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  • low temperature
  • Springer  (7)
  • International Union of Crystallography  (1)
  • 2020-2023  (1)
  • 2000-2004  (7)
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  • 1
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    HTD2: a single‐crystal X‐ray diffractometer for combined high‐pressure/low‐temperature experiments at laboratory scale (2022)
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-15
    Description: High‐pressure (HP) X‐ray diffraction experiments at low temperature (LT) require dedicated instruments as well as non‐standard sample environments and measuring strategies. This is especially true when helium cryogenic temperatures below 80 K are targeted. Furthermore, only experiments on single‐crystalline samples provide the prerequisites to study subtle structural changes in the p–T phase diagram under extreme LT and HP conditions in greater detail. Due to special hardware requirements, such measurements are usually in the realm of synchrotron beamlines. This contribution describes the design of an LT/HP diffractometer (HTD2) to perform single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction experiments using a laboratory source in the temperature range 400 〉 T 〉 2 K while applying pressures of up to 20 GPa.
    Description: The design and operation of a newly commissioned single‐crystal X‐ray diffractometer (HTD2) are presented. The device enables experiments under simultaneous low‐temperature and high‐pressure conditions using a laboratory X‐ray source.
    Keywords: ddc:548 ; HTD2 ; low temperature ; high pressure ; single crystals ; instrumentation
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen Selectivity on Na-A Type Zeolite at Low Temperature (2000)
    Springer
    Adsorption 6 (2000), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: Na-A type zeolite ; Na-A pellets ; oxygen selectivity ; low temperature ; rate selective adsorbent ; pressure swing adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Na-A type zeolite (Na-A) shows favorable selectivity for nitrogen in an oxygen-nitrogen bi-component system at room temperature and also it is known that oxygen selectivity is dominated by differences in adsorption rates. In this study, the oxygen adsorption behavior of Na-A pellets at low temperature was evaluated. When temperature decreased, oxygen selectivity was enhanced as a result of the difference in adsorption rates. It was also strongly suggested that the oxygen equilibrium adsorbed amount of Na-A pellets was larger than that of nitrogen below 213 K. Na-A pellets are expected to be a good oxygen adsorbent for oxygen-nitrogen separation from air by pressure swing adsorption (PSA).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008933110044
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen Selectivity of Calcined Na-A Type Zeolite (2000)
    Springer
    Adsorption 6 (2000), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: calcined Na-A type zeolite ; rehydration ; recalcination ; oxygen selectivity ; low temperature ; pressure swing adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Na-A type zeolite (Na-A) pellet showed a greater oxygen selectivity than Na-A powder (Izumi, J. and M. Suzuki, Adsorption, submitted; Izumi, J. et al., Japan Patent Toku-Kou-Shou 62-026808 (1987)). It was considered that a water adsorption at calcination stage influenced a window diameter shrinkage to increase the oxygen selectivity. For the confirmation of an optimum preparation condition for the oxygen selectivity enhancement of Na-A pellet, an experiment of oxygen and nitrogen adsorption on calcined Na-A was undertaken with a small adsorbent column under a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) condition at a temperature from 298 K to 213 K. It was found that the secondary calcination (953–1033 K) after the water vapor adsorption provided a remarkable increase of the oxygen selectivity. At the optimum condition for calcined Na-A, the oxygen separation factor is greater than 6. Calcined Na-A has a potential to separate oxygen and nitrogen from air by PSA effectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008990914439
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cold storage of Halotydeus destructor (Acari: Penthaleidae) for use in experiments (2000)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 24 (2000), S. 123-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: redlegged earth mite ; Halotydeus destructor ; cold storage ; low temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Survival of medium sized nymphal stages of redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (mainly tritonymphs and deutonymphs) stored under low temperature (1.5° C) in sealed plastic boxes remained more than 50% after 12 days of storage, with some mites surviving for up to eight weeks. Adding fresh subclover leaves into the storage box increased the survival rate of mites from 12% to 28%, 19 days after the storage started. Mites stored for two weeks at low temperatures showed feeding activity in a screening experiment similar to mites collected directly from the field. This indicated that cold storage of redlegged earth mite can be used to build up mite numbers for large screening experiments, or to extend the period of availability of mites collected from the field. However, their reproductive ability was greatly reduced after three weeks at low temperature. Thus, care should be taken when using mites for experiments measuring reproduction. The implications of low temperatures for reducing field populations of mites in midwinter are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006454621228
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stable Isotope Fractionation during Experimental Formation of Norsethite (BaMg[CO3]2): A Mineral Analogue of Dolomite (2000)
    Springer
    Aquatic geochemistry 6 (2000), S. 201-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Keywords: carbonates ; norsethite ; dolomite ; stable isotope fractionation ; experiment ; low temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Stable oxygen and carbon isotopefractionation during the experimental formation ofordered norsethite (BaMg[CO3]2) from thereaction of anhydrous BaCO3 (witherite) withrelatively low concentrated sodium-magnesiumbicarbonate solutions has been studied between20° and 135 °C. In the investigatedtemperature range, 18O and 13C are enrichedin norsethite with respect to water and gaseous carbondioxide, respectively. Whereas 18O/16Opartitioning is intermediate between those of theBaCO3–H2O and MgCO3–H2O systems,13C/12C partitioning is more similar to thatfor BaCO3–CO2. Between 20° and90°C, the temperature dependences of the18O/16O and 13C/12C fractionationfactors are represented by the equations (T in °K):103 ln αBaMg[CO3]2-H2O = 2.83 106T--2.85, and 103lnαBaMg[CO3]2-CO2(gas) = 1.78 106T--10.16. The later equation considers carbon isotope fractionationbetween the dissolved carbonate ion and carbon dioxide measured by Halaset al. (1997). Under standard state conditions (25 °C) the fractionation factors in the system BaMg[CO3]2-CO2-H2O are: Oxygen isotopes: αBaMg(CO3)2-H2O = 1.02941, αBaMg(CO3)2-OH-(aq) = 1.07059,αBaMg(CO3)2-CO2(gas) = 0.98868, andαBaMg(CO3)2-H2CO3 * = 0.98843; carbon isotopes:αBaMg(CO3)2-CO2(gas) = 1.00992,αBaMg(CO3)2-H2CO3 * = 1.01099,αBaMg(CO3)2-HCO3 - = 1.00194,αBaMg(CO3)2-CO3 2- = 1.00491 or 1.00150.The spontaneous precipitation of aBaMg[CO3]2 gel at 20 °C,followed by the alteration of the products at20° or 60°C for 31 days,demonstrated isotope exchange reactions betweensolids and mother solutions dueto recrystallization. Isotope equilibrium, wasnot reached within run time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009646805933
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth effects in Arctic charr reared in cold water: Feed frequency, access to bottom feeding and stocking density (2000)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 381-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) ; growth ; low temperature ; stocking density ; time restricted feeding,/kwd〉
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of time restricted feeding, possibility of bottomfeeding and stocking density on the growth of Arctic charr(Salvelinus alpinus L.) were examined in fish held at lowtemperature (〈2 °C). Fish fed for a restricted time (1 h) hadsignificantly (p 〈 0.05) lower specific growth rate (0.15 vs0.32% per day) than those fed the same ration over an extendedtime period (12 h). Increasing stocking densities had a positive andsignificant effect (p 〈 0.05) on growth with SGR increasing from 0.27to 0.52% per day at 2–30 kg m-3. Fish withaccess to feed on the tank floor had a significantly higher (p 〈0.05) growth rate (0.3 vs 0.13% per day) than those without thepossibility to feed from the bottom. When fish were held underconditions without access to the bottom a doubling of the feed rationdid not result in a significant (p 〉 0.05) increase in growth rate(0.13 vs 0.12%percnt; per day).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009235130015
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal Behaviour of Anhydrous α-, β- and γ-Cyclodextrin at Low Temperature (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 37 (2000), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: anhydrous cyclodextrin ; heat capacity ; low temperature ; thermodynamic ; molecular organization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Heat capacities of anhydrous α-and γ-cyclodextrin were measured by adiabaticcalorimetry between 10 K and 300 K. The thermalbehaviour of the two compounds exhibits significantdifferences. α-Cyclodextrin shows an anomalousexcess heat capacity in the entire region between 70 Kand 210 K. In the case of γ-cyclodextrin, anendothermic effect is observed at 240K. This effect isanalysed through the study of the correspondingentropy change and discussed in terms ofintramolecular organization.Using the known heat capacity values of anhydrousβ-CD, a comparative analysis has been developed.For each cyclodextrin, the average behaviour of abound α-D-glucopyranose has been calculated andcompared. From a thermodynamic point of view, thedegree of organization of the dehydrated macrocycliccompounds could be expressed asβ-CD α-CD γ-CD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008167013404
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abnormal Structural Behavior of Y0.8Ca0.2Ba1.8Nd0.2Cu3Oy at Low Temperature (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of superconductivity 13 (2000), S. 645-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: Y0.8Ca0.2Ba1.8Nd0.2Cu3O y cuprate ; structure ; low temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The variation of structure and transport property for the nominal composition of Y0.8Ca0.2Ba1.8Nd0.2Cu3O y (YCBNC) at temperature range of 78 K 〈 T 〈 284 K were studied. YCBNC shows a superconducting transition temperature (zero resistivity) of T c0 ∼ 83 K. There is no phase transition detected in the accuracy of our experiments in the whole temperature range. The dependences of lattice constants upon temperature can be discussed in two temperature regions. The other atomic parameters, or the deduced structural parameters, such as the orthorhombic strain, the lattice strain, some selected bond lengths and bond angles all depend on temperature. The dependences of the atomic structural parameters on temperature indicate that these atomic structural parameters may relate to the superconductivity to some extent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007845522342
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