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  • English  (65,317)
  • 2020-2024  (59,905)
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  • 1
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    Application of Probability and Statistics on GNSS Data to Analyze TEC Anomalies Generated by Earthquakes (2024)
    In:  Selected Studies in Geophysics, Tectonics and Petroleum Geosciences : Proceedings of the 3rd Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-3) | Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-19
    Description: Ionospheric disturbances are associated with the propagation of seismic waves generated by earthquakes. We analyze total electron content (TEC) fluctuations from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) data. This study investigates the global earthquakes from December 2004 to March 2020 with magnitude (Mw) 4.0 to 9.1. Data of 65 permanent GNSS stations are used to analyze the impacts of these earthquakes on the ionosphere. The experimental data based on the cluster sampling method ensure strict conditions such as accuracy, the distance from the monitoring stations to the epicenter, and the depth of the hypocenter. At least three GNSS stations near the epicenter participate in the analysis of each earthquake. Probability and statistics are applied to remove outliers and rough errors in the input data, to select datasets with similar quality, and to analyze TEC anomalies. The results show that when a strong earthquake occurs, the TEC values calculated at different GNSS stations surrounding the earthquake region tend to exhibit similar variations. Depending on the magnitude, epicenter, and hypocenter depth, these fluctuations can range from ± 3.2 TECU to ± 14.5 TECU for large earthquakes. These TEC fluctuations occur from 30 min to almost two hours before the mainshock of the earthquakes and last to the aftershock period. For earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 6.0 Mw, the TEC fluctuations are significant. The findings of this study contribute to GNSS applications in studying earthquakes in the future.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 2
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    K-Fold Cross-Validation: An Effective Hyperparameter Tuning Technique in Machine Learning on GNSS Time Series for Movement Forecast (2024)
    In:  Recent Research on Geotechnical Engineering, Remote Sensing, Geophysics and Earthquake Seismology : Proceedings of the 1st MedGU, Istanbul 2021 (Volume 3) | Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-19
    Description: In deformation analysis, irregularly spaced data, extreme values, and anomalies in time series can lead to misleading simulations for forecast models, such as overfitting and underfitting. Therefore, K-fold cross-validation is one of the hyperparameter tuning techniques used in machine learning (ML) to deal with these problems. In this study, we use data from 22 permanent GNSS stations to predict the motion trajectory of the Earth’s crust. Lag functions and sampling techniques are applied to generate 924-time series samples. Time series standardization techniques are also performed to improve the quality of data. To test the efficiency of the K-fold cross-validation method, we investigate 26 mathematical models based on six ML algorithms. The optimal K values are selected through trial methods. Root mean squared error (RMSE) of validation and test is the basis for determining the overfitting and underfitting models. The investigations show that the optimal intervals of K-fold range from five to ten folds for the GNSS time series with many anomalies, jumps, and significant variations, from three to ten for stable time series. The sensitivity of cross-validation is more effective on the time series of the Up component than those of the North and East components. In addition, cross-validation can also detect effectively overfitting and underfitting for forecast models in motion of permanent GNSS stations.
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Impact of CaCl2-induced chemical pressure on the phase transition of H2O at high pressure (2024)
    In:  Physical Review B
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-19
    Description: Understanding the phase behavior and structural properties of salt water at high pressures is essential for understanding the dynamics and physical characteristics of icy planets. In this study, we employed high-pressure experimental and ab initio simulation techniques to investigate the impact of CaCl2 on the structure of ice VII. Our findings reveal that 1.8 mol% CaCl2 can be incorporated into the ice VII structure above 10 GPa. This CaCl2-bearing ice VII (Cb VII) exhibits a lower O-H stretching frequency in the Raman spectra as well as a reduced volume of the unit cell compared to pure ice VII. In contrast to doping ice VII with other salts such as LiCl and NaCl that leads to an increase of the ice VII to ice X transition pressure occurring at 100–150 GPa, CaCl2 doping stands out by reducing the transition pressure. It shifts the transition to a pressure of 52 GPa, which is significantly lower than the transition pressure of 80 GPa in the pure H2O ice system. This notable distinction highlights the unique influence of CaCl2 on the phase behavior of water under high pressure, and we attribute these effects to the phenomenon of chemical pressure induced by CaCl2 within the ice VII structure. Our study suggests that the presence of a modified ice VII phase, contaminated with salt and referred to as Cb VII, may influence the composition, structure, and evolution of planets.
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Loss and damage and climate litigation: The case for greater interlinkage (2021)
    In:  Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-19
    Description: With the negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) failing to provide adequate support to climate victims, vulnerable countries, nongovernmental organizations and affected communities are increasingly exploring legal avenues to obtain recourse for loss and damage. This article contributes to the emerging scholarship on climate litigation by exploring whether, how and with what effects such litigation interacts with the UNFCCC negotiations. For this purpose, the article contextualizes normative claims about the influence of climate court cases through practice‐embedded views of stakeholders in the loss and damage context and provides a typology of loss and damage‐related cases. Having due regard to the fact that litigation for liability and compensation of climate harms is still at an early stage, it argues that this legal avenue offers significant potential to advance the UNFCCC negotiations on loss and damage, and provides recommendations on how both spheres can be more strongly interlinked.
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Does climate action bring peace? Assessing the geopolitics of renewables using global investment data (2023)
    In:  npj climate action
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-19
    Description: The transition toward renewables is central to climate action. The paper empirically tests whether renewables also enhance international peace, a hypothesis discussed in the International Political Economy (IPE) of renewables literature. It develops and tests hypotheses about the pacifying effects of renewables, with a view to establishing the foundations for analyzing more detailed causal mechanisms. These mechanisms rest on the ‘energy democracy’ debate, suggesting that a low carbon world sees less interstate tension thanks to more states being democratic; the ‘capitalist peace’ theorem, establishing that the deployment of renewables brings about economic development, reducing conflict; and the human security literature, positing that renewables reduce local-level reduce vulnerabilities, thus enhancing social stability and reducing violence. Using a longitudinal dataset on global renewable energy investment, econometric tests suggest that distributed renewable energy systems do not seem to foster democratic rule, nor do they have a significant influence on human development. Countering the energy democracy literature, it is a higher concentration of renewable investment that tends to increase stability/ absence of violence and human development, instead of decentralized investment patterns. We find no evidence for the ‘peace through prosperity’ argument. Overall, there is no support for the assumption that renewables bring about peace and reduce conflict. The paper critically discusses the limitations of these findings and suggests further avenues for empirical research.
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Visions for our future regional electricity system: Citizen preferences in four EU countries (2024)
    In:  iScience
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-19
    Description: As climate targets tighten, all countries must transition toward a renewable electricity system, but conflicts about generation and infrastructure deployment impede transition progress. Although the triggers of opposition are well studied, what people want remains understudied. We survey citizen preferences for a renewable electricity future through a conjoint analysis among 4,103 individuals in Denmark, Portugal, Poland, and Germany. With our study we go beyond the Likert scale survey approach specifically seeking trade-offs and contextualized preferences for regional electricity system designs. We show the importance of identifying both the ‘‘least preferred’’ and ‘‘most preferred’’ solutions and highlighting the possibility of identifying very different systems with identical utility. Lastly, our research actively bridges the divide between social aspects and techno-economic modeling, promoting their integration. We show that the most preferred system design in all four countries is a predominantly regional one, based on rooftop solar, communally owned, and not relying on transmission expansion.
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    From regime‐building to implementation: Harnessing the UN climate conferences to drive climate action (2022)
    In:  Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - Climate Change
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-19
    Description: The gap between the internationally agreed climate objectives and tangible emissions reductions looms large. We explore how the supreme decision-making body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Conference of the Parties (COP), could develop to promote more effective climate policy. We argue that promoting implementation of climate action could benefit from focusing more on individual sectoral systems, particularly for mitigation. We consider five key governance functions of international institutions to discuss how the COP and the sessions it convenes could advance implementation of the Paris Agreement: guidance and signal, rules and standards, transparency and accountability, means of implementation, and knowledge and learning. In addition, we consider the role of the COP and its sessions as mega-events of global climate policy. We identify opportunities for promoting sectoral climate action across all five governance functions and for both the COP as a formal body and the COP sessions as conducive events. Harnessing these opportunities would require stronger involvement of national ministries in addition to the ministries of foreign affairs and environment that traditionally run the COP process, as well as stronger involvement of non-Party stakeholders within formal COP processes. This article is categorized under: Policy and Governance 〉 International Policy Framework
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Process ownership in science–practice collaborations: the special role of transdisciplinary processes in sustainable transitioning (2023)
    In:  Sustainability science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-19
    Description: The complexity and importance of environmental, societal, and other challenges require new forms of science and practice collaboration. We first describe the complementarity of method-driven, theory-based, and (to the extent possible) validated scientific knowledge in contrast to real-world, action-based, and contextualized experimental knowledge. We argue that a thorough integration of these two modes of knowing is necessary for developing ground-breaking innovations and transitions for sustainable development. To reorganize types of science–practice collaborations, we extend Stokes’s Pasteur’s quadrant with its dimensions for the relevance of (i) (generalized) fundamental knowledge and (ii) applications when introducing (iii) process ownership, i.e., who controls the science–practice collaboration process. Process ownership is a kind of umbrella variable which comprises leadership (with the inflexion point of equal footing or co-leadership) and mutuality (this is needed for knowledge integration and developing socially robust orientations) which are unique selling points of transdisciplinarity. The extreme positions of process ownership are applied research (science takes control) and consulting (practice takes process ownership). Ideal transdisciplinary processes include authentic co-definition, co-representation, co-design, and co-leadership of science and practice. We discuss and grade fifteen approaches on science–practice collaboration along the process ownership scale and reflect on the challenges to make transdisciplinarity real.
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Codes of Conduct for Collaboration as Social Rule Systems for Transdisciplinary Processes (2024)
    In:  Systemic practice and action research
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-19
    Description: This paper addresses the need for effective and fair codes of conduct for public-good-oriented transdisciplinary processes. These processes are characterized by the production of socially robust orientations (SoROs) through mutual learning and developing better action strategies by merging knowledge from practice and science. We argue that transdisciplinary processes should be governed by an appropriate social rule system that comprises codes of conduct for collaboration (CCC) in transdisciplinary discourses. In our view, participants in a transdisciplinary process must (1) follow rules of mutuality between science and practice (accepting the otherness of the other) and (2) enable the use and integration of knowledge from science and practice (e.g., through responsibility and/or co-leadership at all levels of a project). This requires (3) a protected discourse arena similar to an expanded Chatham House Rule that facilitates the generation of groundbreaking, novel ideas for sustainable transition. In transdisciplinary processes, CCC are based on these three perspectives and can be explicitly introduced yet require cultural and situational adaptations. Many aspects of transdisciplinary processes, such as legal status (e.g., who owns the data generated, whether it is a group or formal organization), are often unclear and need further investigation.
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Is carbon dioxide removal ‘mitigation of climate change’? (2021)
    In:  Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-19
    Description: Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is often characterized as separate from climate change mitigation. Discussion of CDR governance – despite enjoying growing interest – tends to overlook how key provisions on mitigation apply. Similarly, many climate policy processes have ignored CDR. CDR may have been discursively held separate from ‘mitigation’ due to a partial conceptual overlap with ‘geoengineering’. We unpack how the ‘mitigation of climate change’ – as defined in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Paris Agreement – includes CDR as defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. We point to important implications and opportunities for strengthening governance by enhanced clarity regarding parties’ obligations, principled equitable distribution of removal efforts, prioritization of rapid emissions reductions and careful paths to long-term removals, and a need for considering sustainability and human rights issues in the pursuit of CDR.
    Language: English
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