ALBERT

Description: Anthodus paniculatus Martius, reduced to a synonym of Hemiangium excelsum (H.B.K.) A. C. Smith by A. C. Smith, is reestablished here as Hemiangium paniculatum (Mart.) A. M. W. Mennega. H. excelsum in the present sense is now restricted to C. America, whereas H. paniculatum occurs in S. America.

Description: Three new species of Salacia are described.\nSalacia bullata spec. nov., a liana, characterized by bullate leaves, was collected in Brazil, Territorio Amapa. It comes closest to S. amplectens. A.C. Smith\xe2\x80\x99s key (1940) should be amended to include a new group \xe2\x80\x98Amplectentes\xe2\x80\x99. This group, containing S. bullata and S. amplectens would be near \xe2\x80\x98Arboreae\xe2\x80\x99.\nSalacia alwynii, spec. nov., a vining species comes from Peru, Maynas, and is characterized by very large leaves and large cauliflorous flowers. It belongs to the species group \xe2\x80\x98Ellipticae\xe2\x80\x99 sensu Smith. It was also collected in Venezuela.\nSalacia paradoxa spec. nov. is a liana collected in Brazil along the Manaus-Caracarai road. Its long leaves are narrowly elliptic, its flowers are extremely small. In leaf characters it is strikingly similar to S. solimoesensis of Smith\xe2\x80\x99s species group \xe2\x80\x98Ellipticae\xe2\x80\x99, the shape of the disk, however, suggests the species group \xe2\x80\x98Crassifoliae\xe2\x80\x99. Specimens with fruits, collected in western Brazil may belong either to S. paradoxa or to S. solimoesensis.

Description: A description is given of two new species in the genus Pristimera, P. dariense from Panama and P. caudata from Suriname. P. dariense differs by its flattened disk from the other New World species of the genus, but would fit in the subgenus Trochantha N. Hall\xc3\xa9 known from Africa.\nCuervea crenulata sp. nov. is a species collected in Brazil, Minas Gerais. Another species in Cuervea, C. mitchellae (Johnst.) A.C. Smith is considered as a synonym of C. kappleriana.\nHylenaea unguiculata sp. nov. is a new species from Suriname. The material on which the new species is based was at first erronously ascribed to the genus Tontelea with remarkably similar flowers.

Description: Potamogeton filiformis Pers. in Nederland? P. filiformis wordt voor Nederland uitsluitend vermeld door Westhoff & Den Held, Plantengemeenschappen in Nederland, 1969, p. 54. Deze opgave is gebaseerd op niet-bloeiende exemplaren uit een collectie die in 1965 werd verzameld in het Veluwemeer. Bij herdeterminatie is echter gebleken dat deze collectie tot Juncus bulbosus behoort.

Description: The nervous system in the tentacles of the sea anemones Tealia felina, Anemonia sulcata, Metridium senile and Cerianthus membranaceus was studied using light microscopic and electron microscopic techniques. \nBecause of the small dimensions of the nerve cells (6\xe2\x80\x947 \xc2\xb5m) and of the neurites (diameter 〈 1 \xc2\xb5m) satisfactory information could not be obtained using conventional histological techniques. \nElectron microscopic investigation showed that the nervous system can be divided into three parts: the plexus round the mesogloea, a nervous system between the muscles (obviously connected with the plexus) and sensory cells in the outer layer of the tentacle connected to the plexus by nerve fibres. The latter nerve cells with their fibres are arranged radially in the tentacle ectodermis. These are the only sensory cells discovered in the tentacles of the sea anemones. \nIn these radial neurites and in a number of neurites in the plexus, dense core granules are found. In the nervous system between the muscles and in a number of neurites in the plexus, opaque granules are found. Neurites containing dense core as well as opaque granules were never observed. Only in the radial neurites and in the plexus a yellow F(ormol) I(nduced) F(luorescence) was observed. Analysis of the emission spectrum showed that the F.I.F. had developed from a catecholamine (most probably noradrenalin). Therefore the dense core granules contain a catecholamine. \nOn the basis of morphological similarity, the neurites containing opaque granules may be identified as purinergic as proposed by Burnstock (1972), since the innervation of the muscles in the sea anemones very much resembles the innervation of smooth muscles in vertebrates. \nSynapses as described by a.o. Westfall (1973a) could not be demonstrated. However, desmosome-like structures were found between the epithelial cells and between the muscles, so that a non-neural conduction (c.q. myoepithelial conduction) is probable. This myoepithelial conduction may explain the presence of a \xe2\x80\x9csecond nervous system\xe2\x80\x9d postulated by Bullock & Horridge (1965) which is supposed to be a slowconductive system. A morphological indication for a \xe2\x80\x9csecond nervous system\xe2\x80\x9d has never been found. \nThe two transmitter substances mentioned (no indication was found for the presence of GABA and acetylcholine), i.e. a catecholamine, most probably noradrenalin, and a purine derivate, both have an excitatory function. The possible role of glutamate as an inhibitor has been discussed. Glutamate acts as a possible inhibitor, since it is released from contracting muscles and inhibits the contraction via an unknown mechanism. \nHydra was investigated and the findings were discussed in relation to the existing literature. Only the existence of synapses was discrepant, since these structures could not be demonstrated. \nRegarding the possible transmitters a catecholamine could be demonstrated with the F.I.F. method. A purinergic muscle innervation is possible in view of our experience with sea anemones.

Description: The study of some newly collected material from the West Indies may justify a fourth paper on Caribbean Tenebrionidae in these \xe2\x80\x9cStudies\xe2\x80\x9d. Thanks to dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK\xe2\x80\x99S collecting work, the Tenebrionid fauna of the Antilles and the adjacent South American mainland shores may be considered to be pretty well known \xe2\x80\x94 at least as far as the Melasomes are concerned. Thus zoogeographical conclusions \xe2\x80\x94 though not differing essentially from those published in 1962 \xe2\x80\x94 appear to have a rather solid basis. Unfortunately much less is known about planticolous Tenebrionids, which anyhow are relatively less interesting for zoogeographical purposes, than the geophilous ones.\nWe also had the privilege of consulting the collections of the I.N.R.A. at Guadeloupe (see MARCUZZI & D\xe2\x80\x99AGUILAR 1971) which considerably increased our knowledge of the Tenebrionid fauna of that and neighbouring islands. Several specimens on hand at the Institute of Marine Biology, Mayag\xc3\xbcez, proved extremely useful for obtaining a better knowledge of the Tenebrionid fauna of the old, sedimentary island of Puerto Rico. In a few single cases material from other sources (British Museum, Museum G. Frey and the private collection of the author) has been used.

Description: Populations of three species of the genus Heterocypris: H. margaritae Margalef, 1961, H. antillensis Broodbakker, 1982, and H. punctata Keyser, 1975, sampled in the Caribbean region are studied. (1) An attempt is made to correlate differences in mean carapace length between samples from different islands and within intra-insular samples, with environmental factors. (2) Differences in the ecology of the three species are determined. (3) The distribution of the three species is discussed. (4) Related species are compared.\nDifferences in carapace length appear not to be related with genetic differences, but to be caused by environmental influences. In H. margaritae correlation was found between carapace length and size (as area) of habitat, and in H. antillensis between carapace length and vegetation. Variation in carapace length is probably related with food abundance, pollution and some factors of water chemistry.\nH. margaritae is a euryhaline species, living in more permanent habitats of medium size, and in subterranean habitats as well. H. antillensis is a freshwater and oligohaline species, living in more temporary, somewhat polluted, open habitats, with a muddy bottom in limestone areas. H. punctata is a mesohaline species, dwelling in larger uncovered waterbodies on limestone, with a mud or sandy mud bottom.\nH. margaritae has its closest relatives in South America, while H. antillensis and H. punctata seem to have their closest relatives in the southern part of North America.

Description: Cercariae have been collected and studied from two sampling areas, situated at a distance of about 5 km of one another, South-East of Amsterdam.\nThirteen species are mentioned in this paper, seven of which are reported from the Netherlands for the first time. Two species are described in detail: an echinostome cercaria tentatively identified as Cercaria deficipinnata Khan, 1960, and a new xiphidiocercaria belonging to the group \xe2\x80\x9carmatae\xe2\x80\x9d, named Cercaria otiosa n. sp.\nThe cercarial fauna in the two sampling areas is compared, and possible causes of differences are briefly discussed.

Description: A primitive freshwater planarian, Eviella hynesae gen. et sp. nov. is described from Australia. It is characterized by its lack of eyes and pigment, possession of caudally branched oviducts, and fully fused testes. Although a primary bursa is absent, its function being taken over by the modified female genital canal, the female copulatory system is posterior to the male system. Despite this maricolan feature, and other similarities with primitive southern hemisphere freshwater planarians that have been classified in the Maricola, the present species is placed in the family Dugesiidae of the Paludicola. Evidence from its sensory organs suggests that it belongs on the main evolutionary line from which the majority of Australasian freshwater planarians have been derived.

Description: Two new genera of the family Tubificidae inhabiting springs, wells and interstitial waters of a brackish lake in the West Indies are described. These are Spirospermoides stocki gen. et sp. n. and Krenedrilus papillatus gen. et sp. n. A detailed description of the morphological characters and genital organs is provided. A comparison with allied genera and species is also made. The occurrence of some other species of this family has been recorded.