ALBERT

Beschreibung: MAARE is an interdisciplinary research initiative to enhance our understanding of magma ascent, accumulation and reservoir evolution in intra-continental settings. Examples of core questions addressed by the MAARE research initiative comprise: · What are past and current conditions in transcrustal magmatic reservoirs at different depths? · How do magmatic fluids migrate through the crust and how do they trigger reservoir unrest? · What are the spatio-temporal controls on volcanism in low-flux systems? · What are realistic eruption scenarios and forecast uncertainties in low probability, high impact volcanic regions? · How can distributed volcanic fields be monitored in a comprehensive manner and how can small precursory signals reliably be interpreted? · What are pitfalls in communicating volcanic hazard research and risk? The aim of the lecture series is to develop a common understanding of the key questions, to develop new ideas and to initiate joint research projects.

Beschreibung: This document presents the developed code, porousMedia4Foam, an open-source hydrogeochemical package that can decipher fluid flow and chemical reactive processes occurring within multi- {scale, dimensional, phase, compositional} environments. This report gives details regarding the installation of porousMedia4Foam, running the first simulations and describing many application cases in single-phase and multiphase systems.

Beschreibung: In this interim report, the studies on geothermal fluids carried out in Turkey, France and Iceland geothermal fields are explained.

Beschreibung: The ionosphere is a complex and highly variable physical system with the F-layer, which occupies at the highest altitude, contains the greatest concentration of free electrons. Under the extreme circumstance of the ionosphere such as in the periods of high solar activity or magnetic storms or simply in the equinoctial months each year, this layer is very often disturbed. During the disturbances, the small-scale irregularities develop and disperse microwave radio signals, and thus generate rapid fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of satellite signals. This phenomenon causes the ionosphere to be scintillated and is called ionospheric scintillation. The impacts of scintillation cannot be mitigated by the multi-frequency technique that is very effective when dealing with ionospheric delay. Consequently, ionospheric scintillation is one of the most significant threats for space geodetic techniques, especially for stations operating in the polar regions or areas near the equator. To study ionospheric scintillation, alternative methods have been proposed including the method of using high-rate receivers to directly output S4 index over Vietnam region and the method of using standard GNSS dual-frequency to calculate ROTI index on a global scale. Main results of this thesis are the temporal variations of total number electron (TEC) in Southeast Asia for eleven consecutive years and the appearance characteristics of scintillation over this area as well as globally during solar cycle 24 (SC24). For space geodesy, electromagnetic waves are most vulnerable in the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) as this region has many potential risks of errors for satellite signals. The research area (Southeast Asia) is also located entirely within the EIA. In this thesis, the temporal - latitudinal VTEC maps have been established to study the modifications of EIA’s structure. Thereby, the featured occurrence of EIA crests in Southeast Asia is revealed. Also, the global morphology of anomaly crests averaged over 11-year period shows the worldwide distribution of EIA crests during SC24. Throughout the thesis, the high consistency between the state of the ionosphere and the activity status of the Sun is evidenced by high correlations between VTEC and solar indices. In which, the radio flux index (F10.7 cm) is proved to be more agreeable to the VTEC development than the sunspot number (SSN). The behaviour of the ionosphere during intense magnetic storms is also investigated. The results show that the structure of EIA is often highly volatile during these severe ionospheric conditions.

Beschreibung: Die Ionosphäre ist ein komplexes und hochvariables physikalisches System, wobei die am höchsten gelegene F-Schicht die höchste Konzentration an freien Elektronen enthält. Unter den extremen Bedingungen der Ionosphäre, wie beispielsweise in den Perioden hoher Sonnenaktivität oder magnetischer Stürme oder einfach in den Äquinoktialmonaten eines jeden Jahres, ist diese Schicht der Ionosphäre häufig gestört. Während der Störungen propagieren und zerstreuen die kleinräumigen Unregelmäßigkeiten Mikrowellen-Radiosignale und erzeugen so schnelle Schwankungen in der Amplitude und in der Phase der Satellitensignale. Dieses Phänomen führt zu einer Szintillation der Ionosphäre und wird oft als ionosphärische Szintillation bezeichnet. Im Prinzip können die Auswirkungen der Szintillation nicht durch die Mehrfrequenztechnik verringert werden, die bei der Behandlung der ionosphärischen Verzögerung sehr effektiv ist. Aus diesen Gründen ist die ionosphärische Szintillation eine der größten Herausforderungen für geodätische Weltraumtechniken, insbesondere für Messstationen, die in den Polarregionen oder in äquatornahen Gebieten einschließlich Südostasiens arbeiten. Zur Untersuchung der ionosphärischen Szintillation wurden alternative Methoden vorgeschlagen, darunter die Methode der Verwendung von Hochfrequenz-Empfängern zur direkten Ausgabe des S4-Index über der Region Vietnam und die Methode der Verwendung der standardmäßigen GNSS Zweifrequenzmessungen zur Berechnung des ROTI-Index zur Untersuchung ionosphärischer Unregelmäßigkeiten im globalen Maßstab. Die Hauptergebnisse der Arbeit beinhalten die zeitlichen Variationen des Gesamtelektroneninhalts (total electron content, TEC) in Südostasien für elf aufeinander folgende Jahre und die Erscheinungsmerkmale der Szintillation während des 24. Sonnenzyklus (SC24) sowohl über diesem Gebiet als auch auf globaler Ebene. Für die Weltraumgeodäsie sind elektromagnetische Wellen in der äquatorialen Anomalie der Ionosphäre (equatorial ionization anomaly, EIA) am anfälligsten, da diese Region viele potenzielle Fehlerrisiken für Satellitensignale aufweist, welche bei der Übertragung aus dem Weltraum die Ionosphäre durchqueren. Das Forschungsgebiet (Südostasien) befindet sich ebenfalls vollständig innerhalb der EIA. In dieser Arbeit wurden die zeit und breitenabhängigen Karten des VTEC erstellt, um die Veränderungen der Struktur der EIA zu untersuchen. Dabei wird das charakteristische Vorkommen von Kämmen der EIA-Anomalie in Südostasien offen gelegt. Außerdem zeigt die globale Morphologie der Anomalie-Kämme, gemittelt über einen Zeitraum von elf Jahren, die weltweite Verteilung der EIA-Kämme während des SC24. Der starke Zusammenhang zwischen dem Zustand der Ionosphäre und dem Aktivitätszustand der Sonne wird durch hohe Korrelationen zwischen dem VTEC und den Sonnenindizes einschließlich der Sonnenfleckenzahl (sunspot number, SSN) und dem Radioflussindex F10,7 cm belegt. Auch das Verhalten der Ionosphäre während intensiver magnetischer Stürme wird untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Struktur der EIA unter diesen extremen ionosphärischen Bedingungen häufig sehr volatil ist.

Beschreibung: The Earth’s upper atmosphere – a part of it, the ionosphere- is a dynamic partly ionized region with temporal and spatial variations under different phases of solar activity. The ionosphere being a dispersive medium causes signal strength fluctuation, propagation delay, signal attenuation, and signal degradation. These have constituted significant threats to both communication and navigation systems operating in microwave band which is due to the presence of high electron density and its irregularities. The key parameter of the ionosphere which is closely related to most of these delay effects on radio signals is the electron density and density gradients, in particular - its vertical integral, the Total Electron Content (TEC) which can be estimated from the Global Positioning System (GPS) data. The estimated TEC profiles, and TEC perturbation are studied to gain insights into the occurrence of irregular structures in the ionosphere and their distribution. One of the ionospheric irregularities located within the F region, and E region top side are Traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). TIDs are propagating perturbations in the ionospheric electron density as a consequence of Atmospheric Gravity Waves (AGWs) passage. The AGWs originate in the troposphere or stratosphere, and exhibit neutral wind perturbations propagating to the F region heights (i.e. ionospheric heights), where the neutral wind perturbations interact with the plasma via collisions, carrying it along the magnetic field lines (i.e. ion-neutral collision). This entire process in the ionosphere is manifested as oscillations of the ionospheric electron density, resulting in a TID. However, TIDs vary in scale sizes ranging within a few hundred kilometers (km) to over one thousand km, and based on this, they are categorized as either medium-scale TIDs (MSTIDs) or large scale TIDs (LSTIDs). In this thesis, we focus only on MSTIDs as one of the major and frequent ionospheric irregularity phenomena which may degrade positioning systems and could cause a delay in GPS signal transmission between a satellite and the GPS receiver. Multiple studies of ionospheric irregularities with the main focus on MSTIDs over different regions and continents around the world have been carried out, but studies of MSTIDs over the African region have neither been carried out nor reported probably due to lack of GPS data set, and the question of what drives its occurrence in the region which is not yet documented. The objective of this thesis is to study and describe for the first time the occurrence of MSTIDs and its characteristics over the African region under quiet geomagnetic condition (Kp ≤ 3) during the years 2008 – 2016. In addition, this thesis presents novel results of the time series of MSTIDs percentage occurrence rate (POR) during daytime and nighttime, and seasonal occurrence. Ionneutral coupling processes like the connection between AGW and MSTIDs are also discussed in the study. Observational TEC data used in this thesis are obtained from ground-based GPS networks within the African region and nearby stations. Additionally, temperature data from COSMIC radio occultation and SABER satellite observations for some case studies were used to validate AGWs passage as a driving source of MSTIDs, especially during the daytime. Consequently, regional MSTIDs distribution maps have been generated to capture the latitudinal, seasonal, and local time extent of the MSTID occurrence. Investigation of regional ionospheric irregularities over Africa (IRIA) gives a novel result of a climatological view of MSTIDs over Northern and Southern hemispheres in the African region.

Beschreibung: This document describes the type of data collected in the REFLECT project, the standards used and how the data is curated. It also elaborates on the relations to IPR requirements and exploitation strategies. All data from the project shall be deposited in research data repositories according to the FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship such that it is possible for third parties to access, mine, exploit, reproduce and disseminate — free of charge for any user.

Beschreibung: This deliverable summarises the methodology and results of the data collection for the European Fluid Atlas at a national level by the EFG’s linked third parties.

Beschreibung: La traduction fait référence à la partie principale de la publication anglaise (Grünthal et al., 1998) décrivant l'Echelle Macrosismique Européenne (EMS-98). Ce texte est un extrait de la traduction française existante de la version anglaise complète (Grünthal et Levret, 2001). La partie princi-pale est constituée des pages 14 à 20 de l'original anglais et de la traduction de la version complète. Cette numérotation des pages est conservée ici.

Beschreibung: The translation refers to the core part of the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) of the English original (Grünthal et al., 1998), respectively the core part reproduced here is an excerpt from the existing French translation of the English full version (Grünthal and Levret, 2001). The core part consists of pages 14 to 20 of both the English original and the translation of the full French version. This page numbering is retained here. The European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) is a tool for intensity assignment. The macroseismic intensity represents a classification of the severity of ground-motion shaking during an earthquake on the basis of observed effects at a given place. The EMS-98 is the most recent scale in general use. It fully considers the varying strength of buildings in the form of six vulnerability classes, five damage grades for both masonry and reinforced concrete structures, and differentiates structural and non-structural damage as well. Another diagnostic element concerns the relative frequency of observed effects with quantitative definitions of the qualitative terms “few, many, most.” EMS-98 is the only intensity scale complemented by comprehensive guidelines and background materials. They provide the basis that the EMS-98 can easily be adapted for use to the building stock anywhere in the world. The European Seismological Commission launched the development of a new scale in 1988 which should consider modern earthquake-resistant building types and engineering requirements. So the test version EMS-92 and then EMS-98 were evolved. The latter should be the basis for intensity evaluation in European countries and is also applied in many countries outside Europe. The English original of the EMS-98 was translated as full scale into French, Italian, Spanish and Chinese. Moreover, the core part or the short form is available in a total of altogether 30 languages. Such multilingual availability is important since persons, not always fluent in English, act as observers and sensors in macroseismology.

Beschreibung: This report describes the KTB Borehole Measurements Data of the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (Kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm der Bundesrepublik Deutschland), operated by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. Extensive borehole measurements were performed during the active drilling phase of the KTB pilot and main hole (1989-1994). This report provides the full description of the logging data. Please read it thoroughly to avoid inappropriate or wrong use of the data. The terms borehole measurements, downhole logging, and logging are used synonymously here. The KTB logging data files contain the final processed versions of the geoscientific borehole logging data from logs in the two KTB boreholes: Boreholes Geographic Coordinates (WGS84) KTB-Oberpfalz VB (KTB Vorbohrung/Pilot Hole or KTB-VB) 49.8153 N, 12.118 E KTB-Oberpfalz HB (KTB Hauptbohrung/Main Hole or KTB-HB) 49.8152 N, 12.1205 E