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  • Articles  (9,084)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (9,061)
  • genetic engineering
  • 1990-1994  (8,407)
  • 1955-1959  (677)
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  • Articles  (9,084)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The true meaning of ‘exotic species’ as a model for genetically engineered organisms (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ecological theory ; environmental safety ; exotic species ; genetic engineering ; introduced species ; recombinant DNA ; risk analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The exotic or non-indigenous species model for deliberately introduced genetically engineered organisms (GEOs) has often been misunderstood or misrepresented. Yet proper comparisons of ecologically competent GEOs to the patterns of adaptation of introduced species have been highly useful among scientists in attempting to determine how to apply biological theory to specific GEO risk issues, and in attempting to define the probabilities and scale of ecological risks with GEOs. In truth, the model predicts that most projects may be environmentallysafe, but a significant minority may be very risky. The model includes a history of institutional follies that also should remind workers of the danger of oversimplifying biological issues, and warn against repeating the sorts of professional misjudgments that have too often been made in introducing organisms to new settings. We once expected that the non-indigenous species model would be refined by more analysis of species eruptions, ecological genetics, and the biology of select GEOs themselves, as outlined. But there has been political resistance to the effective regulation of GEOs, and a bureaucratic tendency to focus research agendas on narrow data collection. Thus there has been too little promotion by responsible agencies of studies to provide the broad conceptual base for truly science-based regulation. In its presently unrefined state, the non-indigenous species comparison would overestimate the risks of GEOs if it were (mis) applied to genetically disrupted, ecologically crippled GEOs, but in some cases of wild-type organisms with novel engineered traits, it could greatly underestimate the risks. Further analysis is urgently needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923530
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetically engineered herbicide resistance, part two (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 3 (1990), S. 114-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; herbicide resistance ; herbicide tolerant crops ; agricultural ethics ; morality ; values ; justice ; sustainable agriculture ; alternative agriculture ; socio-economic effects ; weeds ; biotechnology ; agribusiness ; family farms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Should we continue to support publicly funded research on genetically engineered herbicide resistant crops? In Part One, I discussed the difference between science and ethics, presented a brief history of weed control, and explained three moral principles undergirding my environmentalist perspective. I then argued that unqualified endorsement (E) of the research is unjustified, as is unqualified opposition (O). In Part Two, I argue against qualified endorsement (QE), and for qualified opposition (QO).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02014610
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 4 (1991), S. 101-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: agricultural bioethics ; bovine somatotropin ; ownership of germ plasm ; genetic engineering ; animal rights ; intellectual property rights
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01980306
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of biologically active hordothionins in tobacco. Effects of pre- and pro-sequences at the amino and carboxyl termini of the hordothionin precursor on mature protein expression and sorting (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 83-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anti-bacterial protein ; genetic engineering ; precursor processing ; synthetic gene ; thionin ; transgenic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hordothionins (HTHs) are small anti-bacterial proteins present in barley endosperm which are processed from larger precursor proteins, consisting of an amino-terminal signal peptide (SP), the mature highly basic HTH and a carboxy-terminal acidic peptide (AP). Different HTH precursor proteins were expressed in tobacco to study the effects of the pre-sequences (SP) and pro-sequences (AP) on expression, processing, sorting and biological activity and hence the feasibility of engineering bacterial disease resistance into crops which lack these proteins. Maximum HTH expression levels of approximately 0.7% (11 μmol/kg) of total soluble protein in young tobacco leaves were obtained using a semi-synthetic gene construct encoding a complete chimaeric HTH precursor protein. Tenfold lower HTH expression levels (maximum 1.3 μmol/kg) were obtained using synthetic gene constructs without the AP-coding sequence and no expression was found in plants containing synthetic HTH gene constructs without SP-and AP-coding sequences. In both cases where expression was found, the precursors were apparently correctly processed, although the HTH produced in plants containing a construct without AP sequence appeared to be slightly modified. No effect on plant phenotype was observed. Localization studies indicated that the HTH was in identical fractions of plants expressing the two different precursors, albeit at a different ratio, and was not secreted into the intercellular spaces of leaves or culture medium by protoplasts. Our results indicated that the AP is not involved in sorting and suggested that it might facilitate transport through membranes. The in vitro toxicity of HTH isolated from transgenic tobacco plants expressing the two different precursor proteins for the bacterial plant pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis appeared similar to that of the HTH purified from barley endosperm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040576
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histochemical analysis of CaMV 35S promoter-β-glucuronidase gene expression in transgenic rice plants (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 15 (1990), S. 527-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: β-glucuronidase ; CaMV 35S promoter ; genetic engineering ; immunohistochemistry ; Oryza sativa ; transgenic rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cauliflower mosaic virus promoter is commonly used to drive transcription of chimeric genes in transgenic plants, including the cereals. To determine the tissue and cell types of cereal plants that the promoter functions in, transgenic rice plants containing a CaMV 35S promoter/GUS chimeric gene were analyzed for GUS activity. Insertion of a 35S/GUS chimeric gene at low copy number into chromosomal DNA of plants regenerated from electroporated protoplasts was confirmed by gel blot hybridization analysis of uncut and endonuclease-digested DNA. Quantitative measurement showed that GUS activity was some tenfold higher in rice leaves than in tobacco leaves [8] whereas activities obtained for rice roots were similar to those reported for tobacco roots. Histochemical localization of GUS activity confirmed that the CaMV 35S promoter functions in cells of the leaf epidermis, mesophyll and vascular bundle. It is also active in the cortex and vascular cylinder of the root, but only marginally active in the root epidermis. The generally similar distribution and levels of GUS activity obtained in differentiated tissue of stably transformed rice plants indicates the value of the CaMV 35S promoter as a positive control for studies in gene activity in transgenic monocots and dicots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017828
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exchange of gene activity in transgenic plants catalyzed by the Cre-lox site-specific recombination system (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 353-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; phage P1 ; recombinase ; luciferase ; selectable markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Cre-lox site-specific recombination system of bacteriophage P1 was used to excise a firefly luciferase (luc) gene which had previously been incorporated into the tobacco genome. The excision event was due to site-specific DNA recombination between two lox sequences flanking the luc gene and was catalyzed by the Cre recombinase introduced by cross-fertilization. Recombination resulted in the fusion of a promoter with a distally located hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) coding sequence and the excision event was monitored as a phenotypic change from expression of luc to expression of hpt. The efficiency of recombination was estimated from the exchange of gene activity and confirmed by molecular analysis. The relevance to potential applications of site-specific deletion-fusion events for chromosome engineering are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034962
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformed plants with elevated levels of chloroplastic SOD are not more resistant to superoxide toxicity (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 14 (1990), S. 501-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast SOD ; paraquat ; stress ; genetic engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The petunia nuclear gene which encodes the chloroplast isozyme of superoxide dismutase, SOD-1, has been fused with an efficient rbcS promoter fragment and 3′ flanking region and introduced into tobacco and tomato cells. Transformed plants carrying this chimeric gene have up to 50-fold the levels of SOD-1 which occur in wild-type plants. However, tobacco plants with 30-to 50-fold the normal SOD-1 activity do not exhibit resistance to the light-activated herbicide paraquat. Similarly, tomato plants with 2-to 4-fold increases in SOD-1 do not exhibit tolerance to photoinhibitory conditions known to increase superoxide levels (high light, low temperatures and low CO2 concentrations). Our data indicate that increasing the chloroplastic SOD level in a plant cell is not sufficient to reduce the toxicity of superoxide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027496
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Normal and lysine-containing zeins are unstable in transgenic tobacco seeds (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 117-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: storage protein ; genetic engineering ; transgenic plants ; zeins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chimeric genes composed of the β-phaseolin promoter, an α-zein coding sequence and its modified versions containing lysine codons, and a β-zein polyadenylation signal were inserted into the genome of tobacco by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. α-Zein mRNA levels in the transgenic tobacco seeds 20 days after self-pollination varied between 1.0% and 2.5% of the total mRNA population. At 25 days after pollination the 19 kDa α-zein was immunologically detected with a polyclonal antiserum in protein extracts from the seeds of transgenic plants. The transgenic plant with the highest level of zein gene expression had an α-zein content that was approximately 0.003% of the total seed protein. The amount of α-zein in other transgenic plants varied between 1 × 10−4% and 1 × 10−5% of the total seed protein. The differences in the amounts of mRNA and protein did not correlate with the lysine substitutions introduced into the α-zein protein. Polysomes translating α-zein mRNA isolated from tobacco seeds contained fewer ribosomes than those from maize endosperm, but this did not appear to be the cause of the inefficient protein synthesis. In vivo labelling and immunoprecipitation indicated that newly synthesized α-zein was degraded in tobacco seeds with a half-life of less than 1 hour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017922
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coordinate expression of antibody subunit genes yields high levels of functional antibodies in roots of transgenic tobacco (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1701-1710 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Antibody ; coordinated expression ; genetic engineering ; protein assembly ; root ; secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To explore the feasibility of employing antibodies to obtain disease resistance against plant root pathogens, we have studied the expression of genes encoding antibodies in roots of transgenic plants. A model monoclonal antibody was used that binds to a fungal cutinase. Heavy and light chain cDNAs were amplified by PCR, fused to a signal sequence for secretion and cloned behind CaMV 35S and TR2′ promoters in a single T-DNA. The chimeric genes were cloned both in tandem and in a divergent orientation. The roots of tobacco plants transformed with these constructs produced antibodies that were able to bind antigen in an ELISA. Immunoblotting showed assembly to a full-size antibody. In addition, a F(ab′)2-like fragment was observed, which is probably formed by proteolytic processing. Both antibody species were properly targeted to the apoplast, but the full-size antibody was partially retained by the wall of suspension cells. The construct with divergent promoters showed a better performance than the construct with promoters in tandem. It directed the accumulation of functional antibodies to a maximum of 1.1% of total soluble protein, with half of the plants having levels higher than 0.35%. The high efficiency of this construct probably results from coordinated and balanced expression of light and heavy chain genes, as evidenced by RNA blot hybridization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019485
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of cell culture conditions for production of biologically active proteins (1991)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 5 (1991), S. 17-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; Namalwa cells ; perfusion culture ; scaling-up ; serum-free medium ; stable production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the basic technology of cell culture conditions for production of useful substances such as cytokines, and related proteins produced by Namalwa cells. Namalwa cells (Klein, 1972), human B lymphoblastoid cells, were used for large scale production of alpha-interferon (Klein, 1979). Namalwa KJM-1, a subline of Namalwa cells, adapted to serum- and albumin-free medium, can grow at a high density above 1 × 107 cells/ml in suspension mode by the use of a perfusion culture system, Biofermenter™, containing a cone-type cell-sedimentation column as cell separator (Sato, 1983). Several kinds of cytokine cDNA can be introduced and expressed in Namalwa KJM-1 cells (Miyaji, 1990a,b,c). Some of these were produced in large quantities by use of a gene amplification method with dhfr (Miyaji, 1990c), even though the Namalwa KJM-1 cells contained endogenous dhfr genes. For stable production of the target protein, Namalwa KJM-1 cells are very useful host cells, because they have no effective endogenous protease activity in the conditioned medium. Using Biofermenter with micro-silicone fibers and a dialysis system, the specific productivity of the target proteins was not depressed at a high cell density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573878
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