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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • 1970-1974  (1,690)
  • 1965-1969  (1,271)
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Years
Year
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 277-281 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Testicular structure in bisexual teiid lizards (Cnemidophorus and Ameiva) is apparently unique among vertebrates in having a circumtesticular subtunic band of Leydig (interstitial) cells, that varies in species of Cnemidophorus from 1.2 to 42.1 cells in thickness (transverse cross-section), between the outer tunic (tunica albuginea) and the seminiferous tubules. The regression on body size, ontogenetic change, seasonal periodicity, and other aspects of structure and function of this subtunic Leydig cell structure are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The egg chamber of Drosophila melanogaster consists of 16 interconnected cells surrounded by a monolayer of follicle cells. Each 16 cell cluster (from which the oocyte and 15 nurse cells differentiate) arises within the germarial region of an ovariole. To study the ultrastructure of the early stages in the formation and differentiation of egg chambers, a three dimensional reconstruction was made from serial thin sections through a germarium from a 24-hour old, virgin female. The germarium was found to be subdivided into three regions: (1) The mitotically active area where clusters of 16 cells originate from a series of cystocyte divisions, (2) the region where these cells interact with mesodermal cells, and (3) the region where the germarial cyst is transformed into the first egg chamber in the vitellarium. Since cystocytes were found to decrease in size with each division, the possibility exists that cell size may determine when the divisions cease. Models are presented which mimic with varying degrees of success the developmental changes the germarial cells undergo with time. Hypothesis are developed to explain why stem line oogonia are restricted to the anterior portion of the germarium, why mesodermal cells first interact with cystocytes in region 2, and why the oocyte is oriented posteriorly. The nuclear differentiations of the component cells of the chamber are described and correlated with observed differences in radiosensitivity. Symbionts were observed in the germaria of several strains of Drosophila, and the bearing of these findings upon nutritional studies is discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The physiology and fine structure of the vibration receptor of the spider (Achaearanea tepidariorum) was studied throughout the process of molting. The physiological studies showed that there is no dramatic change in the receptor's vibration sensitivity as the time of ecdysis approaches. Only a gradual loss of sensitivity can be detected on a statistical basis using large numbers of spiders. The fine structural studies suggest that the connection between the sensory neurone and the receptor within the old cuticle remains intact up to the time that the cuticle is shed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Since the rabbit's eye more nearly resembles the human eye than any other mammal used in experimental investigations, a detailed study of its ciliary arteries has been made. A closely timed series of embryos injected through the living umbilical vein and rendered transparent show, in thick sections, silhouetted vessels in perspective. Heretofore the ciliary arteries have been studied from their first identification until they have reached the primitive choriocapillaris, but no farther. This study shows their complete history including their relation to the circulus arteriosus iridis major and to the pupillary membrane. Our special concern has been ferreting out the mode of migration of the components of the definitive arteries. New findings include: (1) an arteriovenous plexus which mediates the transference from vessels anastomotic with it to other such vessels; (2) functionally different segments of the primitive ciliary arteries; (3) different arterial and venous plexuses which play roles in embryonic development; (4) discovery of the realignment of the choriocapillaris into vertical vessel meshes with transverse anastomoses between them, each of which have different fates; (5) the mode of development of the circulus arteriosus iridis major; (6) a crown of venous vessels looping around the iris margin; and (7) a special arterial supply for the ciliary processes.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The phylogenetic development of neuroglia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes) was investigated in homologous cortical and subcortical forebrain regions of selected vertebrates. Microglia were not considered in the current study.Four to seven brains from each species were used. Scharenberg's modification for astroglia of del Rio Hortega's silver carbonate technique was used. The analysis of neuroglia cells was based on (1) the characteristic cellular morphology found in each species, (2) a comparison of the selected regions in each animal, (3) the interrelationships of astrocytes and their relations to neurons, blood vessels, and oligodendrocytes.The predominant type of neuroglia found in the fish, frog, and lizard was the ependymal cell; however, non-ependymal glial cells were also present. The bird represented a transitional phylogenetic stage from a predominance of ependymal glial to a predominance of non-ependymal glia. A progressive increase in the morphological relationships of glial cell bodies and processes to neurons was found with ascension of the phylogenetic scale from fish through primate.Interrelations were observed between adjacent astrocytic processes and cell bodies, and between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The processes of adjacent glial cells also appeared to show an increase in thickness at the point of approximation. A variety of astrocytes were observed ranging from small, round-oval shaped cells to large polygonal or stellate forms. Variations in the number of astrocytic processes, their thickness, and degree of secondary branching were described, and their possible functional significance was discussed.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gland cells of the gastrodermis of Hydra when isolated from the epidermis are capable of dedifferentiating into interstitial cells. Under proper environmental conditions these interstitial cells are capable of undergoing meiotic divisions and forming normal gametes. This dedifferentiation and redifferentiation sequence has been studied at the level of the light and electron microscope. It is concluded that in Hydra there is no specific germinal cell line determined during embryogeny, and that a somatic cell under proper environmental conditions can be induced to undergo meiosis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rectal epithelium of Calliphora is made up of three quite distinct cell types: rectal, cortical and junctional cells.The thin wall of the rectal pouch is made up of rectal cells which are relatively simple and unspecialized; their general structure does not suggest any direct participation in ion transport.A function of ion and water transport can probably be ascribed to the cortical cells, which are arranged in the form of four cones which project into the rectal lumen. The cavity of each cone is filled up with tracheae, nerve and neurosecretory terminals, and connective tissue to form medulla. The medulla and cortex are separated from each other by deeply staining bridges or trabeculae to form an infundibular space. The most conspicuous feature of the cortex is the presence of an extensive intercellular sinus formed by complex infoldings of the lateral plasma-membranes. It is postulated that fluid, which is absorbed from the rectal lumen, is transported into the intercellular sinus and finally reaches the haemolymph via the infundibular space. The actual site of ion transport is probably the stacks of lateral plasma-membrane which are closely associated with mitochondria.The junctional cells, which are packed with microtubules, form a collar around the base of the papillae at the point of their insertion into the rectal wall.It is suggested that the neurosecretory terminals present in the medulla might release a hormone which controls rate of ion and water reabsorption by the papillae cells.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The long, filamentous antennal flagellum of Carausius morosus has on it three types of sense organs (1) tactile hairs, (2) thick-walled chemoreceptors and (3) thin-walled chemoreceptors. Tactile hairs and thick-walled chemoreceptors are present on all of the 40 or more flagellar subsegments while thin-walled chemoreceptors are limited to about one-third of them. Thin-walled chemoreceptors are present on subsegments nine and ten, one of the subsegments between 15 and 20 and from approximately the thirtieth subsegment to the distal end of the antenna. A description of each of these sense organs is given. No coeloconic or campaniform sense organs were found.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytoarchitecture of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle and the paraphysis was investigated in some lower vertebrates to compare the histologic characteristics of these organs. Both epithelia are similar in appearance in the same class. Minor microscopic variations exist in the different classes of vertebrates, but do not provide a fundamental distinction between the two organs. The epithelia, moreover, have similar staining properties, contain mucicarmine- and PAS-reactive materials, and are derived from a common neuroepithelium. Tubules are identified in the choroid plexus and in the paraphysis; all are similarly formed by simple folding of epithelium on the surface into the stroma. The paraphyses in all vertebrates studied contain villi similar to those seen in the choroid plexus. Cilia are identified in both choroidal and paraphyseal epithelia, and are not an indication of degree of epithelial differentiation. Many types of epithelium are noted in both organs during histologic differentiation as well as in the mature stage. Functionally, the choroid plexus is active in both secretion and absorption. Accumulation of particulate material within the epithelial cytoplasm may indicate phagocytic as well as absorptive activity of cells. Based on a common neuroepithelial origin and similar histochemical properties, we conclude that the paraphysis is a modified choroid plexus. The velum transversum is an arbitrary boundary between diencephalon and telencephalon, and is itself formed of choroid plexus. The medial telencephalic ventricle is the rostral portion of the third ventricle. All neuroepithelial infoldings at the rostral end of the diencephalic roof including the velum transversum are intraventricular choroid plexuses; the neuroepithelial outpouchings in this region are the extraventricular choroid plexuses (paraphysis) of the diencephalon.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The left ovary of the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, is rudimentary, and the right ovary supplies both oviducts which share a common ostium situated in the falciform ligament. Preceding ovulation the nidamental gland of each oviduct hypertrophies and the caudal two-thirds of each oviduct is modified to form a uterus. In the Florida-Caribbean area Sphyrna tiburo probably mates in March and 3-7 eggs are fertilized in the vicinity of the nidamental gland of each oviduct.The developing embryo is nourished during the first 3-4 months of gestation by yolk stored in its extensive yolk sac. Approximately three and one-half months after fertilization, the distal portion of the yolk sac becomes convoluted and interdigitates with deep folds in the uterine wall to form a yolk-sac placenta. As the placenta develops, the maternal uterine epithelium is reduced from columnar cells to squamous cells, and the foetal yolk-sac epithelium is reduced from columnar and cuboidal cells to squamous cells. Exchange between the maternal and foetal blood systems takes place through maternal endothelium, reduced maternal epithelium, egg-case membrane, reduced foetal epithelium, and foetal endothelium.
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