ALBERT

Description: Anthodus paniculatus Martius, reduced to a synonym of Hemiangium excelsum (H.B.K.) A. C. Smith by A. C. Smith, is reestablished here as Hemiangium paniculatum (Mart.) A. M. W. Mennega. H. excelsum in the present sense is now restricted to C. America, whereas H. paniculatum occurs in S. America.

Description: Three new species of Salacia are described.\nSalacia bullata spec. nov., a liana, characterized by bullate leaves, was collected in Brazil, Territorio Amapa. It comes closest to S. amplectens. A.C. Smith\xe2\x80\x99s key (1940) should be amended to include a new group \xe2\x80\x98Amplectentes\xe2\x80\x99. This group, containing S. bullata and S. amplectens would be near \xe2\x80\x98Arboreae\xe2\x80\x99.\nSalacia alwynii, spec. nov., a vining species comes from Peru, Maynas, and is characterized by very large leaves and large cauliflorous flowers. It belongs to the species group \xe2\x80\x98Ellipticae\xe2\x80\x99 sensu Smith. It was also collected in Venezuela.\nSalacia paradoxa spec. nov. is a liana collected in Brazil along the Manaus-Caracarai road. Its long leaves are narrowly elliptic, its flowers are extremely small. In leaf characters it is strikingly similar to S. solimoesensis of Smith\xe2\x80\x99s species group \xe2\x80\x98Ellipticae\xe2\x80\x99, the shape of the disk, however, suggests the species group \xe2\x80\x98Crassifoliae\xe2\x80\x99. Specimens with fruits, collected in western Brazil may belong either to S. paradoxa or to S. solimoesensis.

Description: A description is given of two new species in the genus Pristimera, P. dariense from Panama and P. caudata from Suriname. P. dariense differs by its flattened disk from the other New World species of the genus, but would fit in the subgenus Trochantha N. Hall\xc3\xa9 known from Africa.\nCuervea crenulata sp. nov. is a species collected in Brazil, Minas Gerais. Another species in Cuervea, C. mitchellae (Johnst.) A.C. Smith is considered as a synonym of C. kappleriana.\nHylenaea unguiculata sp. nov. is a new species from Suriname. The material on which the new species is based was at first erronously ascribed to the genus Tontelea with remarkably similar flowers.

Description: The two species of Eragrostis naturalized in the Netherlands, formerly referred to as E. poaeoides and E. multicaulis, should be called E. minor and E. pilosa. Both appear to be naturalized on a larger scale than was indicated in the Atlas of the Netherlands Flora i. They have spread extensively in very recent years. E. minor is, apart from its occurrence in the province of Zeeland, principally a railway companion. E. pitosa is chiefly a plant of treaded sites, occurring in joints of pavements and incidentally on heavily compacted soil. In Zeeland however, E. minor appears to be more succesfull in this kind of habitat than E. pilosa. Originally, E. multicaulis was accepted as separate from E. pilosa. Because of the variation in the specimens of the type collection E. multicaulis has been lectotypified: Eragrostis multicaulis Steudel, Syn. PI. Gram, i (nov. 1854), p. 426 [syn. Glyceria airoides Steudel, I.e. (apr. 1854), p. 287, non (Koeler) Reichenb. 1829]. Lectotype: Burg, s.n., \'Poa suzumenokatabira\', in L (908.87-2116, upper specimen). Differences between E. multicaulis and E. pilosa are discussed. It is concluded that the same variation occurs in the Netherlands as is observed elsewhere, and that no features can be considered sharply differentiating between both supposed taxa. The opinion of Koch (1974) that both belong to the same taxon, viz. E. pilosa (L.) Beauv. var.pilosa, is subscribed to. Establishment of E.pilosa in the Netherlands has probably followed after introduction and cannot be interpreted as a natural shift of this species\' northern boundary from N. France to the Netherlands.

Description: Een nieuwe combinatie in Atriplex. Bij de bewerking van het geslacht Atriplex voor de 20e editie van Heukels\xe2\x80\x99 Flora van Nederland bleek het nodig te zijn om een nieuwe combinatie te maken. Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. var. longipes (Drejer) Meijden, comb. nov. (Atriplex longipes Drejer, Flora excursoria Hafniensis, 1838, p. 107).

Description: The present work comprises the first revision of all species of Xanthophyllum; 93 species (22 new) have been distinguished with 5 subspecies (1 new) and 2 varieties (both new). Seven subgenera are proposed (4 new) of which one has been divided into 2 sections and 2 subsections. Keys to all taxa have been included. In the General Part the (sub)generic and (sub)sectional characters are discussed separately in order to find arguments regarding the direction of the evolution of those characters in the \xe2\x80\x98Hennigian\xe2\x80\x99 way of reasoning. From this it has been concluded that the Polygalaceae are derived from the Malpighiaceae- Vochysiaceae-Trigoniaceae-complex and secondly that Xanthophyllum belongs to a derived tribe of the Polygalaceae (and not to a separate family Xanthophyllaceae). The lack of information on the genomes of the species appeared to be a serious problem in the reconstruction of the evolution within Xanthophyllum: one subgenus with \xe2\x80\x98gigas\xe2\x80\x99-characters may represent an old allopolyploid hybrid; it is suggested that hybridization may have been important in the evolution of the genus. Although only two species, endemic to N. Queensland, do not occur in Malesia-Southeast Asia, it is shown that Australia must have been the centre of origin of the genus. The fact that Wallace\xe2\x80\x99s Line is still respected by all species is regarded as an indication that West Malesia is a secondary centre of speciation.

Description: Potamogeton filiformis Pers. in Nederland? P. filiformis wordt voor Nederland uitsluitend vermeld door Westhoff & Den Held, Plantengemeenschappen in Nederland, 1969, p. 54. Deze opgave is gebaseerd op niet-bloeiende exemplaren uit een collectie die in 1965 werd verzameld in het Veluwemeer. Bij herdeterminatie is echter gebleken dat deze collectie tot Juncus bulbosus behoort.

Description: Gentianella campestris (L.) B\xc3\xb6rner opnieuw in Zuid-Limburg gevonden. Tijdens een van mijn vele wandelingen, die ik in het najaar pleeg te maken op de bij de floristen in Zuid-Limburg goed bekende Kunraderberg, gem. Voerendaal, ontdekte ik op 1 november 1980 twee kleine, bloeiende exemplaren van Gentianella campestris, de brede duingentiaan. Samen met G. germanica en G. ciliata komen er nu drie soorten gentiaan op de Kunraderberg voor, een voor Nederland unieke situatie.\nNa de wandeling heb ik direct contact opgenomen met de onlangs overleden dr. S.J. Dijkstra (Schaesberg) om hem van de vondst op de hoogte te stellen. Groot was mijn verbazing, toen ik van hem vernam dat ook hij enkele exemplaren van G. campestris op de Kunraderberg had waargenomen, echter niet op dezelfde plek waar ik de soort had gevonden. In het najaar van 1981 werden in totaal ca. 40 bloeiende planten aangetroffen.

Description: Species of the heteropod families Carinariidae and Pterotracheidae collected in the Mid North Atlantic Ocean in 1980 have been studied. The distribution of the species is given, as well as the morphological variation. It is concluded that two subspecies of Carinaria lamarcki actually have to be considered distinctly recognisable and sympatric species, to be called C. lamarcki and C. challengeri. The vertical distribution of the heteropods studied proves not to be restricted to the photic zone and diurnal vertical migration occurs among the larger species. The horizontal distribution of the two Carinaria species and of at least two populations of the Pterotrachea species coincides with the southern branch of the North Atlantic Current, while others are restricted to the subtropical waters. Consequently, the present heteropods have to be considered good indicators of water masses and currents.

Description: Black-footed Penguins, Spheniscus demersus, have been living in an open air enclosure in Artiszoo since 1961. Their numbers varied from 7 to 103 in the period under study extending from 1961 to 1982. The information used in this survey is derived from records made by the zoo keepers and from a study of the behaviour of the penguins that was performed in 1979-1980.\nThe pair bond between breeding birds appears to be very strong, the only bird that ever disassociated itself returned to her first partner after one year. However, the penguins seem to find a new partner in a very short time if they happen to forfeit their first partner.\nThe couples have a strong tendency to breed each season in the same burrow. The occasional shifting to other burrows seems not to be related to the fate of the first clutch. The partners stayed together in nearly all cases in which breeding birds changed burrows. A burrow seems to get new owners only when the previous couple vacates it. This has had the consequence that, in some years, young couples could not install themselves because there was a lack of nesting places.\nThe clutch size is two and the number of clutches per season is one or two, three is less common. The birds are probably encouraged to lay a second or third clutch when the previous one fails visibly in an early stage. The frequency of laying second and third clutches might decrease if the penguins in Artiszoo were allowed to revert to their natural cycle of guarding their young for 80 days instead of the enforced period of only 42 days.\nThe breeding season runs from August to May and has two peak periods of egg-laying, one in August/September and one, less extreme, in December. The timing of breeding varied from year to year, in some years the first egg-production peak appeared in July/August and in others it appeared only in October.\nThe penguins in Artiszoo start breeding for the first time when they are two years or older, just like the penguins in South Africa.\nSince 1965 the population growth has been caused entirely by the reproductive qualities of 19 birds and their descendants.\nThe hatching success of eggs decreased spectacularly in the years after 1971 when the number of available adults exceeded the figure 25, and since that time relatively more eggs disappeared or were found to be broken. This study shows that the decline of the hatching success is caused both by a lack of nesting places and the increase of the number of penguins living in the enclosure.