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  • Cambridge University Press  (3,883)
  • 1980-1984  (3,883)
  • 1983  (1,996)
  • 1982  (1,887)
  • 1
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    The female reproductive cycle of the octopus, Eledone cirrhosa (1983)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 63 . pp. 71-83.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: Changes in the relative size of the ovary, oviducal glands and eggs are described for Eledone cirrhosa captured from the North Sea off Aberdeen over a 3 year period (N = 488). The analysis is based only on freshly caught animals, excluding those held in aquarium conditions (〉 5 days). Ovary enlargement and egg size estimates are used as indices of sexual maturity. Between 0–15% and 18–95% of total body weight is contributed by the ovary. Maximum egg length in the ovary ranges up to 7 mm. On these criteria, sexual maturation typically occurs at body sizes between 400–1000 g although some animals of 1000–1200 g are found showing no evidence of ovary enlargement. The majority of the monthly sample is always immature but maturation can apparently occur at almost any time of the year. Increase in mean ovary index and mean values for egg size are strongly seasonal and indicate a peak incidence of sexual maturity over 2–3 months in the July-September period. Spawning is presumed to follow within 1 month. Estimates of the fecundity of the females, based on the egg sample from the ovary, range from 2·2 × 103 to 55 × 10 3 eggs with a mean of 11 × 10 3 and a mode of 7·5 × 10 3 eggs.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 2
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    On growth of the octopus Eledone cirrhosa (1982)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 62 (2). pp. 277-296.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: The growth of the octopus Eledone cirrhosa has been studied in a population from the North Sea off Aberdeen. Data are presented for the growth of individuals isolated in aquarium conditions; the growth of size classes in thefieldpopulation; and preliminary information on the growth relationships of gonad, somatic, cardiac and brain components of the body. At 15 °C Eledone cirrhosa is capable of growing from 10 to 1000 g in 270 days. From octopuses which feed readily in captivity, weight specific growth rates of up to about 3–5 % day-1 for animals of 100 g body weight are recorded, falling to a maximum of about 1–5 % day-1 at body sizes above 500 g. Females stop growing when sexually mature, but in the sample captured they were consistently larger than males, a feature which may account for the 7:1 bias towards the incidence of females. On a wet-weight basis, the mean food incorporation into growth is 37 % of the food ingested, which is 49% of the gross weight of crabs killed. Field data for 1978/79 suggest that animals recruited to the population at the beginning of the year grew steadily until December, overwintered without growing, then grew rapidly for several months in the subsequent year before disappearing from the samples. The estimated average age of those animals and by implication, the life span, is 20 months.
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  • 3
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    Biological Studies of the Exploited Stock ofLoligo Forbesi (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the Azores (1982)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 62 (04). p. 799.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: Five hundred and twenty-eight specimens of Loligo forbesi Steenstrup, from landings in Horta, Faial, Azores, during the year 1 March 1980 to 28 February 1981, were tudied; 59·3 % were males, 40·7 % females. Of the males 80·2 % were sexually mature, of the females 91·6 %, both sexes showing the highest degree of maturity in spring and he lowest in autumn. The mean dorsal mantle length of the mature males was 56·5 cm, or females 33·5 cm. A weight-length relationship was calculated. he stomachs of 622 specimens were sampled, of which 306 contained food. The prey omponents were studied qualitatively. The main prey was fish (82·0%), of which 0·5 % were horse mackerel, Trachurus picturatus, this being the most important food rganism. Preliminary results of statolith readings are given.
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  • 4
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    Effects of imperfect spatial resolution on measurements of wall-bounded turbulentbx shear flows (1983)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1983-12-01
    Description: The effects of imperfect spatial resolution on hot-film and hot-wire measurements of wall-bounded turbulent shear flows were studied. Two hot-film probes of different length were used for measurements of fully developed turbulent channel flow in a water tunnel. In the near-wall region significant effects of spanwise spatial averaging due to finite probe size were found for a probe 32 viscous units long. The maximum turbulence intensity attained a 10% lower value than that for a probe about half as long, and the zero-crossing of the skewness factor was shifted away from the wall. This could be attributed to spatial averaging of narrow low-speed regions. Results for different Reynolds numbers, but with the same sensor length in viscous units, showed that Reynolds-number effects are small, and that much of the reported discrepancies for turbulence measurements in the near-wall region can be ascribed to effects of imperfect spatial resolution. Also the number of events detected with the variable-interval time-averaging (VITA) technique was found to depend strongly on the sensor length, especially for events with short duration.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 5
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    Interaction of rarefaction waves with area reductions in ducts (1983)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1983-12-01
    Description: The interaction of a rarefaction wave with a gradual monotonic area reduction of finite length in a duct, which produces transmitted and reflected rarefaction waves and other possible rarefaction and shock waves, was studied both analytically and numerically. A quasi-steady flow analysis which is analytical for an inviscid flow of a perfect gas was used first to determine the domains of and boundaries between four different wave patterns that occur at late times, after all local transient disturbances from the interaction process have subsided. These boundaries and the final constant strengths of the transmitted, reflected and other waves are shown as a function of both the incident rarefaction-wave strength and area-reduction ratio, for the case of diatomic gases and air with a specific-heat ratio of 7/5. The random-choice method was then used to solve numerically the conservation equations governing the one-dimensional non-stationary gas flow for many different combinations of rarefaction-wave strengths and area-reduction ratios. These numerical results show clearly how the transmitted, reflected and other waves develop and evolve with time, until they eventually attain constant strengths, in agreement with quasi-steady flow predictions for the asymptotic wave patterns. Note that in all of this work the gas in the area reduction is initially at rest. © 1983, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 6
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    Double-diffusive interleaving due to horizontal gradients (1983)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1983-12-01
    Description: In this paper we present a linear stability analysis for an unbounded, vertically stratified fluid which has compensating horizontal temperature and salinity gradients, so there is no horizontal density gradient. We obtain the most unstable perturbation for given linear horizontal and vertical gradients and calculate the growth rates, the vertical lengthscale of the intrusion and the slope of the intrusion to the horizontal. We show that the system is most unstable to two-dimensional disturbances and that, except for a small region in which the temperature stratification is unstable and the salinity stratification is stable, the most-unstable disturbance is non-oscillatory. We also obtain a solution to the fully nonlinear equations and calculate the fluxes of heat and salt. The nonlinear solution shows that alternating interfaces of salt-finger and diffusive interfaces will eventually appear on the intrusion when the vertical stratifications are both stable. © 1983, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 7
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    Fully developed periodic turbulent pipe flow. Part 2. The detailed structure of the flow (1983)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1983-12-01
    Description: The main experimental results of the study of periodic turbulent pipe flow have been described in Part 1 of this report. In this second part, these experimental data are examined in greater detail to understand the effect of imposed oscillation on the flow structure, at moderate to large oscillation frequencies. Data on phase and amplitude and energy spectrum are used to study the effect of the imposed oscillation on the turbulence structure at these interactive frequencies of oscillation. Additional experiments which were performed to study the effect of oscillation frequency on the flow structure are also reported. Based on the present observations as well as on the data from other sources, it is inferred that turbulent shear flows respond very differently from laminar shear flows to imposed unsteadiness. A turbulent Stokes number relevant for characterizing the unsteady turbulent shear flows is identified and used to classify such flows. © 1983, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 8
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    The control of boundary-layer transition using a wave-superposition principle (1983)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1983-12-01
    Description: An experimental study has been made of the concept of controlling boundary-layer transition by superimposing in the flow Tollmien-Schlichting waves that are of equal amplitude and antiphased to the disturbances that grow and lead to transition. The cases that have been considered are transition arising from a single-frequency two-dimensional disturbance and transition arising from a nonlinear interaction between two waves of different frequency. A feedback system for controlling transition has also been studied. In each case, both hot-wire surveys and flow visualization have shown that it is possible to delay transition but that the flow cannot be restored completely to its undisturbed state. This appears to be a consequence of interactions between the very weak three-dimensional background disturbances in the flow and the primary two-dimensional waves. The implications of these findings in an implementation of the concept are discussed. © 1983, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 9
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    Longshore motion due to an obliquely incident wave group (1983)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1983-12-01
    Description: We consider longshore motion generated within the surf zone by obliquely incident breaking waves, and seek to describe the effect on such motion of variations, caused by wave grouping, in the incident longshore momentum flux. The effects of associated variations in set-up are not considered. We use the linear long-wave equations to describe the motion resulting from the longshore momentum contained in a wave group. This consists of a succession of edge waves which disperse along the beach, and, for the example considered, an eventual steady circulation cell at the position of the wave group. We suggest that such a cell is always likely to be formed if the wave group is sufficiently localized, and that higher-modenumber edge waves are more likely to be excited. We find timescales for the dispersal of the edge waves, and for the decay, due to bottom friction, of the circulation cell: we suggest that the latter may more generally be used, as a timescale for the effect of friction on longshore motion. © 1983, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 10
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    Determination of the constitutive equations for a magnetic fluid (1983)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1983-12-01
    Description: The principal aim of this paper is to derive constitutive equations describing a magnetic fluid. The fluid is modelled as a dilute suspension of small spheroidal magnetic particles in a non-magnetic solute. The conditions for stability of fluid (against coagulation) are discussed and upper and lower bounds for particle sizes are determined. For a stationary fluid, the bulk magnetization is calculated with allowance for particle—particle interactions. The full stress tensor is determined for a flowing fluid that experiences an externally applied magnetic field. Both the flow and field may have arbitrary spatial and time dependences provided only that the lengthscale of spatial variations is large compared with particle dimensions, and that the timescale is long compared with the particle relaxation time due to Brownian motion. These results are applied to shear and pipe flows, where comparison with experiment is made, and to flow induced by rotating magnetic fields. Finally the damping of ultrasound having a characteristic period of the same order as the particle relaxation time is considered. © 1983, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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