IMAGES XII - MARCO POLO; IMAGES XV - Pachiderme; Indian Ocean; INOPEX; Interim_Seamount; Japan Trench; Jean Charcot; JM-FI-19PC; Joides Resolution; JPC; JPC30; JT96-09; JT96-09PC; Jumbo Piston Core; KAL; KALMAR II; Kasten corer; KL; KN_USA; KN11002; KN159-5; Knorr; KNR073-04-003; KNR110-50; KNR110-66; KNR110-82a; KNR110-82GGC; KNR140; KNR140-01JPC; KNR140-02JPC; KNR140-12JPC; KNR140-2-12JPC; KNR140-2-22JPC; KNR140-22JPC; KNR140-2-30GGC; KNR140-2-51GGC; KNR140-26GGC; KNR140-30GGC; KNR140-37JPC; KNR140-39GGC; KNR140-43GGC; KNR140-50GGC; KNR140-51GGC; KNR140-56GGC; KNR140-66GGC; KNR159-5; KNR159-5-36GGC; KNR159-5-78GGC; KNR176-17GC; KNR178; KNR178-2GGC; KNR178-32JPC; KNR195-5-CDH23; KNR195-5-CDH26; KNR195-5-CDH41; KNR195-5-GGC43; KNR197-10; KNR197-10CDH42; KNR197-10-CDH42; KNR197-10-CDH46; KNR197-10-GGC17; KNR197-10-GGC36; KNR197-10-GGC5; KNR198-CDH36; KNR198-GGC15; KNR31GPC5; KNR733P; KNR734P; KNR736P; KOL; KOMEX; KOMEX II; KR02-15-PC06; Kronotsky Peninsula; KT89-18-P4; Lakshadweep Sea; Laurentian fan; Leg145; Leg146; Leg167; Leg202; Leg64; Le Suroît; LPAZ21P; LV27/GREGORY; LV27-2-4; LV29-114-3; LV29-2; M16/2; M23/2; Marion Dufresne (1972); Marion Dufresne (1995); Maurice Ewing; Mazatlan; MCSEIS; MD012378; MD01-2378; MD012386; MD01-2386; MD012416; MD01-2416; MD012420; MD01-2420; MD022489; MD02-2489; MD022519; MD02-2519; MD03-2697; MD03-2707; MD052896; MD05-2896; MD052904; MD05-2904; MD07-3076; MD07-3076Q; MD07-3088; MD08-3169; MD08-3180; MD09-3256; MD09-3256Q; MD09-3257; MD106; MD111; MD114; MD122; MD12-3396Cq; MD126; MD13; MD134; MD147; MD159; MD168; MD173; MD189; MD77-176; MD972106; MD97-2106; MD972120; MD97-2120; MD972121; MD97-2121; MD972138; MD97-2138; MD982165; MD98-2165; MD982181; MD98-2181; MD99-2334; ME0005A; ME0005A-24JC; ME0005A-43JC; Melville; Meteor (1986); ML1208-01PC; MONITOR MONSUN; MR01-K03; MR06-04_PC04A; MUC; Multichannel seismics; MultiCorer; MV99-GC38; MV99-MC17/GC32/PC10; MV99-MC19/GC31/PC08; NEMO; Nesmeyanov25-1-GGC15; Nesmeyanov25-1-GGC18; Nesmeyanov25-1-GGC20; Nesmeyanov25-1-GGC27; New_England_Seamounts; North Atlantic; North Greenland Sea; North Pacific/Gulf of California/BASIN; North Pacific Ocean; Northwest Atlantic; Norwegian Sea; OCE326-GGC14; OCE326-GGC26; OCE326-GGC5; off Chile; off Nova Scotia; OSIRIS III; Pacific Ocean; PALEOCINAT; PC; Philippine Sea; PICABIA; Piston corer; Piston corer (BGR type); Piston corer (Kiel type); PLDS-007G; PLDS-1; Pleiades; Polarstern; PS05; PS1243-2; PS2606-6; PS2644-2; PS30; PS30/144; PS31; PS31/160; PS69; PS69/907-2; PS69/912-3; PS69/912-4; PS75/059-2; PS75/100-4; PS75/104-1; PS75 BIPOMAC; PUCK; RAPiD-10-1P; RAPiD-15-4P; RAPiD-17-5P; RBDASS05; RC24; RC24-8GC; RC27; RC27-14; RC27-23; Remote operated vehicle; RETRO-2; RNDB-GGC15; RNDB-GGC5; RNDB-PC11; RNDB-PC13; Robert Conrad; ROV; RR0503-36JPC; RR0503-41JPC; RR0503-64JPC; RR0503-79JPC; RR0503-831C; RR0503-83GC; S67-FFC15; S794; S931; Sakhalin shelf and slope; Sars_Seamount; Scotia Sea; Sea of Okhotsk; SEDCO; Sediment corer; Shackleton_Fracture_Zone; SHAK03-6K; SHAK05-3K; SHAK06-4K; SHAK06-5K; SHAK10-10K; SHAK14-4G; Shirshov Ridge; SK129-CR2; SL; Smithsonian_48735.1; SO156/2; SO156/3; SO161/3; SO161/3_22; SO178; SO178-13-6; SO201/2; SO201-2-101; SO201-2-12KL; SO201-2-77; SO201-2-85; SO202/1; SO202/1_18-6; SO213/2; SO213/2_76-2; SO213/2_79-2; SO213/2_82-1; SO213/2_84-1; SO95; Sonne; SOPATRA; South Atlantic; South Atlantic Ocean; South China Sea; Southern Alaska Margin: Tectonics, Climate and Sedimentation; South of Iceland; South Pacific Ocean; South Tasman Rise; Southwest Pacific Ocean; SPOC; Station 6, MD189-3396; SU90-08; Thomas G. Thompson (1964); Thomas Washington; Timor Sea; TNO57-21; TR163-22; TR163-23; TR163-31; TT154-10; TTN13-18; TTXXX; U938; V34; V34-98; V35; V35-5; V35-6; Vema; Vigo; VINO19-4-GGC17; VINO19-4-GGC37; VM21-29; VM21-30; VM23-81; VM28-122; VM28-238; VNTR01; VNTR01-10GC; W8709A; W8709A-13; Wecoma
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 8 data points
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  • 10
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    Glacier mass balance Hallstätter Gletscher, Dachstein, Austria, 2020/21 (2022)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-07-11
    Description: The annual glacier mass balance of Hallstätter Gletscher in Austria is measured since 1.10.2006 with the direct glaciological method in the fixed date system (1.10. to 30. 09. of the following year). The accumulation of snow is measured by determination of the water equivalent in 6 snow pits, the ice ablation is measured with 15 stakes drilled into the ice. Results are the annual net mass balance in kg, the total accumulation and ablation, the glacier area and the portions of the area which are subject to ablation and accumulation, the elevation of the equilibrium line and the specific mass balance in kg/m² (= mm w.e.). The accumulation during the winter is determined by the 1 May. The project is funded by the Federal Government of Upper Austria. The measurements are carried out the Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the company Blue Sky in Gmunden, Austria.
    Keywords: Ablation area; Accumulation area; Accumulation area ratio; DATE/TIME; Equilibrium line altitude; Glaciers Austria; Hallstätter Gletscher, Dachstein, Austria; HSG; Mass balance, total; Mass balance in ablation area; Mass balance in accumulation area; Specific mass balance; Specific mass balance, summer; Specific mass balance, winter; Specific mass balance in the ablation area; Specific mass balance in the accumulation area; Total area
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 13 data points
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