ALBERT

Description: Anthodus paniculatus Martius, reduced to a synonym of Hemiangium excelsum (H.B.K.) A. C. Smith by A. C. Smith, is reestablished here as Hemiangium paniculatum (Mart.) A. M. W. Mennega. H. excelsum in the present sense is now restricted to C. America, whereas H. paniculatum occurs in S. America.

Description: Three new species of Salacia are described.\nSalacia bullata spec. nov., a liana, characterized by bullate leaves, was collected in Brazil, Territorio Amapa. It comes closest to S. amplectens. A.C. Smith\xe2\x80\x99s key (1940) should be amended to include a new group \xe2\x80\x98Amplectentes\xe2\x80\x99. This group, containing S. bullata and S. amplectens would be near \xe2\x80\x98Arboreae\xe2\x80\x99.\nSalacia alwynii, spec. nov., a vining species comes from Peru, Maynas, and is characterized by very large leaves and large cauliflorous flowers. It belongs to the species group \xe2\x80\x98Ellipticae\xe2\x80\x99 sensu Smith. It was also collected in Venezuela.\nSalacia paradoxa spec. nov. is a liana collected in Brazil along the Manaus-Caracarai road. Its long leaves are narrowly elliptic, its flowers are extremely small. In leaf characters it is strikingly similar to S. solimoesensis of Smith\xe2\x80\x99s species group \xe2\x80\x98Ellipticae\xe2\x80\x99, the shape of the disk, however, suggests the species group \xe2\x80\x98Crassifoliae\xe2\x80\x99. Specimens with fruits, collected in western Brazil may belong either to S. paradoxa or to S. solimoesensis.

Description: A description is given of two new species in the genus Pristimera, P. dariense from Panama and P. caudata from Suriname. P. dariense differs by its flattened disk from the other New World species of the genus, but would fit in the subgenus Trochantha N. Hall\xc3\xa9 known from Africa.\nCuervea crenulata sp. nov. is a species collected in Brazil, Minas Gerais. Another species in Cuervea, C. mitchellae (Johnst.) A.C. Smith is considered as a synonym of C. kappleriana.\nHylenaea unguiculata sp. nov. is a new species from Suriname. The material on which the new species is based was at first erronously ascribed to the genus Tontelea with remarkably similar flowers.

Description: Potamogeton filiformis Pers. in Nederland? P. filiformis wordt voor Nederland uitsluitend vermeld door Westhoff & Den Held, Plantengemeenschappen in Nederland, 1969, p. 54. Deze opgave is gebaseerd op niet-bloeiende exemplaren uit een collectie die in 1965 werd verzameld in het Veluwemeer. Bij herdeterminatie is echter gebleken dat deze collectie tot Juncus bulbosus behoort.

Description: The West African marine brachyuran crab fauna, comprising 218 named species in 120 genera and 26 familes, is surveyed. Sixteen new genera and 24 new species are recognized. Synonymies are updated for the tropical species, and all 300 + Eastern Atlantic species are listed. Original references and synonymies are provided for all 146 Eastern Atlantic genera. Synonymies have been compiled for all 36 currently recognized families of marine crabs. Twenty-nine families are represented in the Eastern Atlantic fauna. One family, Hexapodidae Miers, 1886, and one subfamily, Camptandriinae Stimpson, 1858 (Ocypodidae) are revised at the generic level. The genera Liocarcinus Stimpson, 1871 (Portunidae), Machaerus Leach, 1818 (Goneplacidae), and Lambdophallus Alcock, 1900, Paeduma Rathbun, 1897, Parahexapus Balss, 1922, Pseudohexapus Monod, 1956, and Thaumastoplax Miers, 1881 (all Hexapodidae), are defined and recognized. It is suggested that the family Geryonidae Colosi, 1923, shows closest affinities with the family Portunidae Rafinesque, 1815.

Description: Populations of three species of the genus Heterocypris: H. margaritae Margalef, 1961, H. antillensis Broodbakker, 1982, and H. punctata Keyser, 1975, sampled in the Caribbean region are studied. (1) An attempt is made to correlate differences in mean carapace length between samples from different islands and within intra-insular samples, with environmental factors. (2) Differences in the ecology of the three species are determined. (3) The distribution of the three species is discussed. (4) Related species are compared.\nDifferences in carapace length appear not to be related with genetic differences, but to be caused by environmental influences. In H. margaritae correlation was found between carapace length and size (as area) of habitat, and in H. antillensis between carapace length and vegetation. Variation in carapace length is probably related with food abundance, pollution and some factors of water chemistry.\nH. margaritae is a euryhaline species, living in more permanent habitats of medium size, and in subterranean habitats as well. H. antillensis is a freshwater and oligohaline species, living in more temporary, somewhat polluted, open habitats, with a muddy bottom in limestone areas. H. punctata is a mesohaline species, dwelling in larger uncovered waterbodies on limestone, with a mud or sandy mud bottom.\nH. margaritae has its closest relatives in South America, while H. antillensis and H. punctata seem to have their closest relatives in the southern part of North America.

Description: Migration of Gammarus pulex pulex (Linnaeus, 1758), G. fossarum Koch in Panzer, 1836, and Echinogammarus berilloni (Catta, 1878) has been studied in a small French chalk stream, the Slack. Three different approaches to investigate both up- and downstream migration were used: (1) migration survey, with a sampling program of migration at intervals of two weeks or a month at twelve localities in the river Slack; (2) continuous measurement of migration at three habitats with very stable, normal and very unstable environmental conditions, respectively, lying within 100 m of one another and populated by the same species, G. fossarum; (3) finally, marking experiments in order to identify and trace animals with a given behaviour.\nBoth drift and upstream migration show a considerable microgeographic variation, which is larger for Gammarus than for E. berilloni. During the relatively warm year of 1975, the migration activity of E. berilloni was stronger than in 1974. Upstream migration was concentrated in early summer, while drift fluctuated during the year. Most animals migrated during the night, although the diel variation in drift was quite different from that in upstream migration. Water temperature and its diel fluctuations have a large effect on non-accidental migration. Changes in chemical composition of the water seem to be important as well. Light conditions have only a slight influence on migration patterns. Physical disturbance of the riverbed (for instance by wading cows or the scouring effect of spates) influences migration rather negatively.\nThe mean size of migrating animals was larger than the average size of the standing crop. Upstream migrants were larger during hours of high upstream migration activity, while the animals that drifted in peak hours were usually smaller than those drifting in hours of low activity. Both up- and downstream migration proved to be a constant behaviour; most drifters of a particular night drifted again the following night and most upstream migrants moved again upstream after they had been marked.\nIn particular our results on microgeographic and seasonal variation show clearly that a quantitative approach to migration would have been premature. Secondly, they make a direct correlation between production and drift unrewarding. The continuous measurement of migration showed that for this type of investigation field work is preferable to laboratory experimentation, since it gives more reliable results than those achieved under laboratory conditions.

Description: A study of the breeding cycle and population structure of Angeliera phreaticola (Isopoda, Asellota, Microparasellidae) has been carried out in the western Mediterranean. The species shows a seasonal reproductive cycle. The breeding season occurs from mid-April to the end of September. Release of juveniles is limited to the period from June to the end of September. Fourty to seventy days are necessary for the embryological development which is very long, eighty days for the post-marsupial one. It is suggested that in spring the increasing temperature of the interstitial waters accelerates the maturity of the ovocyte and post-embryonic development, and causes an advance of the breeding season. Each summerborn generation reproduces next year and yields reproducing animals two years after. Each female produces two broods (rarely three) per reproduction season and can get three to six descendants at most. Sex ratio of males to females is expressed as a function of the season and the size; males outnumber females. A. phreaticola has a maximum life span of about two years and two or three months.

Description: Two new genera of the family Tubificidae inhabiting springs, wells and interstitial waters of a brackish lake in the West Indies are described. These are Spirospermoides stocki gen. et sp. n. and Krenedrilus papillatus gen. et sp. n. A detailed description of the morphological characters and genital organs is provided. A comparison with allied genera and species is also made. The occurrence of some other species of this family has been recorded.

Description: The breeding distribution of the Bearded Tit Panurus biarmicus is not disjunct but continuous from western Europe to Manchuria (fig. 4).\nColour variation allows for the partition in a group of light populations, a group of dark populations, and an extra dark population (fig. 5). The range of the dark group is disjunct.\nWith respect to the amount of streaking on head and back of females, three groups could be distinguished (fig. 6). The so-called \xe2\x80\x9cvariable group\xe2\x80\x9d coincides with the dark colour group, except for Greece and the Caucasus, and the \xe2\x80\x9cnot variable group\xe2\x80\x9d coincides with the light colour group.\nThe marking of individual mantle feathers in females shows no essential differences between populations.\nThe marking of the outermost tail-feather shows great variability in each population. As a consequence, there are no differences between populations (appendix 3).\nApart from sexual dimorphism in plumage, there are also sex-related differences in several biometrical characters (table II).\nThe so-called dark populations are, as a group, often statistically different from other populations. The light populations, generally, group in the same nonsignificant subsets. Clinal variation in biometrical characters is not pronounced; with respect to males a slight increase in size from west to east may be observed in the characters \xe2\x80\x9ctipblack\xe2\x80\x9d (fig. 3, A), wing- and tail-length (figs. 7-9).\nThree subspecies may be distinguished, viz. Panurus biarmicus biarmicus (Linnaeus, 1758), P. b. russicus (Brehm, 1831), and P. b. kosswigi Kumerloeve, 1958 (see fig. 12).