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  • 1
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    Unknown
    In:  Rock Mechanics for Natural Resources and Infrastructure Development - Full Papers : Proceedings of the 14th International Congress on Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering (ISRM 2019), September 13-18, 2019, Foz Do Iguassu, Brazil | Proceedings in Earth and geosciences ; 6
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 2
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    Unknown
    Universität Potsdam
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: The branch of seismology that deals with strong motion refers to seismic events that are hazardous to society in general.Two aspects drive the development in strong-motion seismology: First comes the societal need to understand the earth-quake hazard and to mitigate the associated risk. While the hazard changed little during human history, the risk in-creases steadily. A growing population—also in the most earthquake-prone regions of the world—and a more and morevulnerable infrastructure contribute to higher exposure to seismic events and higher vulnerability in case an earthquakestruck. The second driver in strong-motion seismology is shared with many other fields: the technological advancement.The available options for processing more and more data is unprecedented in human history and are still not exhausted.Both drivers also pose new challenges as in how to interpret and make use of the data.The scientific question, on the other hand, is clear: What can we learn from the rupture process (the source of earth-quakes), Earth’s structure (the medium through which seismic wave travels), and their interactions (how does an earth-quake affect its surrounding medium)? The question is broad and this thesis can focus only for specific aspects of thisquestion and provide answers for them. To reach the answers, I developed several new algorithms and models, all rootedin the concept of the likelihood function.Seismicity (and population alike) is concentrated along the tectonic plate boundaries. Different earthquake typesoccur at these boundaries and their characteristics in terms of ground shaking are considerably different. It is thereforeimportant to classify earthquakes according to their style of faulting. This classification is the objective of ACE (angularclusterization with expectation-maximization). Founded on the geomechanical principles, ACE provides earthquakeclassifications which can be applied not only for ground-motion related topics but also to study the Earth’s stress field.The development of reliable ground-motion models requires waveform data of high quality. Instrument related errorscan compromise the data quality, however, with large archives of waveform data, the correction for spurious s cannot behandled manually anymore. To alleviate the effect of instrument related data shifts, I developed the integrated combinedbaseline modification (ICBM). This routine is implemented during the data pre-processing and is particularly necessarywhen determining integrated quantities from acceleration records, such as coseismic displacement and radiated seismicenergy.Radiated seismic energy plays a major role in the development of a new type of ground-motion model that uses thesite-dependent energy estimates to model the seismic radiation pattern at lower frequencies of the earthquake amplitudespectrum. This kind of ground-motion model performs better when relating ground motion to earthquake triggeredlandslides, which is demonstrated with the landslides triggered by the 2016MW7.1 Kumamoto earthquake which struckcentral Kyushu (Japan). In this case study, it is also shown that the landslide movement direction is to some extent linkedto the seismic wave polarization.The preferred mathematical model in ground-motion model development is the mixed-effect model. However, themost widely used formalism does not allow data weighting beyond directly related measurement errors and weightsderived from ACE would inadvertently bias the model. To overcome this problem, I derived the model estimators onthe basis of the weighted likelihood. The derivation is exhaustive to allow for any of the currently used model types onthe basis of mixed effects to be augmented with data weighting. This formalism in connection with ACE allows for atransparent model development and also avoids model choices on subjective expert judgment
    Description: Der Teil der Seismologie, der sich mit starker Bodenbewegung beschäftigt, bezieht sich auf seismische Ereignisse, dieallgemein ein Gefahrenpotenzial für die Gesellschaft darstellen. Die Seismologie der starken Bodenbewegung wird vonzwei Aspekten angetrieben: An erster Stelle kommt die gesellschaftliche Notwendigkeit, die Erdbebengefährdung zuverstehen und das damit verbundene Risiko zu vermeiden. Während die Gefährdung durch Erdbeben kaum Änderun-gen in der Geschichte der Menschheit unterlag, so wächst das Risiko andererseits kontinuierlich an. Eine wachsendeBevölkerung, insbesondere in den am stärksten von Erdbeben geprägten Regionen der Welt, und eine mehr und mehrstörungsanfällige Infrastruktur, tragen dazu bei, seismische Ereignissen vermehrt ausgesetzt zu sein, bei gleichzeitighöherem Schadenspotenzial. Der zweite Antrieb in der Seismologie wird mit vielen anderen Forschungsfeldern geteilt:der technische Fortschritt. Die verfügbaren Möglichkeiten beim Verarbeiten immer größerer Datenmengen sindbeispiellos in der Geschichte und sind bisher noch nicht erschöpft. Beide Triebfedern stellen aber auch neue Heraus-forderungen dar, inwiefern die Daten zu interpretieren sind und wie man sie nutzbar macht.Andererseits ist die wissenschaftliche Frage klar: Was können wir aus Bruchprozessen (als Erdbebenursachen), demAuf bau der Erde (als Medium, durch welches sich die seismischen Wellen ausbreiten), sowie deren Interaktion (inwiefernbeeinflusst das Beben das umgebende Gesteinsmedium)? Diese Frage ist breit gestellt und diese Abhandlung kann sichletztlich nur auf einige Punkte beziehen und Antworten dazu liefern. Um Antworten zu finden, habe ich mehrere neueAlgorithmen und Modelle entwickelt, die allesamt auf dem Konzept der Likelihood-Funktion beruhen.Seismizität (sowie auch die Bevölkerung) ist stark an den Rändern der tektonischen Platten konzentriert. An denPlattenrändern treten verschiedene Erdbebentypen mit teils erheblich abweichenden Eigenschaften auf. Daher ist esvon Wichtigkeit, Erdbeben nach ihrem Verwerfungstyp zu klassifizieren. Das Ziel von ACE (angular clusterization withexpectation-maximization, zu dt. ungefähr Winkelgruppenbestimmung mit Erwartungswertmaximierung) ist genaudiese Klassifizierung. Auf geomechanischen Prinzipien basierend, können die Erdbebenklassifizierungen mittels ACEnicht nur auf Themen der Bodenbewegungen angewandt werden, sondern auch zur Untersuchung des Spannungsfeldesder Erde herangezogen werden.Der Entwicklung von verlässlichen Bodenbewegungsmodellen bedarf es Wellenformdaten hoher Güte. Instrumentenbezogene Fehler können die Qualität beeinträchtigen, jedoch ist eine manuelle Korrektur großer Datenmengen nichtmehr umsetzbar. Um Instrumentenfehler, die sich in Verschiebungen in den Daten zeigen, zu reduzieren, habe icheine Nulllinienkorrektur entwickelt (ICBM, integrated combined baseline modification, zu dt. integriert kombinierteNulllinienmodifikation). Dieser Algorithmus wird in der Datenvorbereitung eingesetzt und ist insbesondere dannnotwendig, wenn integrierte Größen auf Grundlage von Beschleunigungsdaten bestimmt werden, wie statischer Ver-satz eines Erdbebens als auch abgestrahlte seismische Energie.Abgestrahlte seismische Energie spielt eine herausragende Rolle in der Entwicklung einer neuen Art von Bodenbewe-gungsmodell, welches anstellen von Magnituden stationsabhängige Energieabschätzungen nutzt, um die Erdbebenab-strahlcharakteristik auf tieferen Frequenzen des Erdbebenspektrums zu beschreiben. Diese Art Bodenbewegungsmodellist besser geeignet, wenn Bodenbewegungen in Bezug zu Hangrutschungen, welche durch Erdbeben verursacht wur-den, gesetzt werden. Als Beispiel dienen hier die Hangrutschungen, die 2016 durch das Erdbeben in Zentralkyuschu(Japan) mit einer Momentenmagnitude von 7.1 verursacht wurden. In dieser Fallstudie wird auch aufgezeigt, wie dieBewegungsrichtung der Hangrutschungen zu einem gewissen Grad durch die Ausrichtung des seismischen Wellenfeldesbeeinflusst werden.Das bevorzugte mathematische Modell in der Seismologie zur Beschreibung starker Bodenbewegungen ist das gemis-chte Modell. Jedoch lässt der weitläufig angewendete Formalismus nur die Einbettung von Gewichten in Form vonMessunsicherheiten zu. Gewichte wie sie von ACE erzeugt werden, die in keinem direkten Bezug zur Messgröße stehen,liefern zwangsläufig verzerrte Ergebnisse. Um dieses Problem zu umgehen, habe ich Parameterschätzer auf Basis einergewichteten Likelihood hergeleitet. Die rigorose Herleitung erlaubt sämtliche Arten des gemischten Modells, wie siezur Beschreibung von Bodenbewegungen genutzt werde, mit Datengewichtungen zu kombinieren. Dieser Formalis-mus in Verbindung mit ACE erlaubt die Entwicklung nachvollziehbarer Modelle und vermeidet Entscheidungen aufsubjektiver Expertenmeinung.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Call number: S 97.0506(680-4)
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 122 Seiten , Diagramme
    ISBN: 9783947716005
    Series Statement: DGMK Forschungsbericht 680, 4
    Former Title: Fortsetzung von Hou, Michael Z., 1963 - Numeric investigations on frac propagation in tight gas reservoirs with the FDM program FLAC3D
    Former Title: Fortsetzung von Numeric investigations on frac propagation in tight gas reservoirs with the FDM program FLAC3D
    Language: English
    Note: Text englisch mit englischer und deutscher Zusammenfassung
    Location: Lower compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-05-15
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Version History:09 June 2020:Release of Version 0002. This is an update of Version 0001 of the same data set. All changes and updates are documented in the changelog available via the data download section. Previously released versions of this data set are available at ftp://isdcftp.gfz-potsdam.de/grace/GravIS/GFZ/Level-3/ICE/old_versions---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GRACE/GRACE-FO Level-3 products representing ice-mass changes for the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) and the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS). The ice-mass changes are provided both as basin average product and as gridded product.Basin-average ice-mass changes are obtained using the inversion procedure based on a forward modelling approach as described in Sasgen et al. (2013) for the AIS and Sasgen et al. (2012) for the GIS.Gridded ice-mass changes are provided at polar-stereographic grids with a grid spacing of 50 x 50 km^2. The applied algorithm is based on tailored sensitivity kernels (Groh & Horwath, 2016), and has also been used to generate gravimetric mass balance products within the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI) projects for the AIS and the GIS.These Level-3 products are visualized at GFZ's web portal GravIS (http://gravis.gfz-potsdam.de).Link to data products: ftp://isdcftp.gfz-potsdam.de/grace/GravIS/GFZ/Level-3/ICE
    Keywords: Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) ; GRACE Follow-on (GRACE-FO) ; Level-3 ; Mass ; Mass Transport ; Ice-mass Change ; Time Variable Gravity ; Antarctic Mass Balance ; Greenland Mass Balance ; Sea-level Change ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GRAVITY/GRAVITATIONAL FIELD ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder 〉 GRACE
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 5
    Call number: M 24.95594
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 302 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISBN: 978-3-934027-27-5 , 9783934027275
    ISSN: 1437-3246
    Series Statement: Kölner Forum für Geologie und Paläontologie 24/2019
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Preface / H.-G. Herbig, M. Aretz, M.R.W. Amler & S. Hartenfels Field trip Al: The Uppermost Devonian and Lower Carboniferous in the type area of Southern Belgium / J. Denayer, C. Prestianni, B. Mottequin & E. POTY Field Trip A2: The Pennsylvanian of the Ruhr Basin and Osnabruck region, western Germany - facies, stratigraphy, and tectonics of a paralic foreland basin of the Variscides / V. Wrede, G. Drozdzewski, D. Juch, A. Leipner & M. Sowiak Field Trip A3: The classical Central European Permian: Continental "Rotliegend", marine "Zechstein", and the Permian-Triassic Transition in Germany / J. Schneider, T. Wotte, B. Gaitzsch, R. Werneburg, S. Zeibig & F. Scholze Field Trip Cl: The Mississippian Kulm Basin of the Rhenish Mountains, western Germany - fauna, facies, and stratigraphy of a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic foreland basin / H.-G. Herbig, D. Korn, M.R.W. Amler, S. Hartenfels & H. Jäger Field Trip C2: Pennsylvanian-Permian of the Saar-Nahe Basin, SW Germany / S. Voigt, T. Schindler, H. Thum & J. Fischer Field Trip C3: The Pennsylvanian-Permian of the Southern Alps (Carnic Alps/Karavanke Mts.), Austria/ Italy/Slovenia - fauna, facies and stratigraphy of a mixed carbonate- siliciclastic shallow marine platform along the northwestern Palaeotethys margin / M. Novak, H.C. Forke & H.P. Schönlaub
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 6
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    Utrecht University, Department of Earth Sciences
    In:  Utrecht Studies in Earth Sciences
    Publication Date: 2024-05-14
    Description: GPS satellite observations indicate that in the tectonically complex eastern Mediterranean and east African regions microplates rotate counterclockwise with respect to the neighboring African plate. Using 3D numerical models, Glerum relates these observations of crustal deformation to the dynamics of the lithosphere and the underlying mantle that may cause this deformation. Glerum first describes her additions to the ASPECT software necessary for numerically modeling the upper mantle and lithosphere dynamics of convergent and divergent plate boundaries. These additions include the tracking of multiple materials with different physical properties and nonlinear viscous as well as viscoplastic rheologies. The implementations of complex, multi-material rheologies are verified with well-known 2D benchmarks and multi-material viscoplasticity is applied in 3D time-dependent thermomechanical models of oceanic subduction. Subsequently, Glerum uses ASPECT to investigate the sensitivity of horizontal surface motions to individual geodynamic processes in the eastern Mediterranean. Identification of all mantle drivers that should participate in modeling attempts to explain observations of crustal flow is essential to fully exploit the information contained by surface motions about their driving processes. Glerum therefore employs 3D data-driven instantaneous dynamics models of compressible flow including a complete set of possible mantle drivers of surface deformation. The reference instantaneous flow model results indicate that mantle processes can explain a large part of the crustal motion of the Aegean-Anatolian microplate. Subsequent systematic perturbations of model properties with respect to this reference model help estimate the individual contributions of tectonic plate motions, slab pull and trench suction, and density-induced mantle flow interacting with the slab and overlying plates while moderated by the mantle’s bulk viscosity. In order of regional importance, the predicted crustal flow of the Aegean-Anatolian region is most sensitive to slab pull, followed by slab-mantle interaction and basal drag, mantle rheology, and the absolute plate motion reference frame. Lastly, Glerum demonstrates a possible mechanism for the counterclockwise rotation of the Victoria microplate in the East African Rift System, which is in striking contrast to the clockwise motion of the surrounding plates. 3D models of the divergent system show that Victoria’s rotation can be caused by the drag of the African and Somalian plates along the strong edges of the microplate, while the rift segments along inherited lithospheric weaknesses facilitate Victoria’s rotation. The amount of rotation is therefore primarily controlled by the distribution of preexisting stronger regions and the weaker Precambrian mobile belts that surround Victoria. The induced counterclockwise rotation of the microplate leads to a clockwise shift of the local extension direction from E-W to more WNW-ESE along the overlapping rift branches. Comparison of the resulting predicted stress field and tectonic regimes to observations helps to elucidate the interpretation of local stress and strain indicators and to reconcile different opening models used to interpret the East African Rift System.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
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  • 7
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    Unknown
    transcript Verlag
    Publication Date: 2024-05-12
    Description: When talking about monuments, size undeniably matters – or does it? But how else can we measure monumentality? Bringing together researchers from various fields such as archaeology, museology, history, sociology, Mesoamerican studies, and art history, this book discusses terminological and methodological approaches in both theoretical contributions and various case studies. While focusing on architectural aspects, this volume also discusses the social meaning of monuments, the role of forced and free labour, as well as textual monumentality. The result is a modern interdisciplinary take on an important concept which is notoriously difficult to define. When talking about monuments, size undeniably matters – or does it? But how else can we measure monumentality? Bringing together researchers from various fields such as archaeology, museology, history, sociology, Mesoamerican studies, and art history, this book discusses terminological and methodological approaches in both theoretical contributions and various case studies. While focusing on architectural aspects, this volume also discusses the social meaning of monuments, the role of forced and free labour, as well as textual monumentality. The result is a modern interdisciplinary take on an important concept which is notoriously difficult to define.
    Keywords: Monumentality ; Architecture ; Energetics ; Identity ; Labour ; Monument ; Perception ; Reception ; Cultural History ; Ancient History ; History ; Monumentality ; Architecture ; Energetics ; Identity ; Labour ; Monument ; Perception ; Reception ; Cultural History ; Ancient History ; History ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHC Ancient history
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-05-11
    Description: A hitherto unpublished scripture of Buddhist dharani literature, the Vajratuṇḍasamayakalparāja has been recently discovered in five Nepalese manuscripts. This rare Sanskrit text from around the fifth century focuses on the ritual practice of thaumaturgic weather control for successful agriculture by the vidyadhara spell-master, linking the incantation tradition to the economic power of the Nepalese Buddhist community.
    Keywords: Nepal ; Indology ; Incantation ; Sanskrit ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHM Australasian and Pacific history ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRF Buddhism
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Taylor & Francis | Routledge
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: The twentieth century has been described (e.g., Piskorski 2015 ) as a century of displacement. While globally the comparative scale of involuntary population movement may not have diff ered signifi cantly from earlier centuries, its perception has changed radically, leading in the early twenty- fi rst century to the dramatic resurgence of xenophobic populism across Europe and beyond (see Kaya 2017 ; De Cesari and Kaya 2019). Throughout the ‘refugee crisis’ of the 2010s, the German government’s moderate policy towards new migrants was widely criticised. The ideological foundation for that policy was, arguably, the country’s experience of integrating millions of ethnic German expellees and refugees from Central and Eastern Europe in the aftermath of the Second World War.
    Keywords: Germans ; Europe ; homelands ; heritage ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Taylor & Francis | Routledge
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: food supply; environmental aspects; sustainable agriculture; nutrition policy
    Keywords: food supply ; environmental aspects ; sustainable agriculture ; nutrition policy ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning
    Language: English
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