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  • 1
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    Series available for loan
    Italy Antarctic research report to SCAR : June - 1999 ; 1. July 1, 1998 - June 30, 1999 record of activities ; 2. July 1, 1999 - June 30, 2000 planned activities ; ANT 99/10 (1999)
    Rome : Italian National Scientific Commission for Antarctic Research
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    Call number: AWI SCAR-IT-19-92821
    In: Italy antarctic research report to SCAR, June-1999
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 15, V Seiten
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Annual SCAR report on national scientific activities in the Antarctic 1 july 1998 - 30 june 1999 and planned new programmes : Argentina (1999)
    Buenos Aires : Direccion Nacional del Antartico, Instituto Antartico Argentino
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    Call number: AWI SCAR-AR-19-92813
    In: National report to SCAR on Antarctic scientific activities for the years ... and planned program for ... : progress report, 41
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 25 Seiten
    Series Statement: National report to SCAR on Antarctic scientific activities for the years ... and planned program for ... : progress report 41
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Geografija i prirodnye resursy; 1/1997, Janvar' - Mart (1997)
    Novosibirsk : "Nauka"
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    Call number: ZSP-312-1997,1
    In: Geografija i prirodnye resursy, 1/1997
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 203 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0206-1619
    Series Statement: Geografija i prirodnye resursy 1/1997
    Language: Russian
    Note: Contents: Natural-resource regionalization of Russia / I. L. Savelyeva. - Ecological substantiation of land improvement in Russia / V. M. Ivonin. - Soil and geochemical mapping for purposes of environment conservation / A. D. Abalakov, E. G. Nechaeva, A. I. Schetnikov. - Equiplains and equiplainazation in the mountains of South Siberia / L. N. Ivanovsky. - Environmental control. - Changes of natural conditions under the influence of reservoirs / Yu. B. Trzhtsinsky, E. A. Kozyreva, O. A. Mazayeva. - Consequences of Severomuisky tunnel construction / L. L. Shabynin. - On heavy metals content in glaciers of Katunsky Ridge / A. A. Bondarovich. - Changes of mercury concentration in natural objects of the ecosystem of Kureiskoye Reservoir / L. M. Sorokovikova, L. D. Andrulaitis, V. M. Domysheva. - Nature management in the Baikal Basin. - Dam lakes of the East Siberia rifts' floor: the evidence from the past and likelyhood in the future / A. A. Kulchitsky, T. M. Skovitina, G. F. Ufimtsev. - Changes of state of the South Baikal Shelf under the influence of drainage waters from the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill (BPPM) / E. I. Grosheva, R. P. Loseva, N. I. Kchotilovitch, G. N. Voronskaya, G. V. Belyavtseva, N. P. Melchakova, E. V. Shisiareva. - Patterns of structure and development of mountain landscapes of Pribaikalye (on the example of Baikal Ridge) / V. M. Plyusnin. - Geomorfological processes of the Priolkhonye in Holocene / S. A. Makarov. - Regional problems of nature studying and using the natural resources. - Special features of river bends in variuos natural environments (on the example of rivers Vychegda, Tchulym, Viluyi) / A. S. Zavadsky, L. N. Nikitina, R. S. Chalov. - The relief of and contemporary exogenic processes in the basins of Tsipa Branch (North-West of Zabaikalye) / V. B. Vyrkin. - Loose deposits and exogenic processes on the watershed of rivers Kaya and Irkut / D. D. Perevoznikov. - Quaternary volcanic ash in landscapes of Northern Priochotye / A. A. Galanin, O. P. Galanina. - Dynamics of landscape-climatic turns in the PriYenisei part of Kasskaya Plain in Holocene / A. D. Koshkarov, V. L. Koshkarova. - Consentration of microelements, and its season changes in conditions of PriokskoTerrasny biosphere nature reserve / S. V. Litkens. - Development and allocation of productive forces. - Restoration of sea bottom ecosystems (ecologic-economical aspect) / V. V. Zharikov, B. V. Preobrazhensky. - An assessment of territorial ecological balance in the Krasnoyarsk industrial-urban agglomeration / A. E. Miroshnikov, T. P. Strimzha, O. V. Antsiferova, N. A. Kochneva, S. V. Maksimova. - Traditional culture as base of sustainable development of indigenous people of the North / D. D. Mangataeva, G. Fondale. - Techniques of scientific studies. - Principles and methods of desighning ecologic-geographical maps using satellite imagery / B. L. Kochurov, N. N. Malakhova. - Nature-ecological assessment of urban environmental quality / T. I. Konovalova, I. E. Trofimova. - Some approaches to assessment of climate resources / L. B. Bashalkhanova. - An appraisement of thunderstorms and fire danger in forests of the left bank of River Yenisei / V. A. Ivanov, G. A. Ivanova. - Experimental creation of an artificial dune on the sandy shore of the Black Sea / Yu. D. Shuisky, G. V. Vykhovanets. - Geography abroad. - Heavy metals in bio-objects of fresh water ecosystems of Japan / P. V. Ivashov, S. E. Sirotsky. - Maunder minimum of solar activity in the evolution of natural environment of Eastern Mongolia / V. P. Chichagov. - Reviews. - Conception of sustainable development in the Irkutsk Region / Yu. P. Michailov. - Integrational potential of Geography / A. P. Chechel. - State of landscapes: the book on detailed researches in Priladozhie / V. A. Snytko. - Chronicles. - Geoinformation technologies in the environmental mapping: the International Conference in Irkutsk / A. R. Batuev, V. A. Chervyakov. - The simposium in Poland: eolian processes and shapes of the relief / T. Schipek, G. N. Martyanova, V. A. Snytko. - Geographical scientific conferences in Smolensk / V. B. Pozdeev. - Anniversaries. - On the 75-th anniversary of Aleksey Alexandrovitch Nedeshev. , In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 4
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    Motion resistance of wheeled vehicles in snow (1995)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-95/7
    In: CRREL Report, 95-7
    Description / Table of Contents: Before vehicle mobility in snow can be reliably predicted, a complete understanding of motion resistance in snow is required. This report examines several aspects of wheeled vehicle motion resistance using results obtained with the CRREL instrumented vehicle. Resistances of leading and trailing tires are examined. Limited data are presented for undercarriage drag, and third and fourth wheel passes in the same rut are initially analyzed, as is how snow deforms around a wheel. For the CRREL instrumented vehicle, a trailing tire has a resistance coefficient of about 0.017 for snow depths less than about 22cm. For deeper snow, the disruption of the snowpack caused by a preceding wheel causes snow to fall into the rut, resulting in higher trailing tire coefficients. For larger vehicles, which in some cases have trailing tires carrying larger loads than preceding tires, the trailing tire coefficients are on the order of 0.048 and 0.025 for second and third trailing wheels respectively. Since there are no trailing tire data available for these larger vehicles, these values are based on nonlinear regression analysis, which includes a prediction of the leading tire resistance. The results and observations of this study are applied in a reanalysis of the towed resistance data obtained during the U.S. Army's Wheels vs. Tracks study. An improved algorithm is presented for predicting wheeled vehicle motion resistance caused by snow.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 39 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 95-7
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA294675
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9271
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental procedure Results and analysis Leading tire resistance Trailing tire resistance Deep snow Undercarriage drag Multiple passes Shallow snow resistance model Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Snow data Appendix B: Observations of snow deformation by a wheel Appendix C: Wheeled vehicle motion resistance data Abstract
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  • 5
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    Sealants and cold regions pavement seals : a review (1995)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-95/11
    In: CRREL Report, 95-11
    Description / Table of Contents: A pavement joint seal prevents the passage of liquids into the pavement base and the intrusion of solids into the joint. The primary mechanical requirements of a pavement seal are that it respond elastically or viscoelastically to any movement of the joint without failure and that it withstand indentation of hard objects like rocks. Because pavement joint movements and seal deformations can be large, elastomeric sealants are often used to form seals. Winter conditions are recognized as the most critical for a seal because of the possibility that failure stresses will be reached as the joint opens to a maximum and the material stiffens in response to the temperature reduction. This report reviews the specific problems and requirements that cold climates create for the performance of elastomeric seals. Emphasis is placed on the material response behavior that can lead to failure of a seal. In an attempt to clarity the mechanics of sealant and seal performance associated with low-temperature pavement applications and to address the issue of low-temperature stiffening That should be a dominant factor in the selection of a sealant, this report presents background information on the formulation and mechanical properties of elastomeric seal materials and the structural behavior of field-molded joint and crack seals.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 20 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 95-11
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA297360
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9185
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Introduction Elastomers and sealant formulations Mechanical behavior of sealants Phenomenological behavior of rubbers and elastomers Hyperelastic constitutive model Examples of sealant behavior Mechanical response of seals Basic structural geometry and loading configurations of seals Conventional performance testing for studying the load and deformation response of joint and crack seals Response of seals to joint movements Summary and recommendations Literature cited Abstract
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  • 6
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    A literature review on decontaminating groundwater sampling devices : organic pollutants (1995)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-95/14
    In: CRREL Report, 95-14
    Description / Table of Contents: Current protocols for decontaminating devices used to sample groundwater for organic contaminants are re­viewed. Most of the methods given by regulatory agencies provide little scientific evidence that justify the recommended protocols. In addition, only a few studies that actually compared various decontamination proto­cols could be found in the open literature, and those studies were limited in their scope. Various approaches for decontamination and criteria that are important in determining how effectively a surface could be decontami­nated are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 95-14
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6067
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9194
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sorption and desorption of organic contaminants Decontamination methods Aqueous cleaning methods Cleaning or rinsing with organic solvents Chemical neutralization methods Current protocols to decontaminate groundwater sampling devices Variations in methodology Special instructions for cleaning pumps Effectiveness of various decontamination methods Low-temperature considerations Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 7
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    Cold regions mobility models (1995)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-95/1
    In: CRREL Report, 95-1
    Description / Table of Contents: This report annotates the cold regions mobility prediction routines included in the CAMMS/ALBE mobility models. It further explains the development of the algorithms that are used in these models to describe the interaction of a vehicle with terrain that has been affected by cold weather. The following terrain conditions are discussed: undisturbed snow (shallow and deep); disturbed snow (moderately trafficked and hard packed); ice; and thawing soils. Several combinations of substrates are also considered. A stand-alone computer model is included.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 72 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 95-1
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA293728
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9179
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Shallow snow Undisturbed snow on a firm substrate Undisturbed snow on a soft substrate Undisturbed snow over ice Disturbed, processed and packed snow Deep snow Ice Freezing or thawing ground conditions Bearing capacity of freezing ground Effect of thawing conditions on vehicle performance Speed made good Internal motion resistance Slopes Summary and recornmendations Literature cited Appendix A: Cold Regions Mobility Model CRM-1.F Appendix B: FORTRAN code using NRMM/CAMMS variables and format Appendix C: Traction coefficients on packed snow Appendix D: NRMM checkout data Abstract
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  • 8
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    Model for avalanches in three spatial dimensions : comparison of theory to experiments (1994)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-94/5
    In: CRREL Report, 94-5
    Description / Table of Contents: A three-dimensional theory is derived to describe the temporal behavior of gravity currents of cohesionless granular media, in an attempt to model the motion of dense, flow-type snow avalanches, ice and rock slides. A mohr-Coulomb yield criterion is assumed to describe the constitutive behavior of the material, and the basal bed friction is described similarly by a Coulomb type of friction. A drag term is included in order to model the occurrence of flow regimes where boundary drag becomes non-negligible. Data from laboratory simulations are compared to a series of numerical studies based on the aforementioned theory. A nondimensional, depth and width averaged form of the theory is considered. A Lagrangian finite difference scheme is then applied to numerically model some limiting cases of the governing equations. Two different numerical models are developed, tested and compared to experimental values. The results indicate that the model can account for flow transitions by inclusion of the drag term when the initial inclination angle is large enough to affect boundary drag. Furthermore, the temporal and spatial evolution of the granulate and final runout position can be predicted to values well within the experimental error.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 94-5
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a283989.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9396
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Nomenclature Introduction Mathematical formulation Limiting cases of the governing equations Nondimensionalization scheme Numerical solutions and comparison to experiments Unconstrained Coulomb flow model with constant bed friction Unconstrained Coulomb flow with boundary drag term Conclusions and remarks Literature cited Abstract
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  • 9
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    German Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Past activities (October 1993 - March 1994) ; II. Planned activities (April 1994 - March 1995) ; III. Future activities (beyond March 1995) (1994)
    Bremerhaven : German Scientific Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-16
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 16
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 99 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 16
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: I. National Committee for Antarctic Research, and National Operating Body. - II. Map of Stations. - Ill. Permanent Observatories, Regular Observations and Long-term Monitoring. - IV. Report on Highlights of Science Activities from Previous Reporting Period (1 Oct. 93 - 31 March 94). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - V. List of Permits and Rationale for Entry into SPAs and SSSIs. - VI. Prospectus of Planned Activities for Coming Reporting Period (1 April 94 - 31 March 95). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VII. Future Activities Planned & Funded (beyond 31 March 95). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VIII. Bibliography. - IX. List of Principal Investigators and Responsible Authorities.
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  • 10
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    Subsurface radar investigations at the Pegasus Glacial-Ice Runway and Williams Field, McMurdo Station, Antarctica (1994)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-94/12
    In: CRREL Report, 94-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Subsurface radar was used to profile ice and snow conditions on the Ross Ice Shelf at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, during mid-January 1993. Deconvolution and migration were often used to improve vertical resolution and spatial imaging. Profiles at a pulse center frequency of 400 MHz along the 3.2-km-long Pegasus ice runway show many low-density horizons above 9 m depth that are up to 30 m long. They are associated with air bubbles included during refreezing of meltwater and are interpreted as layers between a few and tens of centimeters thick. There is a strong reflecting horizon at about 9 m depth that is probably from brine intrusion as it is continuous with the intrusion into the snow to the east. Diffraction asymptotes give a dielectric constant near 3.2 for material above the brine level, a value that implies near-solid ice. Profiles at 100 MHz along the road between Pegasus runway and Williams Field in the accumulation zone show snow features such as layer deformation and intrusive brine layers that both abruptly and gradually change in depth. A single profile at a relic solid waste dump at Williams Field detected buried debris and ice within the upper 7 m. A survey of a suspected fuel spill shows some local disturbances near the center, but no excavation was done to verify the findings. Profiles traversing the sewage sumps at Williams Field outline the extent of the sewage deposition, and give depths to contaminated snow that closely agree with observation. Despite variability in dielectric properties, single-layer migration effectively improves the resolution of subsurface conditions. Recommendations are made for future surveys.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 94-12
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a289323.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9377
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Radar equipment General operation Antennas Waveforms and phase polarity Antenna directivity Field procedures and data processing Field procedures Data recording Data processing Site location Results Pegasus runway Access road from Williams Field to Pegasus runway Williams Field Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Airborne profile of a portion of the access road Abstract
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  • 11
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    Three approaches to winter traction testing (1993)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-93/9
    In: CRREL Report, 93-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Traction on winter surfaces was measured using three test vehicles, each designed to measure traction for a different purpose: vehicle mobility research (CRREL Instrumented Vehicle), commercial tire testing (Uniroyal- Goodrich traction tester), and airport runway safety (Saab friction tester). The traction measured with each method is comparable, but there are systematic differences due to the effects of the surface material and the test and analysis technique. This comparison serves as the fundamental basis for collaboration between the various traction testing communities and illustrates the need for well documented test procedures and data analysis as a standard for traction testing and evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 93-9
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA276484
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9161
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Traction test methods Saab friction tester Uniroyal-Goodrich traction tester CRREL Instrumented Vehicle Surfaces tested Reporting results and terminology Factors influencing traction Results Traction curves for each surface Traction coefficients Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Vehicle instrumentation and samples of graphic output Appendix B: Comparison of measured traction coefficients with published andpredicted values Abstract
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  • 12
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    Flow regulation for controlled river-ice formation (1993)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-93/3
    In: CRREL Report, 93-3
    Description / Table of Contents: Results are presented of a study to determine appropriate methods of flow modification for mitigating ice jam formation in navigable rivers. Based on a review of alternative methods for flow modification, it is concluded that for many rivers, especially large ones, the most appropriate method involves controlled ice-cover formation through the regulation of river flow. Flow discharge and stages would be regulated by controlling the flow releases from reservoirs and flow stages at river dams, such that optimal flow conditions prevail for rapid formation, and subsequent maintenance, of an accumulation ice cover over river reaches in which potentially large amounts of frazil ice may grow. Accumulation covers would be formed of frazil ice pans and floes and, if appropriate, broken ice conveyed from upstream. Existing dams, augmented where needed by navigable ice booms, could serve as retention structures for the development of accumulation covers. A preliminary indication of the feasibility of this method for controlling ice-cover formation on stage-regulated pools of the Ohio River is assessed through the use of a numerical model that simulates ice-cover formation from frazil ice. It is found that this approach holds promise for mitigating jam occurrence, although its implementation necessarily entails management of flow through major portions of the Ohio River. The results of the study are, to a limited extent, generalized to other rivers.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 58 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 93-3
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA266409
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9155
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Scope of the study Control of river ice formation Control methods Controlled ice-cover formation for the upper Ohio River Numerical simulation of ice-cover formation Flow profile Water temperature variation Frazil ice growth Ice-cover progression Thermal growth of ice cover Numerical results Illustration of simulated ice-:over formation Ice-cover formation in the Hannibal and Montgomery pools Generalized results Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Expression for coefficients Appendix B: Listing of computer program
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  • 13
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    Gas gun experiments to determine shock wave behavior in snow : methods and data (1993)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-93/11
    In: CRREL Report, 93-11
    Description / Table of Contents: A laboratory study of the behavior of snow under shock wave loading and unloading conditions was conducted using a 200-mm-diameter gas gun to generate loading waves in snow samples with initial densities of 100 to 520 kg m-3 at temperatures of -2 to -23 deg C. Stress levels were 2 to 40 MPa. The response of snow to shock wave loading was measured as a function of distance from the impact plane using embedded stress gauges. Large impedance differences between snow and the stress gauges produced complex stress histories. A finite element model, along with a simple analytical model of the experiment, was used to interpret the stress histories. Snow deformation was not affected by initial temperature, but was found to be rate dependent. The initial density of the snow determined its pressure-deformation path. The pressure needed to compact snow to a specific final density increases with decreasing initial density. The release moduli increased nonlinearly from 50 MPa at a snow pressure of about 15 MPa to 2700 MPa at a snow pressure of about 40 MPa.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 150 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 93-11
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a270467.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9163
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Experimental equipment and methods Gas gun Snow target assembly Data acquisition Experimental procedure Measured data Stress histories Snow characterization Data analysis Recommendations Experimental methods Experimental needs Summary Literature cited Appendix A : Stress-time data plots Appendix B: Tabulated stress-time data Abstract
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  • 14
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    Effects of severe freezing periods and discharge on the formation of ice jams at Salmon, Idaho (1992)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-92/14
    In: CRREL Report, 92-14
    Description / Table of Contents: Large ice jams on the Salmon River have reached Salmon, Idaho, and resulted in major flood damage during 16 winters since the winter of 1936-37. Two recent ice jams, in February 1982 and January 1984, caused flooding that resulted in damages of $1 million and $1.8 million respectively. A detailed analysis of the winter air temperature records from 1936-37 through 1991-92 revealed a strong relationship between the duration and intensity of severe cold periods, the air temperature record prior to the severe cold periods, and the occurrence of ice jams reaching the city of Salmon that result in flooding. A threshold condition is identified from which the probability of icejams reaching the city can be determined from inspection of forecasted air temperatures. It was found that once an icejam reaches the city, average daily air temperatures of approximately 18 deg F are necessary to keep the jam in place. The effects of discharge on ice thickness, and therefore ice jam length, are shown to be minor and no relation could be found in this study. An ice control structure located upstream of the city of Salmon appears to be helping to alleviate ice-jam flooding.
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    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 92-14
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a255876.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9148
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Conversion factors Introduction Data sources and analysis Air temperature records Air temperature curves Air temperature record analysis Discharge records Results Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Effects of discharge Salmon River ice control Conclusions Literature cited Abstract
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  • 15
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    Comparison of thawing soil strength measurements for predicting vehicle performance (1992)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-92/17
    In: CRREL Report, 92-17
    Description / Table of Contents: The CRREL Instrumented Vehicle (CIV), shear annulus, direct shear, andtriaxial compression devices were used to characterize the strength ofthawed and thawing soil. These strength values can be used in simpletraction models to predict the tractive performance of vehicles. Strength was evaluated in terms of the parameters c' and Φ' based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. It is proposed here that an instrumented vehicle is best suited for terrain characterization for mobility studies because the conditions created by a tire slipping on a soil surface are exactly duplicated. The c' and Φ' values from the shear annulus were found to overpredict traction because of the low normal stress applied by the annulus and the curved nature of the failure envelope. Of all the tests, the direct shear test yielded the highest Φ' value, most likely because the test was run at a slow deformation rate under drained conditions. The triaxial test results were the most similar to those from the vehicle. All test methods show Φ' increasingwith soil moisture up to the liquid limit of the soil and then decreasing. As measured with the vehicle, was also found to be strongly influenced by the thaw depth.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 92-17
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a258263.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9145
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Introduction Objective Background Strength measurement techniques Triaxial compression Direct shear Shear annulus device CRREL Instrumented Vehicle Discussion Comparison of methods Influence of soil conditions Traction prediction Conclusions References Abstract
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  • 16
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    German Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Past activities (October 1991 - March 1992) ; II. Planned Activities (April 1992 - March 1993) (1992)
    Bremerhaven : German Scientific Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-14
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 14
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 133 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: I. National Committee for Antarctic Research, and National Operating Body. - II. Map of Stations. - Ill. Permanent Observatories, Regular Observations and Long-term Monitoring. - IV. Report on Highlights of Science Activities from Previous Reporting Period (1 Oct. 91 - 31 March 92). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - V. List of Permits and Rationale for Entry into SPAs and SSSIs. - VI. Prospectus of Planned Activities for Coming Reporting Period (1 April 92 - 31 March 93). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VII. Future Activities Planned & Funded (beyond 31 March 93). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VIII. Bibliography. - IX. List of Principal Investigators and Responsible Authorities.
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  • 17
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    Personnel and cargo transport in Antarctica : analysis of current U.S. transport system (1991)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-91/5
    In: CRREL Report, 91-5
    Description / Table of Contents: An analysis of the National Science Foundation's surface vehicle fleet in Antarctica is reported on here. Surface vehicle needs have been determined through interviews of vehicle users, managers and maintainers, and from direct on-site observation. An ideal grouping of vehicle categories is proposed that will address current needs and provide flexibility for the future. Ultimately, recommendations for streamlining and modernizing the NSF Antarctic vehicle fleet are made. Cargo transportation over snow was identified as being in a crisis state. Personnel movement functions for all but traversing are performed adequately at this time, although there is much room for improvement. Brands and models must be selected for some categories of recommended vehicle types. This will naturally follow a more in-depth analysis of candidates and discussions with NSF vehicle managers. A purchasing plan, including a time table, budget, and desired sequence of replacement, must then be formulated and executed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 71 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 91-5
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a236142.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9116
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Executive summary Introduction Regional divisions Zone A - rock and ice roads Zone B - local ice Zone C - traverse Zone D - ice edge Zone E - remote field site Zone F - inland station Current transportation needs in Antarctica Future transportation needs Transportation analysis Personnel transport Cargo transport Summary of analysis Recommendations for changes to U.S. vehicle fleet Conclusions and summary of findings Literature cited Appendix A: Age distribution of NSF surface vehicles Abstract
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  • 18
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    Evaluation of a portable electromagnetic induction instrument for measuring sea ice thickness (1991)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-91/12
    In: CRREL Report, 91-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Field trials using a man-portable Geonics, Ltd., EM31 electromagnetic induction sounding instrument, with a plug-in data processing module, for the remote measurement of sea ice thickness, are discussed. The processing module was made by Flow Research Inc., to directly measure sea ice thickness and show the result in a numerical display. The EM31-processing module system was capable of estimating ice thickness within 10% of the true value for ice from about 0.7 to 3.5 m thick, the oldest undeformed ice in the study area. However, since seawater under the Arctic pack ice has a relatively uniform conductivity (2.5 + or - 0.05 S/m), a simplified method, which can be used for estimating sea ice thickness using jet an EM31 instrument, is discussed. It uses only the EM31's conductivity measurement, is easy to put into use and does not rely on theoretically derived look-up tables or phasor diagrams, which may not be accurate for the conditions of the area.
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    Pages: iv, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 91-12
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a240974.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9126
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction EM 31 Sounding concepts Previous EMI studies Beaufort Sea field trials EM 31 Conductivity reading versus sea ice thickness General comments Literature cited Abstract
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  • 19
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    Investigations of freshwater and ice surveying using short-pulse radar (1991)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-91/15
    In: CRREL Report, 91-15
    Description / Table of Contents: An overview is presented of recent activities and results in the use of commercially available short-pulse UHF radar for surveying ice conditions on freshwater bodies. Improvements in radar systems have made it possible to increase ice thickness resolution by as much as one third relative to that in past attempts, and some new signal processing approaches shown here may offer an order of magnitude improvement. Results from airborne surveying are shown in which the varieties of ice character are reflected. Given the lack of ground coupling, one can rely upon a reasonably well-defined wavelet structure for enhanced signal processing and interpretation possibilities. An algorithm is presented that locates returns from interfaces in the presence of noise for a non-minimum delay wavelet. The method performs a simple inversion in the frequency domain, enhanced by a time dependent weight designed to recognize the shape of the wavelet amplitude and phase spectra. Thin ice layers are resolved down to a few centimeters and are distinguished from an ice free condition by means of a matched filter system designed to recognize the interference pattern from parallel interfaces close to one another. The effects and constraints imposed by water layers on wet ice are discussed, as are general attenuation, sloping bottom, and critical angle effects in deeper water. In closing, observations on the problems and prospects of this sort of surveying are offered.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 31 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 91-15
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9120
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Preface Nomenclature Introduction Field surveys Methods and paraphernalia Results Sloping bottom effects and critical angle phenomena Deconvolution and thin layers Well-separated echoes Thin ice layers Thin layers of water Observations Literature cited Abstract
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  • 20
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    German Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Past activities (October 1990 - March 1991) ; II. Planned activities (April 1991 - March 1992) (1991)
    Bremerhaven : German National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-13
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 13
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 123 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 13
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: I. National Committee for Antarctic Research, and National Operating Body. - II. Map of Stations. - Ill. Permanent Observatories, Regular Observations and Long-term Monitoring. - IV. Report on Highlights of Science Activities from Previous Reporting Period (1 Oct. 90 - 31 March 91). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - V. List of Permits and Rationale for Entry into SPAs and SSSIs. - VI. Prospectus of Planned Activities for Coming Reporting Period (1 April 91 - 31 March 92). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VII. Future Activities Planned & Funded (beyond 31 March 92). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VIII. Bibliography. - IX. List of Principal Investigators and Responsible Authorities.
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  • 21
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    Antarctic research : proceedings of a symposium, held at Potsdam GDR, 11-14 September 1989; Vol. 1: Earth and atmospheric sciences (1990)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR
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    Call number: Q 2434(15) ; MOP Per 581(1/15) ; ZSP-319/A-15
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Heft 15
    In: Antarctic research / edited by H.-J. Paech, D. Fritzsche, Vol. 1
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 280 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7577
    Series Statement: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 15
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Volume I Earth Sciences. - Geological research of the German Democratic Republic in Antarcitca - a review / J. Hofrnann ; H.-J. Paech ; D. Fritzsche. - Structural evolution of the Ross Sea depression and the adjacent Transantarctic Mountains (Abstract) / F. Tessensohn. - Evolutionary types of sedimentary basins of the continental margin, Antarctica (Abstract) / V. V. Traube. - Age determination on detrital zircons of West Antarctica - A contribution to the reconstruction of Gondwana / W. P. Loske ; H. Miller. - Geological relations between Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica and South India / W. Stackebrandt. - The Proterozoic evolution of New Schwabenland and its correlation with the southern part of Africa (Abstract) / K. Weber ; N. Arndt ; J. Jacobs ; M. Peters. - Stratigraphy, metamorphism and nappe-tectonics in the Shackleton Range (Antarctica) / W. Buggisch ; G. Kleinschmid t; H. Kreuzer ; S. Krumm. - Comments on 'Stratigraphy, metamorphics and nappetectonics in the Shackleton Range (Antarctica)' by Buggisch, W. et al. / H.-J. Paech. - The Lambert Rift development in East Antarctica - a review (Abstract) / J. Hofmann. - Sedimentological investigations in Permian deposits of the Beaver Lake area (Prince Charles Mts., East Antarctica) - First results / M. Mann. - Contributions to the geology of the south eastern Antarctic Peninsula (Abstract) / K.-P. Stanek ; W. Weber ; K. Rank ; K. Hahne. - Geological history of western Queen Maud Land / H.-J. Paech ; A. A. Laiba ; O. G. Shulyatin. - Late Proterozoic microbiota from the Turnpike Bluff Group, Shackleton Range (Abstract) / B. Weber. - Proterozoic fossil content in the Ahlmarmryggen Group, western Queen Maud Land: first preliminary results / B. Weber ; H.-J. Paech. - Geological evolution of the Schirmacher Oasis inclusively surrounding nunataks and the Central Wohlthat Massif (Abstract) / H. Kämpf et al. - Geological setting of the nunataks area south of the Schirmacher Oasis, Central Queen Maud Land / H.-U.Wetzel ; W. Stackebrandt ; K. Hahne. - Mineralizations in Central Queen Maud Land (Abstract) / H. Kämpf et al. - The petrographic characteristics of metamorphics in Queen Maud Land / G. Andrehs ; K. Adam. - Geochemical studies of tillites and boulders in Central Queen Maud Land (Abstract) / K. Hahne et al. - Oxygen isotope geochemistry of pegmatites from a high-grade metamorphic terrain (Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica): Preliminary results / Yu. A. Borshchevskiy et al. - Geodetical activities in the vicinity of the Georg Forster Station - Continuation of geodetic research tradition of the GDR in Antarctica / R. Dietrich ; R. Frey ; W. Korth. - Polar lights above the GDR Antarctic station "Georg Forster" (Abstract) / A. Grafe ; C. Kopsch. - Geomagnetical survey of the Schirmacher Oasis and its surroundings / St. Wagner ; C. Kopsch. - Effective offline-processing of complex geomagnetic and ionospheric data / St. Wagner ; V. Strecke. - A new measuring system for registration of geophysical signals on "Georg Forster" based on a 16-bit-multiprocessor structure (Abstract) / R.Rochlitzer Geomagnetic measuring techniques in Antarctica, both in field and stationary operation / C.Kopsch. - Atmospheric Sciences. - Antarctic research on the atmosphere and solar-terrestrial physics / M. J. Rycroft. - The polar ozone depletion in spring as a response to lower stratospheric changes in dynamics and chemistry / H. Gernandt ; P. Gloede. - Ground based aerosol optical thickness measurements in Antarctica from 1984/85 to 1988/89 / U. Leiterer ; A. Herber. - Some problems of the Atmospheric circulation over Antarctica / V. I. Zachariev. - Some results of middle atmosphere research Antarctica, Molodoshnaya station (Abstract) / I. N. Ivanova ; G. A. Kokin ; E. V. Lysenko et al.
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  • 22
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    Wheels and tracks in snow : validation study of the CRREL shallow snow mobility model (1990)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-90/9
    In: CRREL Report, 90-9
    Description / Table of Contents: In 1986, a mobility model was developed for predicting the traction and motion resistance of both wheeled and tracked vehicles on shallow snow, and a winter field season was dedicated to gathering mobility data for a diverse family of vehicles (including four on wheels and three tracked) to validate the model. The original version of the model, SSM 1.0, used the Mohr-Coulomb shear failure equation from soil mechanics to predict gross traction. This required input of the snow strength parameters c and ȹ. Motion resistance is predicted by calculating the amount of work done by the tire in compacting snow and only requires snow depth and density values as input snow properties. Some effort was expended in determining an easy and reliable method of obtaining snow strength established from past instrumented vehicle test results. Historically, shear annulus apparati have been used to obtain Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters. A comparison of snow strength obtained via these three methods (shear annulus, instrumented vehicle, calculated from initial density using the relationship in SSM 1.0) for individual snow covers showed no agreement. SSM 1.0 assumed that snow strength parameters for mobility prediction were a function of initial snow density; however, traction is developed in the compacted snow under the driving element, whose strength properties bore little relation to those of the initial snow. It appears that the shear strength of the compacted snow is essentially a constant for all of the vehicles and snow covers tested here. Based on this finding, a new traction algorithm was developed, resulting in the creation of a second generation model, SSM 2.0. This algorithm predicts gross traction, on the average for the vehicles tested, within 7% of the measured value. Motion resistance prediction remains unchanged in SSM 2.0. This quantity is still not predicted with a desirable level of accuracy.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 72 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 90-9
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a230102.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9109
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Field experiments Test location and test sites Test vehicles Test procedures Results CIV traction and motion resistance Wheels/trackcs vehicles traction and motion resistance Shear annulus device Accuracy and limitations of data Snow conditons Analysis Determination of snow strength parameters Traction analysis Traction model predictions Resistance analysis Resistance model predictions Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Shallow snow mobility model, version 1.0 Appendix B: Test vehicle data Appendix C : Selected test data Appendix D : Snow data Appendix E: Shallow snow mobility model code, version 2.0 Abstract
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  • 23
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    SCAR Newsletter (1990)
    Sendai, Japan : The Working Group
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    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-701
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Language: English
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  • 24
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    German Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Past activities (October 1989 - March 1990) ; II. Planned activities (April 1990 - March 1991) (1990)
    Bremerhaven : National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-12
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 12
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 83 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 12
    Language: English
    Note: Beilage unter dem Titel: SCAR : Wissenschaftliches Komitee für Antarktisforschung , Beilage unter dem Titel: Deutsche Mitglieder in SCAR-Gruppen = German members in SCAR Groups , Beilage unter dem Titel: Corrigendum / German Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 12 - 1990 , Beilage unter dem Titel: SCAR Bulletin : No. 99, October 1990 ; Stations of SCAR nations operating in the Antarctic, winter 1990 , CONTENTS: I. National Committee for Antarctic Research, and National Operating Organization/Agency. - II. Map of Stations. - Ill. Permanent Observatories, Regular Observations and Long-term Monitoring. - IV. Report on Highlights of Science Activities from Previous Reporting Period (1 Oct. 89 - 31 March 90). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences. - V. List of Permits and Rationale for Entry into SPAs and SSSIs. - VI. Prospectus of Planned Activities for Coming Reporting Period (1 April 90 - 31 March 91). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences. - VII. Future Activities Planned & Funded (beyond 31 March 91). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences. - VIII. Bibliography. - IX. List of Principal Investigators and Responsible Authorities.
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  • 25
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    Poljarnye sijanija : katalog IV-XVIII vv. (1989)
    Moskva : Akademija Nauk SSSR
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    Call number: AWI PY-16-89714
    Type of Medium: Monograph non-lending collection
    Pages: 125 S
    Language: Russian
    Note: Contents: Introduction. - Historiographic survey: traditions, sources, methods. - Catalogue. - Reliability of interpretations of the original descriptions. - The mid-latitude aurorae occurrence frequency and the Maunder minimum. - Summary. - Abstract. - Abbreviations. - Geographic index. - Appendix: Catalogue in international system of indexes. , Überwiegend in kyrill. Schr.
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  • 26
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    Untersuchungen zum säkularen Trend der δ18O-Werte von Cherts und Karbonaten mit Hilfe eines mathematischen Modells der Sedimentgenese (1989)
    Leipzig : ZfI
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    Call number: ZSP-980-147
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen ; 147, Nr. 147
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 134 S , zahlr. graph. Darst , 21 cm
    ISBN: 0323-8776
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen Nr. 147
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Einleitung. - 1.1. Grundlagen der Isotopengeochemie. - 1.2 Isotopieeffekte bei geologischen Prozessen. - 1.3. Einführung in die Augabenstellung. - 2. Entwicklung kieseliger Sedimente und ihrer Sauerstoffisotopenzusammensetzung. - 2.1 Entstehung und Klassifikation von kieseligen Sedimenten. - 2.2. Diagenese und Veränderung der δ18O-Werte von Cherts. - 3. Entwicklung von Kalksedimenten und ihrer Sauerstoffisotopenzusammensetzung.- 3.1. Entstehung und Charakterisierung von Kalksedimenten. - 3.2 Zur Frage des Isotopengleichgewichts zwischen biogenen Karbonaten und Ozeanwasser. - 3.3. Beeinflussung der δ18O-Werte von Tiefseekarbonaten durch selektive Auflösung von Skelettteilen während des Absinkens zum Ozeanboden. - 3.4. Einfluss von Diageneseprozessen auf die Veränderung der δ18O-Werte von Tiefseekarbonaten. - 4. Modellrechnungen für die δ18O-Records von Tiefseebohrungen. - 4.1. Zielstellung. - 4.2. Übersicht über das verwendete Datenmaterial und Programme zur Datenspeicherung und -auswertung. - 4.2.1. Datenmaterial. - 4.2.2. Programmsystem GEODAT. - 4.3 Statistische Auswertung der Daten. - 4.4. Beschreibung des Modells. - 4.4.1. Zusammenstellung der verwendeten Bezeichnungen. - 4.4.2 Modellannahmen. - 4.4.2.1. Porosität. - 4.4.2.2. Rekristallisation. - 4.4.2.3. Zusammensetzung des Sediments. - 4.4.2.4. Temperatur und δ18O-Wert des Ozeans. - 4.4.2.5. Trennparameter. - 4.4.2.6. Zusammenfassung der Modellannahmen. - 4.4.3. Ableitung des Modells. - 4.5. Ergebnisse der Modellrechnungen. - 4.6. Diskussion der Ergebnisse der Modellrechnungen. - 4.7. Berechnung von möglichen Palaeotemperaturen mit einem zeitabhängigen Modell. - 5. Zusammenfassung. - Literaturverzeichnis.
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  • 27
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    Definition of research needs to address airport pavement distress in cold regions (1989)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/10
    In: CRREL Report, 89-10
    Description / Table of Contents: In early fall 1984, a questionnaire was sent to over 325 general aviation airports in cold regions. The results from over 200 responses were compiled and evaluated and over 20 airport managers were contacted for additional details. Site visits were made to 36 airports to obtain additional information. The most common pavement problems identified in the study were associated with non-traffic-related phenomena and include 1) pre-existing cracks reflecting through asphalt concrete overlays (in two years less), 2) thermal cracking, and 3) longitudinal cracking (at a construction joint). Most of the airports experienced 1) water pumping up through cracks and joints in the pavements during spring thaw, or 2) additional roughness due to differential frost heave in the winter, or both problems. Many airport managers reported that debris was generated at cracks during the winter and spring. Many pavement problems can be traced to the evolutionary history of general aviation airports and the lack of consideration for site drainage. Based on the recognition of these problems, several future research programs are identified.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 147 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-10
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a212238.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9056
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Statement of the problem Purpose and scope Background - the physical environment and airport pavements Physical environment of study area Comparison of highway and general aviation airport pavements Types of pavements and surface treatments Pavement distress and condition rating Surveys of airport pavement distress Airport pavement performance problems in cold regions Cracking Distortion and pavement faulting Disintegration Inadequate skid resistance Improper maintenance Stripping Statement of research needs Basis for statement of research needs Performance of overlays Recycling/reconstructing airport pavements Drainage of airport pavement structures Eliminating/accommodating differential frost heave Evaluation of adequacy of design procedures Maintenance products and performance Control of transverse cracking Additives for asphalt concrete Performance documentation Wildlife conservation vs aircraft safety Literature cited Appendix A: Questionnaire and listing of airports contacted Appendix B: Summary listing of questionnaire responses Appendix C: Narrative summary of site visits
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  • 28
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    Airfields on Antarctic glacier ice (1989)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/21
    In: CRREL Report, 89-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The physical characteristics of blue ice ablation areas in Antarctica are described and some representative ablation rates are given. The possibilities for using blue-ice areas as airfields are outlined and exploratory surveys are mentioned. Site details are given for icefields at Mount Howe, Mill Glacier, Patriot Hills, Rosser Ridge, Mount Lechner, S1 near Casey station, and on the Ross Ice Shelf near McMurdo station. The surface roughness of blue ice is discussed, microrelief surveys are presented for Mount Howe and Patriot Hills, and spectral analyses are used to develop relations between bump height and wavelength. U.S. military specifications for the roughness limits of various types of runways are summarized and graphical comparisons are made with the roughness analyses for Mount Howe and Patriot Hills. Special machines for smoothing ice runways are discussed and design specifications are developed. Some notes on ground facilities and ground transport are included. Appendices give discussions of weather patterns in the Transantarctic Mountains and methodology for making spectral analyses of surface roughness. It is concluded that glacier-ice airfields for conventional transport aircraft can be developed at low cost in Antarctica. Recommendations for further work are offered.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 105 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-21
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a217638.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9085
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Blue-ice areas Blue-ice areas as airfield sites The formation of blue-ice areas Ablation rates at blue-ice areas Exploratory surveys at blue-ice areas Mount Howe Mill Glacier / Plunket Point Patriot Hills Rosser Ridge Mount Lechner The S-1 site near Casey station The McMurdo "Pegasus Site" Surface roughness of blue ice Analysis and characterization of surface roughness Surface preparation to reduce ice roughness Ground facilities Ground transport Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited and selected references Appendix A: Survey data for Patriot Hills, Mount Howe and Mill Glacier Appendix B: Analysis of surface roughness at blue-ice sites Appendix C: Meteorological conditions to be expected in summer in the Trans-antarctic Mountains
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  • 29
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    The chemical and structural properties of sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea (1989)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/25
    In: CRREL Report, 89-25
    Description / Table of Contents: This study provides a detailed chemical and structural profile of first-year and multiyear Arctic sea ice. Ice cores were collected during April- May 1986 and 1987 near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Concentrations of Cl, Br, SO4, Na, Ca, K, Mg, PO4, SiO4, NO3, NO2 and NH4 were determined for samples chosen on the basis of structural ice type. Chemical and statistical analyses indicate that finer-grained structures incorporate more impurities and that major ion chemistry is controlled almost entirely by salinity. Mg is enriched in the ice indicating precipitation is occurring at temperatures higher than previously reported. K is depleted in the ice suggesting preferrential drainage. Ratios of the major ions are the same for first-year and multiyear ice and are similar to that of seawater indicating that as the ice ages no significant changes occur in ice chemistry. Nutrient concentrations in the ice are enriched with respect to the underlying water, indicating that biological activity occurs in the ice and processes other than the overall salinity effect and brine drainage are affecting nutrient concentrations within the ice.
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    Pages: vi, 144 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-25
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a219746.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9097
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Formation, growth, and structure of sea ice Oceanic frazil production Multiyear ice Equilibrium growth Summer ice decay Annual layering Salinity distribution in sea ice Chemistry of sea ice Study area description Objectives Methodology Sample collection Blanks Chemical analyses Thin sections Data reduction Results and discussion First-year ice Multiyear ice Comparison of first-year and multiyear ice Summary Conclusions Future work References Appendix A: Concentration of chemical species in sea ice as reported in the literature Appendix B: Ice and water data Appendix C: Linear regression data
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  • 30
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    FR Germany Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Past Activities (Oct. 1988 - March 1989) ; II. Planned activities (April 1989 - March 1990) (1989)
    Bremerhaven : National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-11
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 11
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 11
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: I. National Committee for Antarctic Research, and National Operating Organization/Agency. - II. Map of Stations. - Ill. Permanent Observatories, Regular Observations and Long-term Monitoring. - IV. Report on Highlights of Science Activities from Previous Reporting Period (1 Oct. 88 - 31 March 89). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences. - V. List of Permits and Rationale for Entry into SPAs and SSSIs. - VI. Prospectus of Planned Activities for Coming Reporting Period (1 April 89 - 31 March 90). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences. - VII. Future Activities Planned & Funded (beyond 31 March 90). - VIII. Bibliography. - IX. List of Principal Investigators and Responsible Authorities. - X. Summary Listing of Projects.
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  • 31
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    Airborne radar survey of a brash ice jam in the St. Clair River (1989)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/2
    In: CRREL Report, 89-2
    Description / Table of Contents: A brash ice jam in the South Channel of the St. Clair River was profiled in February 1987 using a helicopter-borne short-pulse radar operating in the UHF band near 500 MHz. During the same time, measurements of the brash ice depth and water temperature were made from a Coast Guard icebreaker. The returned radar pulses consisted of a strong coherent reflection from the water surface, preceded (and followed) by incoherent returns from the brash ice. The measured waveform time delays were then converted to mean freeboard height of the brash ice pieces above the water surface. Given the mean freeboard height, an estimate of the total brash ice thickness was made. This estimate was greater than the range of the direct shipboard measurements. The difference is believed due to differences between ice porosity above and below the water line, to melting within the ice and to partial submergence of some of the surface pieces. It is concluded that this technique could be used for mapping relative brash ice depth if the complexities of automating waveform analysis could be overcome.
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    Pages: iv, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a206868.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9064
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives and procedures Equipment Radar Brash ice probe Temperature measurements St. Clair River ice conditions Results and discussion Thickness and temperature Size distribution Radar survey Discussion of errors Porosity Phase state of the ice Partial submergence of individual pieces Spectra of reflected energy Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Laboratory verification of surface scattering from a simulated ice jam Appendix B: Display of digitized and processed data
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  • 32
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    Dynamic friction of a metal runner on ice : I. Model sled test (1989)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/14
    In: CRREL Report, 89-14
    Description / Table of Contents: The effects of runner material and surface conditions on the friction between runners and ice were studied. A model sled was pushed over a 6-m-long ice sheet and the reduction of speed of the sliding sled was measured. The friction calculated by the reduction of speed between two gates indicated that smooth runners showed lower friction at around -1°C than at around -10°C, as expected, but the friction of rough runners showed little temperature dependence. The lower thermally conductive runners showed lower friction than higher thermally conductive smooth runners as the theory predicted, but such effects were obscured on rougher runners.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-14
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA211498
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9087
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Apparatus and procedures General approach Sled design Sled propulsion Ice sheet preparation Experimental procedure Results General remarks Effect of runner temperature Effect of runner surface Effect of ice surface conditions Effect of velocity Effect of runner materials Observations of replicate surfaces Statistical analysis Discussion Molecular interactions Mechanical deformations Thermal energy dissipation Hydrodynamidc processes Comparison of energy loss mechanisms Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 33
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    Development of an airborne sea ice thickness measurement system and field test results (1989)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/19
    In: CRREL Report, 89-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Recent efforts to improve airborne electromagnetic induction- measurement technology and to downsize the related helicopter-towed antenna assembly from about 7.5 m long to about 3.5 m long for use in airborne measurement of sea ice thickness are discussed, as are the results from arctic field testing. Also outlined are the system noise and drift problems encountered during arctic field evaluation, problems that adversely affected the quality of the sounding data. The sea ice sounding results indicate that it should be possible to determine thickness to within 5% for ice floes with moderate relief but that, because of sounding footprint size and current model algorithm constraints, steepsided pressure ridge keels cannot be well defined. The findings also indicate that routine sea ice thickness profiling from an airborne platform is close at hand with further system improvement, as is the apparent capability to determine the conductivity of the sea ice, from which an assessment of sea ice strength can be made.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a224867.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9083
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Pre-field-deployment activities Software development System optimization Improvements of the calibration procedure Real-time processing Small bird design and implementation Other improvements Field activities Snow, ice and seawater data AEM surveys Calibration AEM data processing Post-survey results Processing problem Ground truth data Floe freeboard vs thickness analysis AEM sounding results Concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Blowup of Figure 28
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  • 34
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    Studies of the protein and the energy metabolism in man during a wintering in Antarctica (1988)
    Leipzig : Acad. of Sciences of the GDR, Central Inst. for Isotope and Radiation Research
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    Call number: ZSP-980-76
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, 76
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 45 S. , graph. Darst.
    Edition: Preprint
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 76
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Introduction. - Material and methods. - Characterization of subjects and environmental conditions. - Experimental procedure. - Evaluation of experiments. - Results. - Investigation of protein metabolism. - Investigation of energy metabolism. - Discussion. - Acknowledgements. - References.
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  • 35
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    Freezing of soil with an unfrozen water content and variable thermal properties (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/2
    In: CRREL Report, 88-2
    Description / Table of Contents: While many materials undergo phase change at a fixed temperature, soil systems exhibit a definite zone of phase change. The variation of unfrozen water with temperature causes a soil system to freeze of thaw over a finite temperature range. Exact and approximate solutions are given for conduction phase change of plane layers of soil with unfrozen water contents that vary linearly and quadratically with temperature. The temperature and phase change depths were found to vary significantly from those predicted for the constant-temperature or Neumann problem. The thermal conductivity and specific heat of the soil within the mushy zone varied as a function of unfrozen water content. It was found that the effect of specific heat is negligible, while the effect of variable thermal conductivity can be accounted for by a proper choice of thermal properties used in the constant-thermal-property solution.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA195343
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9076
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Nomenclature Preface Introduction Basic equations Two-zone problems Linear unfrozen water function Quadratic unfrozen water function Three-zone problems Linear unfrozen water function Quadratic unfrozen water function Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of the mushy zone equation Appendix B: Solution of the two-zone problem with a linear t and variable thermal properties
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  • 36
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    Mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice : phase II: ice structure analysis (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/5
    In: CRREL Report, 88-5
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the structural analysis of multi-year sea ice samples that were tested in the second phase of a program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Each test specimen is classified into one of three major ice texture categories: granular, columnar, or a mixture of columnar and granular ice. The crystallographic orientation, percent columnar ice, and grain size are then evaluated for the granular and/or columnar ice in the sample. Test results are interpreted with respect to these parameters. The overall composition of multi-year ridges is considered, based on the extensive field sampling that was done in the program. The effect of sample orientation on the results is also discussed.
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    Pages: iii, 32 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-5
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a194980.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9077
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample analysis Continuous multi-year ridge core Tested multi-year ridge ice samples Unconfined constant-strain-rate compression tests Confined constant-strain-rate compression tests Uniaxial constant-strain-rate tension tests Discussion Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Multi-year ridge sample data
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  • 37
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    Atmospheric icing and broadcast antenna reflections (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/11
    In: CRREL Report, 88-11
    Description / Table of Contents: This study assesses the effects of atmospheric icing on broadcast transmission reflections on two mountains- Mount Mansfield in northern Vermont and Mount Washington in New Hampshire. Experience and theory suggest that antenna ice accretions produce large signal reflections. Correlations between reflection coefficients and ice accretions on Rosemount ice detectors adjacent to antennas were low and occasionally negative. The unexpected correlations may be due to factors not measured, such as antenna tuning, ice type and ice location on the antenna system. Other confounding factors may include ice detector performance and methods used to compute antenna ice accretions from the ice detectors.
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    Pages: iii, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-11
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a200378.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9069
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data sources Study location and icing conditions Icing data Antenna reflection data Data preparation Analyses Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 38
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    Isotopes in Antarctic research - contribution of the GDR III : 10 years Antarctic research of the Central Institute of Isotope and Radiation Research (1988)
    Leipzig : Akad. d. Wiss. d. DDR, Zentralinst. für Isotopen- u. Strahlenforschung
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    Call number: ZSP-980-143 ; ZSP-980-143(2. Ex.)
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen ; 143, Nr. 143
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 189 S. , graph. Darst
    ISSN: 0323-8776
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 143
    Note: Contents: Preface. - ISOTOPES IN HYDROLOGY AND GLACIOLOGY. - Hydrology of the lakes in Central Wohlthat Massif, East Antarctica: new results / D. Haendel, W.-D. Hermichen, R. Höfling, P. Kowski. - Tritium in precipitation of Vostok (Antarctica) - conclusions on the tritium latitude effect / D. Hebert. - Stable isotopic composition and regional climatic features - a comparative study of the East-Antarctic ice sheet surface / W.-D. Hermichen, P. Kowski. - Deuterium in the water cycle of the Schirmacher Oasis (Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica) : a data compilation / P. Kowski, W. Richter. - Stable isotope and hydrogeochemical studies of Beaver Lake and Radok Lake, MacRobertson Land, East Antarctica / U. Wand, W.-D. Hermichen, E. Brüggemann, R. Zierath, V. D. Klokov. - Sulphur isotope measurements on sulphates from Antarctic atmospheric precipitations, lake waters and salt efflorescences: a contribution to the study of the natural sulphur cycle / U. Wand, I. Maaß, D. Haendel. - ISOTOPES IN GEOLOGY. - A lead isotope study of pegmatitic K-feldspars from the Schirmacher Oasis, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica (Abstract) / K.-H. Bielicki, H. Hiller, U. Wand. - Petrography and geochemistry of lamprophyres from the Schirmacher Oasis, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica (Abstract) / U. Wand, M. Geisler, D. Korich. - Carbon isotope geothermometry of graphite-bearing marbles from Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / U. Wand, K. Mühle. - ISOTOPES IN LIFE SCIENCES. - The seal mummies of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / A. Hiller, A. Loopmann, W. Richter, D. Haendel. - Occupation of the Antarctic continent by petrels during the past 35,000 years: inferences from a 14C study of stomach oil deposits (Abstract) / A. Hiller, U. Wand, H. Kämpf, W. Stackebrandt. - Studies of the protein and the energy metabolism in man during a wintering in Antarctica / P. Junghans, G. Schrader, H. Faust, B. Wagner, K. Hirschberg, R. Reinhardt. - Author Index.
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  • 39
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    Options for management of dynamic ice breakup on the Connecticut River near Windsor, Vermont (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/1
    In: CRREL Report, 88-1
    Description / Table of Contents: The Cornish-Windsor bridge is the longest covered bridge in the United States and has significant historical value. At a large peak flow, dynamic ice breakup of the Connecticut River can threaten the bridge and cause flood damage in the town of Windsor, Vermont. Throughout the 1985-86 winter we regularly monitored ice conditions, including a midwinter dynamic ice breakup on 27 January. We conducted controlled release tests over the operating range of the turbines at Wilder Dam upstream during both open water and ice cover conditions. These data and observations were analyzed in light of more than 60 years of temperature and discharge records. Our analysis indicates that river regulation presents alternatives for ice management that would minimize the probability of bridge damage and flooding during breakup. The flow can be regulated early in the winter to promote the growth of a stable ice cover, minimizing the total ice production in the reach. In the weeks prior to breakup, sustained releases and above-freezing air temperatures cause melting, weakening and gradual breakup of the ice, greatly reducing the flooding potential. Also, it is possible to produce a controlled ice breakup prior to an imminent natural event at lower stage and discharge. All of these ice control alternatives have associated power production costs.
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    Pages: iii, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-1
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a195329.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9026
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Analysis of historical data Field observations Controlled release tests January 1986 ice breakup Connecticut River ice control Minimizing ice production Hydrothermal melting Controlled ice breakup Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Detailed ice breakup chronology
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  • 40
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    National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Record of activities (past and ongoing) April 1987 - October 1988 ; II. Planned activities October 1988 - October 1989 (1988)
    Bremerhaven : Federal Republic of Germany, National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-10
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, 10
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 61 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 10
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Members of Permanent Working Groups and Groups of Specialists of SCAR. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 1987 - October 1988. - II. Planned Activities, October 1988 - October 1989. - References. - Addenda to Former Reports. - Index of Activities.
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  • 41
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    Untersuchungen an Vögeln und Robben auf King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarktis) : aus dem Forschungsprogramm der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Zentralinstitut für Physik der Erde in Zusammenarbeit mit der Forschungsstelle für Wirbeltierforschung (im Tierpark Berlin) (1988)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR
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    Call number: ZSP-319/A-14
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Heft 14
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 128 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7577
    Series Statement: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 14
    Language: German
    Note: INHALTSVERZEICHNIS: 1. Einleitung. - 2. Meteorologische Daten. - 3. Material und Methoden. - 3.1. Quantitative Erfassung der Vögel und Robben. - 3.2. Vogelberingung und -markierung. - 3.3. Robbenmarkierung. - 3.4. Spezielle ethologische und ökologische Untersuchungen. - 3.4.1. Zügelpinguin (Pygoscelis antarctica). - 3.4.2. Südlicher Riesensturmvogel (Macronectes giganteus). - 3.4.3. Skua (Catharacta skua lonnbergi und c. maccormicki). - 3.4.4. Antarktisseeschwalbe (Sterna vittata). - 3.4.5. Südlicher See-Elefant (Mirounga leonina). - 4. Zur Avifauna des Untersuchungsgebietes. - 4.1. Kaiserpinguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) 4.2. Südlicher Eselspinguin (Pygoscelis papua ellsworthii). - 4.3. Zügelpinguin (Pygoscelis antarctica). - 4.4. Adeliepinguin (Pygoscelis adeliae). - 4.5. Goldschopfpinguin (Eudyptes cbrysolophus) 4.6. Wanderalbatros (Diomedea exulans). - 4.7. Mollymauk (Diomedea melanophris). - 4.8. Rußalbatros (Phoebetria palpebrata). - 4.9. Südlicher Riesensturmvogel (Macronectes giganteus). - 4.10. Silbersturmvogel (Fulmarus glacialoides). - 4.11. Weißflügelsturmvogel (Thalassoica antarctica). - 4.12. Kapsturmvogel (Daption capense). - 4.13. Schneesturmvogel (Pagodroma nivea). - 4.14. Blausturmvogel (Halobaena caerulea). - 4.15. Taubensturmvogel (Pachyptila desolate). - 4.16. Buntfußsturmschwalbe (Oceanites oceanicus exasperatus). - 4.17. Schwarzbauchmeeläufer (Fregetta tropioa) 4.18. Blauaugenscharbe (Phalaorocorax atriceps). - 4.19. Kuhreiher (Bubulous ibis). - 4.20. Chilepfeifente (Anas sibilatrix). - 4.21. Weißgesicht-Scheidenschnabel (Chionis alba). - 4.22. Südpolarskua und Braune Skua (Catharaota maccormicki und C. skua lonnbergi). - 4.23. Dominikanermöwe (Larus dominicanus). - 4.24. Küstenseeschwalbe (Sterna paradisaea). - 4.25. Antarktisseeschwalbe (Sterna vittata). - 5. Wissenschaftliche Vogelberingung - Übersicht über Beringungen und Wiederfunde. - 6. Die Robbenfauna des Untersuchungsgebietes. - 6.1 Antarktiacher Seebär (Arctooephalua gazella). - 6.2 Weddellrobbe (Leptonychotes weddelli). - 6.3 Krabbenfresser (Lobodon carcinophagus). - 6.4 Seeleopard (Hydrurga leptonyx). - 6.5 Südlicher See-Elefant (Mirounga leonina). - Zusammenfassung. - Summary. - Rezjume. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Anhang: Abbildungen. , Zusammenfassung in deutscher, englischer und russischer Sprache
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  • 42
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    On the pressure drop through a uniform snow layer (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/14
    In: CRREL Report, 88-14
    Description / Table of Contents: An experimental study covering a mass flow rate ranging from 1.62 to 67.45 g/cm2-s and snow density varying from 0.377 to 0.472 g/cm3 has been conducted. Pressure drops ranging from 0.012 to 2.868 gf/cm2 were recorded. A plot of the friction factor fp vs Rep (defined as the classical Reynolds number Re for fluid flow through conduits) showed a good representation of all the experimental data. The least-squares analysis resulted in an expression of f sub p = 118/Rep to the 1.095 power for snow, in comparison with the expression f sub p = 64/Rep developed for fluid flow through porous media of randomly packed metallic and nonmetallic materials of spherical and nonspherical shapes.
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    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-14
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a201045.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9070
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental setup and procedure Experimental results Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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    Profile properties of undeformed first-year sea ice (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/13
    In: CRREL Report, 88-13
    Description / Table of Contents: In many sea ice engineering problems the ice sheet has been assumed to be a homogeneous plate whose mechanical properties are estimated from the bulk salinity and average temperature of the ice sheet. Typically no regard has been given to the vertical variation of ice properties in the ice sheet or to the time of ice formation. This paper first reviews some of the mechanical properties of sea ice, including the ice tensile, flexural and shear strengths, as well as the ice modulus. Equations for these properties are given as functions of the ice brine volume, which can be determined from the ice salinity and temperature. Next a numerical, finite difference model is developed to predict the salinity and temperature profiles of a growing ice sheet. In this model ice temperatures are calculated by performing an energy balance of the heat fluxes at the ice surface. The conductive heat flux is used to calculate the rate of ice growth and ice thickness by applying the Stefan ice growth equation. Ice salinities are determined by considering the amount of initial salt entrapment at the ice/water interface and the subsequent brine drainage due to brine expulsion and gravity drainage. Ice salinity and temperature profiles are generated using climatological data for the Central Arctic basin. The predicted salinity and temperature profiles are combined with the mechanical property data to provide mechanical property profiles for first-year sea ice of different thicknesses, grown at different times of the winter. The predicted profiles give composite plate properties that are significantly different from bulk properties obtained by assuming homogeneous plates. In addition the failure strength profiles give maximum strength in the interior of the sheet as contrasted with the usual assumption of maximum strength at the cold, upper ice surface. Surprisingly the mechanical property profiles are only a function of the ice thickness, independent of the time of ice formation.
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    Pages: v, 63 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-13
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA213087
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9071
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Structure Composition Mechanical properties Strength Elastic constants The temperature-salinity model Temperature profiles Salinity profiles Composite plate properties Results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Details of the equations for ice surface temperature and conductive heat flux Appendix B: Calculated profile and bulk properties of an ice sheet of varying thickness Appendix C: Calculated profile and bulk properties of 30- and 91-cm-thick ice sheets
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  • 44
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    Ship model testing in level ice : an overview (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/15
    In: CRREL Report, 88-15
    Description / Table of Contents: The main points covered are: (1)modeling criteria for ships in ice, which must take into account the presence of a solid boundary at the water surface; (2) types of model ice used in various tanks-saline ice, urea-doped ice, EG/AD/S ice and synthetic ice; (3) techniques for growing model ice sheets, and achieving and monitoring the required ice properties; (4) limitations of both model ice and property measurement techniques; (5) model testing procedures for EHP and SHP tests and their limitations; (6) comparison between model test results and available full-scale trials data; (7) existing empirical and analytical or semi-analytical algorithms for predicting ship performance in level ice; (8) current research at CRREL and other research facilities to improve modeling techniques and data interpretation; and (9) novel bow designs for ice-transiting vessels.
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    Pages: v, 39 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-15
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA201012
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9073
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction General considerations Ice properties Modulus, E Characteristic length, Ic Flexural strength, σf Com pressive strength, σc Shear strength, σs Poisson's ratio, ϑ Fracture toughness, Kic Density, ρi Ice-hull friction factor, fi Model ice Synthetic ice Columnar saline ice Columnar carbamide ice Fine-grained ice EG/AD/S model ice Model test procedures Ice growth and monitoring EHP tests SHP test Test data analysis--comparison with full scale Analysis of test results Comparison with full-scale data Analytical and empirical predictors Empirical predictors Analytical and semi-analytical schemes Current research efforts in ice modeling International cooperative research Ice testing CRREL research on ship-ice interaction Novel icebreaking bow designs Conclusions and final remarks Literature cited
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  • 45
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    Comparison of soil freezing curve and soil water curve data for Windsor sandy loam (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/16
    In: CRREL Report, 88-16
    Description / Table of Contents: Unfrozen water content as a function of temperature was measured in the laboratory using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for a Windsor sandy loam soil. The data were related to previously measured soil moisture retention data through the modified Clapeyron equation with suitable adjustment for surface tension. The results show the usefulness of extending the soil freezing curve to temperatures only slightly below freezing and the soil water curve to very great suction.
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    Pages: iii, 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-16
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a202365.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9072
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Soil variable ø SWC and SFC similarity Mathematical representation of SWC and SFC data NMR measurement of unfrozen water content Characterization of SWC Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Soil freezing curve data Appendix B: Error analysis Appendix C: Soil water curve data
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    Measurement of the unfrozen water content of soils : comparison of NMR and TDR methods (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/18
    In: CRREL Report, 88-18
    Description / Table of Contents: The results of a laboratory testing program, carried out to compare two independent methods for determining the unfrozen water content of soils, are described. With the time domain reflectometry method, the unfrozen water content is inferred from a calibration curve of apparent dielectric constant vs volumetric water content, determined by experiment. Previously, precise calibration of the TDR technique was hindered by the lack of a reference comparison method, which nuclear magnetic resonance now offers. This has provided a much greater scope for calibration, including a wide range of soil types and temperature (unfrozen water content). The results of the testing program yielded a relationship between dielectric constant and volumetric unfrozen water content that is largely unaffected by soil type, although a subtle but apparent dependency on the texture of the soil was noted. It is suggested that this effect originates from the lower valued dielectric constant for absorbed soil water. In spite of this, the general equation presented may be considered adequate for most practical purposes. The standard error of estimate is 0.015 cc/cc, although this may be reduced by calibrating for individual soils. Brief guidelines on system and probe design are offered to help ensure that use of the TDR method will give results consistent with the relationship presented.
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    Pages: ii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-18
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a203082.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9074
    Language: English
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  • 47
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    Development and design of sludge freezing beds (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/20
    In: CRREL Report, 88-20
    Description / Table of Contents: This study develops design criteria for a new sludge dewatering unit operation called a sludge freezing bed. This bed uses natural freeze-thaw to condition the sludge. The total depth of sludge that can be frozen, thawed and dewatered by this process in a year is the main criterion needed for design. Laboratory tests assessed the dewaterability of freeze-thaw conditioned water treatment plant sludge and both anaerobically and aerobically digested wastewater sludges at various depths. Mathematical models for predicting the design depth were developed; values for the input parameters to the models were obtained from the literature or from laboratory and pilot-scale experiments. The dewaterability tests indicated that the depth of sludge that can be applied is not limited by drainability. Up to 2.0 m of each sludge drained in minutes after freeze-thaw conditioning. Except for the aerobically digested sludge, the solids content after drainage is high enough to permit mechanical removal. The physical and thermal characteristics of frozen sludge were found to be equivalent to those of ice. An analysis of the freezing and thawing models reveals that the design of a freezing bed will depend on the duration and intensity of the freezing and thawing seasons.
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    Pages: v, 58 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-20
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a205955.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9061
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Purpose Scope Literature review Fundamentals of freeze separation Applications of freeze separation technology Conclusions Concept development Background Site visits Final concept Dewaterability studies Sludge characteristics Specific resistance and capillary suction time Filtrate quality Drainage tests Drying tests Development of design models Basic energy balance relationship Development of freezing model Development of thawing model Other models Evaluation of sludge input parameters Frozen sludge density, ϱf Layer thickness, ϵ Settled solids fraction, θ Thermal conductivities, Kfs, Kss Latent heat of fusion, L Absorptance, α Freezing point, Tf Summary Evaluation of climatic input parameters Ambient air temperatures, Taf, Tat Insolation, I Convection coefficient, hc Use of models for design Freezing design depth Thawing design depth Validation Example Conclusions anid recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Sludge freezing at the Salem, New Hampshire, Wastewater Treatment Plant
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  • 48
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    Geotektonische sowie minerogenetische Epochen und Einheiten Antarktikas (1987)
    Leipzig : VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
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    Call number: SR 99.0015(418) ; ZSP-292-418
    In: Freiberger Forschungshefte, 418
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 75 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    ISBN: 3-342-00930-6
    ISSN: 0071-9409
    Series Statement: Freiberger Forschungshefte : C 418 : Geowissenschaften - Geologie
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Annotation (Annotation, Annotacija) 1. Einleitung 2. Tektonische Rayonierung Antarktikas 2. I. Der Ostantarktische Kraton (1) 2.1.1. Zentraler Geoblock (1.1.) 2.1.1.1. Enderby Land-Block (1.1.1) 2.1.1.2. Dronning Maud Land-Block (1.1.2) 2.1.1.3. Prince Charles Mountains-Block (1.1.3) 2. 1.2. Östlicher Geoblock (1.2) 2.1.2.1. Vestfold Block (1.2.1) 2.1.2.2. Wilkes Land-Block (1.2.2) 2. 1.2.3. Victoria Land-Block (1.2.3) 2.1.3. Westlicher Geoblock (1.3) 2.1.3.1. Maudheim-Block (1.3.1) 2.1.3.2. Shekleton Range-Block (1.3.2) 2.1.3.3. Thiel Mountains-Block (1.3.3) 2.2. Die jungproterozoisch-altpaläozoische Mobilzone der Transantarctic Mountains (2) 2.2.1. Südlicher Block (2.1) 2.2.2. Nördlicher Block (2.2) 2.2.3. Admirality Mountains-Block (2.3) 2.3. Die jungproterozoisch-paläozoische Mobilzonen der Pensacola und Ellsworth Mountains (3) 2.3.1. Pensacola Mountains-Block (3.1) 2.3.2. Ellsworth Mountains-Block (3.2) 2.4. Die paläozoisch-mesozoische Mobilzone Westantarktikas (4) 2.4.1. Marie Byrd Land-Block (4.1) 2.4.2. Thurston Island/Eights Coast-Block ( 4.2) 2.4.3. Antarctic Peninsula-Block (4.3) 2.5. Die jungen Sedimentbecken der Westantarktis (5) 2.5.1. Weddell Sea-Becken (5.1) 2.5.2. Byrd-Senke (5.2) 2.5.3. Ross Sea-Becken (5.3) 3. Minerogenetische Entwicklung Antarktikas 3. I. Archaische minerogenetische Hauptepoche ( 〉 2,6 Ga) 3.2. Proterozoische minerogenetische Hauptepoche (ca. 2,6 bisca. 0,8 Ga) 3.2.1. Unterproterozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ca. 2,6 bis ca. 2,0 Ga) 3.2.2. Mittel- bis oberproterozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ca. 2,0 bis ca. 0,8 Ga) 3.3. Spätriphäisch-phanerozoische minerogenetische Hauptepoche ( 〈0,8 Ga) 3.3.1. Spätriphäisch-altpaläozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ca. 0,8 Ga bis ca. 450 Mal 3.3.2. Paläozoisch-frühmesozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ca. 450 Ma bis ca. 150 M;l) 3.3.3. Mesozoisch-känozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ab. ca. 190 Ma) 4. Minerogenetische Einheiten Antarktikas 4.1. Archaische minerogenetische Einheiten 4.1.1. Archaische hochmetamorphe Areale 4.1.2. Archaische Grünstein-Granit-Gürtel 4.2. Proterozoische minerogenetische Provinzen . 4.2.1. Tafeldeckgebirgskomplexe 4.2.2. Aktivierte Grundgebirgseinheiten 4.2.3. Intrakontinentale mobile Gürtel 4.3. Riphäisch-phanerozoische minerogenetische Einheiten 4.3.1. Tafeldeckgebirgs-Provinzen 4.3.2. Aktivierte Grundgebirgseinheiten 4.3.2.1. Provinzen spätriphäisch-altpaläozoischer Aktivierung 4.3.2.2. Provinzen mesozoischer Aktivierung 4.3.2.3. Provinzen känozoischer Aktivierung 4.3.3. Intrakontinentale Tröge und Senken 4.3.3.1. Spätriphäisch-altpaläozoische Tröge 4.3.3.2. Intrakontinentales Ellsworth-Orogen 4.3.3.3. Tafelsenken des Victoria und des Wilkes Lands 4.3.3.4. Minerogenetische Provinzen junger Rift- und Spaltenzonen 4.3.3.4.1. Transantarktische Riftzone 4.3.3.4.2. Lambert Glacier-Riftzone des paläozoischemesozoischen Plattenrandes 4.3.3.4.3. Brainsfield-Riftzone 4.3.4. Passive Plattenränder 4.3.5. Aktive Plattenränder 4.3.5.1. Minerogenetische Provinzen des spätriphäisch-frühpaläozoischen Plattenrandes 4.3.5.2. Minerogenetische Provinzen des mittelpaläozoischen Plattenrandes 4.3.5.3. Minerogenetische Provinzen des paläozoisch-mesozoischen Plattenrandes 4.3.5.4. Minerogenetische Provinzen des meso-känozoischen Plattenrandes 5.Zusammenfassung. Abstract, Rezjume Literaturverzeichnis
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    Beitrag zur Geologie der südlichen Lassiter Coast und der östlichen Orville Coast (Antarktische Halbinsel) : Teilnahme an der 27. und 28. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition 1981/82 bzw. 1982/83 ; mit 4 Tabellen (1987)
    Leipzig : Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
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    Call number: SR 99.0015(412) ; ZSP-292-412
    In: Freiberger Forschungshefte, 412
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    ISBN: 3-342-00923-3
    ISSN: 0071-9409
    Series Statement: Freiberger Forschungshefte : C 412 : Geowissenschaften, Geologie
    Language: German
    Note: Beitrag zur Geologie der Hutton Mountains und der Guettard Range (Palmer Land, Antarktische Halbinsel) : Teilnahme an der 29. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition 1984 ; vorläufige Mitteilung / Wolfgang Weber, Karin Rank
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  • 50
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    Nutzbare Mineralisationen und Rohstoffvorkommen in der Antarktis (1987)
    Leipzig : Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
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    Call number: SR 99.0015(409) ; ZSP-292-409
    In: Freiberger Forschungshefte, 409
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    ISBN: 3-342-00920-9
    ISSN: 0071-9409
    Series Statement: Freiberger Forschungshefte : C 409 : Geowissenschaften - Geologie
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Annotation (Annotation, Annotacija) 1. Einführung 1.1. Politische Grundlagen 1.2. Rohstoffspekulationen 2. Grundzüge der Tektonik und Mineragenie der Antarktis 2.1. Geotektonische Epochen 2.2. Tektonisch-minerogenetische Rayonierung 3. Vorkommen fester mineralischer Rohstoffe 3.1. Metallische Rohstoffe 3.1.1. Schwarzmetalle 3.1.1.1. Eisen 3.1.1.2. Mangan 3.1.1.3. Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt, Vanadium, Titan 3.1.1.4. Molybdän, Wolfram 3.1.2. Buntmetalle 3.1.2.1. Kupfer 3.1.2.2. Blei, Zink 3.1.2.3. Zinn 3.1.3. Edelmetalle (Silber, Gold, Platin) 3.1.4. Sonstige Metalle 3.2. Nichtmetallische Rohstoffe 3.2.1. Edel- und Schmucksteine 3.2.2. Glimmer 3.2.3. Feuerfestminerale 3.2.4. Phosphat 3.2.5. Fluorit, Baryt 3.2.6. Graphit. 3.2.7. Schwefel 4. Kohlenvorkommen 5. Kohlenwasserstoff-Vorkommen 6. Geothermische Energie 7. Süßwasser(Eis)-Vorräte 8. Schlußfolgerungen 9. Danksagung . 10. Zusammenfassung (Summary, Rezjume) Literaturverzeichnis Tabellen 1 bis 8
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    Results of ozone research : (further contribution to the global ozone research and monitoring project of WMO) (1987)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR
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    Call number: Q 2453(II,28) ; MOP Per 581(2/28) ; ZSP-319/B-28
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre, Heft 28
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    Pages: 136 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre 28
    Language: English
    Note: Content: Improvement of the coulometric measurement of ozone in the near-ground layer of the atmosphere / W. Warmbt. - Some experimental data on the variability of the ozone density at different level of the lowest atmosphere / A. G. Amiranashvili ; T. G. Gzirishvili ; A. I. Kartsivadse ; A. M. Okudjava ; D. F. Kharchilava ; K. H. Grasnick. - Report on the intercomparison of instruments measuring ozone near the ground at the Hohenpeissenberg Observatory / W. Warmbt. - Some results of ozone-sonde ascents in the CSSR / J. Picha. - A system of monitoring the observation and calibration qualities of Dobson spectrophotometerswithin the Regional Association VI / P. Plessing. - Vertical ozone distribution over Lindenberg (52.22°N, 14.12°E), 1975 - 1982 / U. Feister ; P. Plessing ; K. H. Grasnick. - Correlations of the total ozone with thermal and dynamic processes in the atmosphere / M. Frimescu ; L. Manea. - Numerical simulation of seasonal-latitudinal and 11-year variations in ozonosphere composition based on the two-dimensional photochemical model / I. G. Dyominov ; A. M. Zadorozhny. - Ozone content variation over central Europe and stratospheric dynamics in late winter / G. Entzian ; K. H. Grasnick. - Long-term ozone variation / G. Entzian ; K. H. Grasnick.
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    Bruchtektonik und Magmatismus im Gebiet der Jetty-Oase, McRobertson Land (Ostantaktika) : ein Beitrag zur Entwicklung des Lambert-Riftes (1987)
    Leipzig : Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
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    Call number: ZSP-292-438
    In: Freiberger Forschungshefte, 438
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 38 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    ISBN: 3-342-00952-7
    ISSN: 0071-9404
    Series Statement: Freiberger Forschungshefte : C 438 : Geowissenschaften - Geologie
    Language: German
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    Resilient modulus of freeze-thaw affected granular soils for pavement design and evaluation; Part 3: Laboratory tests on soils from Albany County Airport (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/2
    In: CRREL Report, 87-2
    Description / Table of Contents: This is the third in a series of four reports on the laboratory and field testing of a number of road and airfield subgrades, covering the laboratory repeated-load triaxial testing of five soils in the frozen and thawed states and analysis of the resulting resilient modulus measurements. The laboratory testing procedures allow simulation of the gradual increase in stiffnessfound in frost-susceptible soils after thawing. The resilient modulus is expressed in a nonlinear model in terms of the applied stresses, the soil moisture tension level (for unfrozen soil), the unfrozen water content (for frozen soil) and the dry density. The resilient modulus is about 10 GPa for the frozen material at temperatures in the range of -5° to -8° C. The decrease in modulus with increasing temperature was well-modeled in terms of the unfrozen water content. Upon thaw, the modulus dropped to about 100 MPa and generally increased with increasing confining stress and decreased with increasing principal stress ratio. The modulus also increased with the soil moisture tension level. The resilient Poisson's ratio did not appear to be a systematic function of any of the test variables.
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    Pages: iii, 36 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a179253.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9037
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sections and materials Specimen preparation Test soils Asphalt concrete Laboratory testing Soil testing Waveforms of applied stress Asphalt concrete Data reduction and analysis Soil Asphalt concrete Results and discussion General Resilient modulus Summary Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Soil moisture tension versus water content for several test soils Appendix B: Tabulated results for all tests on frozen and thawed soils
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    Mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice : phase 1: ice structure analysis (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/3
    In: CRREL Report, 87-3
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the structural analysis of multi-year sea ice samples that were tested in the first phase of a program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Each test specimen is classified into one of three major ice texture categories: granular, columnar, or a mixture of columnar and granular ice. The crystallographic orientation, percent columnar ice, and grain size are then evaluated for the granular and/or columnar ice in the sample. Test results are interpreted with respect to these parameters. The overall composition of multi-year ridges is also considered, based on the extensive field sampling that was done in the program
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    Pages: iii, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-3
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a181205.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9044
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample analysis Continuous multi-year ridge core Tested multi-year ridge ice samples Tested multi-year floe ice samples Ice description Uniaxial constant-strain-rate compression tests Uniaxial constant-load compression tests Uniaxial constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial constant-strain-rate compression test Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Multi-year ridge sample data Appendix B: Multi-year floe sample data
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  • 55
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    Crystal structure and salinity of sea ice in Hebron Fiord and vicinity, Labrador (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/4
    In: CRREL Report, 87-4
    Description / Table of Contents: In this report we present results of measurements of the crystalline structure and salinity characteristics of sea ice in Hebron Fiord and vicinity, Labrador. Structurally, the fiord ice was entirely first year and composed predominantly of congelation, columnar-type crystals. At most of the sampling sites the ice exhibited moderately to strongly aligned c-axes consistent with the inferred direction of near surface currents in the fiord. Generally diminished values of bulk salinity at five separate locations reflect the warm ice conditions encountered at the time of sampling (late May) and the effect of meltwater flushing in promoting loss of brine, vertically, from the ice sheet. Observations outside Hebron Fiord indicated the presence of only minor amounts of multiyear ice during the latter part of May.
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    Pages: iii, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-4
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9043
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Sampling procedure Analytical techniques Salinities Crystal structure Results Salinity Crystal structure Brine layer spacing Incidental temperatures Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Vertical and horizontal thin section photographs of sea ice from various sites
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  • 56
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    Electromagnetic property trends in sea ice; Part I (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/6
    In: CRREL Report, 87-6
    Description / Table of Contents: Two-phase dielectric mixing model results are presented showing the electromagnetic properties of sea ice versus depth. The modeled data are compared with field measurements and show comparable results. It is also shown how the model data can be used in support of impulse radar and airborne electromagnetic(AEM) remote sensing of sea ice. Examples of the remote measurement of sea ice thickness using impulse radar operating in the 80- to 300-MHz frequency band and low-frequency (500 to 30,000 Hz) sounding techniques are presented and discussed. Keywords: Polar regions; Radar pulses.
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    Pages: vii, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-6
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9041
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Sea ice growth and structure Model sea ice Brine salinity Seawater and model brine conductivity Complex dielectric constant of brine Electromagnetic properties of model sea ice at 100 MHz Electromagnetic properties of model sea ice at 100 and 500 MHz and 1 and 5 GHz Example of impulse radar sea ice profiling results Example of frequency-domain electromagnetic sea ice thickness sounding Concluding remarks Literature cited
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  • 57
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    Geochemistry of freezing brines : low-temperature properties of sodium chloride (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/13
    In: CRREL Report, 87-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermodynamic properties of electrolyte solutions change rapidly below 25C, but these properties are seldom measured over the low temperature range (below 0C), even though some salt solutions can remain unfrozen to -50C. The heat capacities of concentrated solutions (0.5-0.6 molal) of NaC-H2O were measured from 25C to -40C as part of a study to provide thermodynamic data of salt solutions for use in cold regions chemical and geophysical studies. A differential scanning calorimeter was used to measure specific heat capacity from cooling scans as a function of temperature and concentration. The heat capacity data were fit to the equations of Pitzer and coworkers to obtain activity and osmotic coefficients of NaC and H2O, respectively, below o C. Supercooling of the solutions was encouraged by using a fast scan rate (10d2/minute) so that specific heat could be measured to lower temperatures than would be possible if the solutions were allowed to equilibrate with the solid phases. The solubility of ice was calculated and compared to the experiment freezing point of NaC solutions.
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    Pages: ii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-13
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA185751
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9035
    Language: English
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  • 58
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    Physical and structural characteristics of Weddel Sea pack ice (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/14
    In: CRREL Report, 87-14
    Description / Table of Contents: During February and March 1980 the physical properties of Weddell Sea pack ice were investigated via core drilling of 66 floes located along the transect of 600 nautical miles from 64°S to 74°S latitude at roughly 40°W longitude. These studies revealed widespread frazil ice in amounts not known to exist in Arctic sea ice of comparable age and thickness. It is estimated from structure studies of 62 of the 66 floes that 54% of the total ice production of the Weddell Sea is generated as frazil. The disposition and exceptional thickness of the frazil show that mechanisms other than surface turbulence effects are involved and imply that the circulation and structure of the water in the upper levels of the Weddell Sea are significantly different from those in the Arctic basin. Salinities of both first-year and multi-year floes are notably higher than those of their Arctic counterparts because summer surface melting is rare or absent in the Weddell Sea; in the Arctic, downward percolating meltwater flushes through the ice and lowers its salinity. Fluorescence was evaluated as a means of revealing biological activity in Weddell Sea pack ice. It proved useful as an index of combined living and dead material in the ice, but measurements failed to establish any consistent relationship between fluorescence and salinity as suggested be earlier work in the Weddell Sea.
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    Pages: iv, 80 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-14
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA188189
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9036
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sea ice structure and classification Logistics and field operations Analytical techniques Crystalline structure Fluorescence Results Salinity Crystalline structure Fluorescence Description of selected floes Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Floe descriptions
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  • 59
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    Tensile strength of frozen silt (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/15
    In: CRREL Report, 87-15
    Description / Table of Contents: Constant strain-rate tension tests were conducted on remolded saturated frozen Fairbanks silt at various temperatures, strain rates, and densities. It was found that the critical strain rate of the ductile-brittle transition is not temperature-dependent at temperatures down to -5°C, but varies with density. The peak tensile strength decreases considerable with decreasing strain rate for ductile failure, but it decreases slightly with increasing strain rate for brittle fracture. The failure strain remains almost constant at temperatures lower than about -2°C, but it varies with density and strain rate at -5°C. The initial tangent modulus is independent of strain rate and increases with decreasing temperature and density.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-15
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a185483.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9033
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Testing Material Specimen preparation Testing procedure and apparatus Results Discussion Peak tensile strength, σm Failure tensile strain, ϵf Initial tangent modulus and 50% peak strength modulus Discussion of test techniques Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Physical properties of Fairbanks silt specimens Appendix B: Unfrozen water content data of Fairbanks silt with three typical water contents
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  • 60
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    Evaluation of the magnetic induction conductivity method for detecting frazil ice deposits (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/17
    In: CRREL Report, 87-17
    Description / Table of Contents: The ability to map frazil ice deposits and water channels beneath an ice-covered river in central Alaska using the magnetic induction conductivity (MI) technique has been assessed. The study was performed during the first week of March of 1986 on the Tanana River near Fairbanks and employed a commercially available instrument operating at a fixed frequency with a fixed antenna (coil) spacing and orientation. Comparisons of the MI data with theoretical models based upon physical data measured along three cross sections of the river demonstrate the sensitivity of the MI technique to frazil ice deposits. The conductivity generally derived for the frazil ice deposits encountered is very low (approx. .00063 s/m) when compared with the measured value for water (approx. 0.011 S/m), and is similar to the calculated values for gravel and sandy gravel bed sediments. In all three cross sections, maxima in the apparent conductivity profiles correlated with frazil ice deposits. Difficulties, possibly due to adverse effects of cold weather upon instrument calibration, affected the quantitative performance of the instrument on one cross section, although the interpretation of the data (locations of open channels vs frazil deposits) was qualitatively unaffected.
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    Pages: iii, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-17
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a186940.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9023
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Magnetic induction conductivity method Site description and survey methods Cross section field data and modeling results X6 X3A X4 Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Discussion of errors Appendix B: Modeling data
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  • 61
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    Approximate solutions of heat conduction in a medium with variable properties (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/19
    In: CRREL Report, 87-19
    Description / Table of Contents: The approximate heat balance integral method (HBIM) is extended to the case of a medium with variable properties such as snow. The case of linear variation of thermal conductivity was investigated. An alternative heat balance integral method (AHBIM) was developed. Both constant surface temperature and surface heat flux were considered. A comparison was made of the temperature distribution from the HBIM, AHBIM and an analytical method for the case of constant surface temperature. In general, results agree quite well with the analytical method for small values of dimensionless time τ, but the difference becomes more pronounced as τ increases. It was found that the AHBIM with a quadratic temperature profile gave a somewhat better result, especially when the value of the dimensionless distance η is small. For a specific property function of E(η) = eη, closed form solutions were obtained. The results, when compared with those from HBIM, AHBIM and the analytical method were found to agree exceptionally well with the analytical method, especially for large values of τ.
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    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a186933.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9021
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Mathematical analysis Constant surface temperature Constant surface heat flux Comparison with exact solution Alternative method Conclusions and comments Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of equation 25 Appendix B: Derivations of equations 37 and 40 Appendix C: Derivation of equations 37a and 40
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  • 62
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    Microwave and structural properties of saline ice (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/20
    In: CRREL Report, 87-20
    Description / Table of Contents: The structure and salinity characteristics of saline ice slabs removed from ice sheets grown in an outdoor pool have been studied and related to the complex relative dielectric permittivity measured with free-space transmission techniques at 4.80 and 9.50 GHz. The saline ice closely simulated arctic sea ice in its structural and salinity characteristics, which were regularly monitored in a number of ice sheets grown during the winters of 1983-84 and 1984-85. In-situ transmission measurements at similar frequencies were also made on the ice sheets themselves using antennas located above and beneath the ice. The slab measurements were made during warming from -29° to -2°C on slabs grown during the winter of 1983-84 (4.75 GHz) and during a warming and cooling cycle over a slightly larger temperature range on slabs grown during the winter of 1984-85 (4.80 and 9.50 GHz).
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-20
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a189307.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9022
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Part I - Structural properties Introduction Experimental setup Analytical techniques Results and discussion 1983-84 experiments 1984-85 experiments Conclusions and recommendations Part Il - Microwave properties Introduction Measurement techniques Results 1983-84 experiments 1984-85 experiments 1984-85 in-situ experiments Discussion Comparison of data Analytical modeling Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Dielectric mixing model of sea ice
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  • 63
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    Spectral measurements in a disturbed boundary layer over snow (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/21
    In: CRREL Report, 87-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The author measured time series of longitudinal (u) and vertical (w) velocity and temperature (t) and humidity (q) fluctuations with fast-responding sensors in the near-neutrally stable surface layer over a snow-covered field. These series yielded individual spectra and u-w, w-t, w-q and t-q cospectra, phase spectra and coherence spectra for nondimensional frequencies (fz/U) from roughly 0.001 to 10. With the exception of the u-w cospectra, all the spectra and cospectra displayed the expected dependence on frequency in an inertial or inertial-convective subrange. All, however, contained significantly more energy at low frequency than the Kansas neutral-stability spectra and cospectra. This excess low-frequency energy and the erratic behavior of the u-w cospectra imply that forested hills bordering the site on two sides were producing disturbances in the flow field at scales roughly equal to the height of the hills, 100 m. The phase and coherence spectra suggest that internal gravity waves were also frequently present, since the atmospheric boundary layer generally had slightly stable stratification. Consequently, at this complex site, turbulence alone determines the spectra and cospectra at high frequency; at low frequency the spectra and cospectra reflect a combination of topographically generated turbulence and internal waves. From the measured temperature and humidity spectra and the t-q cospectra, the author computed refractive index spectra for light of 0.55-micrometer and millimeter wavelengths. The refractive index spectra had shapes like the other scalar spectra: excess energy at low frequency and an inertial-convective subrange at high frequency.
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    Pages: v, 50 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-21
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a190217.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9027
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Measurements Spectra u and w velocity spectra Temperature and humidity spectra Inertial-dissipation estimates Cospectra u-w cospectra w-t and w-q cospectra t-q cospectra Refractive index spectra Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 64
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    Thermal instability and heat transfer characteristics in water/ice systems (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/22
    In: CRREL Report, 87-22
    Description / Table of Contents: This review discusses problems associated with the anomalous temperature-density relations of water. It covers a) onset of convection, b) temperature structure and natural convective heat transfer, and c) laminar forced convective heat transfer in the water/ice system. The onset of convection in a water/ice system was found to dependent on thermal boundary conditions, not a constant value as in the classical fluids that have a monotonic temperature-density relationship. The water/ice system also exhibits a unique temperature distribution in the melt layer immediately after the critical Rayleigh number is exceeded and soon after it establishes a more or less constant temperature region progressively deepening as the melt layer grows. The constant temperature is approximately 3.2°C for water layers formed from above but varies for melt layers from below. The heat flux across the water/ice interface was found to be a weak power function and to increase linearly with temperature for melted layers from above and below, respectively.
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    Pages: vi, 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-22
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a189627.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9028
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Analytical studies on the onset of convection in a horizontal water layer Experimental studies on the onset of convection in a circular horizontal melt layer Temperature structure and heat transfer In a horizontal layer In a circular horizontal melt layer pHeat transfer studies in nonplanar geometries Forced convective heat transfer over a melting surface Discussion and conclusions Onset of convection Temperature structure and natural convective heat transfer Laminar forced convective heat transfer Literature cited
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  • 65
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    Untersuchungen zum Einfluß der Meßgutinhomogenitäten auf das Signal radiometrischer Meßstrecken (1987)
    Leipzig : Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Zentralinstitut für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung
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    Call number: ZSP-980-131
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 131
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 142 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0323-8776
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 131
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Einleitung. - 2. Aufgabenstellung. - 3. Untersuchungen zur Beschreibung des von Meßgutinhomogenitäten verursachten Meßfehlers. - 3.1. Berechnung der Größe des Meßfehlers für verschiedene Meßanordnungen. - 3.1.1. Transmissionsmessung mit Gammastrahlung. - 3.1.2. 2-Energien-Gammastrahlungs-Transmissionsmeßverfahren. - 3.1.3. Streumeßverfahren. - 3.1.4. Andere Meßverfahren. - 3.2. Experimentelle Überprüfung. - 3.2.1. Ziel der Experimente. - 3.2.2. Beschreibung des Meßaufbaues. - 3.2.3. Durchführung und Ergebnisse der Experimente. - 3.2.4. Größe der Meßgutinhomogenitäten an zwei konkreten Aschemeßstellen. - 4. Vier Verfahren zur Eliminierung und Korrektur des Einflusses der Meßgutinhomogenitäten. - 4.1. Messung des Inhomogenitätsparemeters γ und nachträgliche Korrektur. - 4.1.1. Prinzip des Verfahrens. - 4.1.2. Eine Methode zur Messung des Parameters γ an schnell bewegtem Meßgut. - 4.1.2.1. Beschreibung der γ-Meßmethode. - 4.1.2.2. Experimenteller Test der γ-Meßmethode. - 4.1.3. Hinweise zur Anwendung. - 4.2. Unterteilung der Gesamtmaßzeit in kurze Elementarmeßzeiten. - 4.2.1. Prinzip des Verfahrens. - 4.2.2. Probleme des Verfahrens. - 4.2.2.1. Überblick. - 4.2.2.2. Rechenzeit. - 4.2.2.3. Statistische Effekte durch das Logarithmieren kleiner Impulszahlen. - 4.2.2.4. Restfehler, verursacht durch noch verbleibende r-Schwankungen während der Elementarmeßzeit. - 4.2.3. Erfahrungen bei der praktischen Anwendung. - 4.3. Messung mit langer Totzeit. - 4.3.1. Prinzip des Verfahrens. - 4.3.2. Messung mit nachgeführter Totzeit. - 4.3.3. Messung mit zwei unterschiedlichen Totzeiten. - 4.4. Meßsignalgewinnung aus der Zeitintervallverteilung. - 4.4.1. Prinzip des Verfahrens. - 4.4.2. Experimentelle Überprüfung. - 4.4.3. Probleme des Verfahrens. - 4.4.4. Messung mit speziellem Impulsgenerator zur Linearisierung der mittleren Impulsdichte. - 5. Vergleich der Verfahren zur Eliminierung und Korrektur des Einflusses der Meßgutinhomogenitäten. - 6. Konzept für ein Aschemeßgerät auf der Basis der 2-Energien-Gammastrahlungs-Transmission mit Signalgewinnung aus der Zeitintervallverteilung. - 7. Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen. - Anlagen 1 - 19. - Erläuterung der Formelzeichen, der Indizes und einiger Begriffe. - Literaturverzeichnis.
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  • 66
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    National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Record of activities (past and ongoing) April 1986 - October 1987 ; II. Planned activities October 1987 - October 1988 (1987)
    Bremerhaven : Federal Republic of Germany, National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-9
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 9
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 34 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 9
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Members of Permanent Working Groups and Groups of Specialists of SCAR. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 1986 - October 1987. - II. Planned Activities, October 1987 - October 1988. - References. - Addenda to Former Reports. - Index of Activities.
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  • 67
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    Creep and strength behavior of frozen silt in uniaxial compression (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/10
    In: CRREL Report, 87-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Uniaxial constant-stress and constant-strain-rate compression tests were conducted on more than 200 remolded, saturated, frozen specimens of Fairbanks silt under various conditions. A series of curves of stress vs strain rate for various temperatures of strain rates ranging from about 6x10-2 to 10-8s-1show a close strength correspondence between the constant-stress and-costant strain-rate tests. All of these "complete" stress vs strain rate curves could not be described by a single power law or exponential equation, indicating that different deformation mechanisms are dominant within different ranges of strainrate Two critical strain rates for distinguishing between the different deformation mechanisms were ob-served to be near 10- 3 and 10-6 s-1 for the medium-dense frozen Fairbanks silt. The former indicates the transition from ductile failure to moderate brittle fracture as strain rate increases, while the latter indicates the transition from dislocation creep to glide creep (by the authors' definition). Based on the change in flow law, two fundamental creeps were classified: short-term creep, which is governed by glide creep, and long-term creep, which is governed by dislocation creep. The failure criterion of frozen silt has a general form of em x tm = Ef, where m depends only on density, and tm is in minutes if m is not 1. The failure strain Ef was not sensitive to temperature and strain rate over a certain range of strain rates, but it was very sensitive to density. Assur's creep model (1980) for ice was used to fit the creep data in this study. It works well for short-term creep but does not fit as well for long-term creep. The rate process theory was applied to the creep data. A very high value of experimental activation energy was obtained for lower stresses, and a very high value of apparent activation energy was observed for higher temperatures. The peak compressive strength was very sensitive to temperature and strain rate but relatively insensitive to density. While the initial tangent modulus is not-sensitive to strain rate, it increases with decreasing temperature and density.
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    Pages: vi, 75 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-10
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a184816.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9029
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Review of previous work Specimen preparation Material Molding Testing procedure and apparatus Test results Definition of strain and stress Definition of creep failure Definition of failure in constant-strain-rate tests Definition of initial yield strength Determination of initial tangent modulus and 50% peak strength modulus Creep behavior General nature of the creep process and the failure mode Minimum creep rate Time to creep failure Relationship between t, and tm Creep failure strain and failure criterion Creep model and prediction of creep strain Strength behavior General stress-strain behavior and failure mode Peak compressive strength Initial yield strength Failure strain Initial yield strain Initial tangent modulus 50% peak strength modulus Correspondence between constant-stress tests and constant-strain-rate tests Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Unfrozen water content data Appendix B: Physical properties of samples tested
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  • 68
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    Monograph available for loan
    Symposium zur Antarktisforschung der DDR : Garwitz 1985 (1986)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(1/13) ; ZSP-319/A-13
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Heft 13
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 144 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 13
    Language: German , English
    Note: INHALTSVERZEICHNIS: Der Einfluß interplanetarer Strukturparameter auf das ionosphärische Plasma in auroralen und aubauroralen Breiten / J. Bremer. - Beziehungen zwischen den D-Werten von Niederschlags- und Luftfeuchteproben und den meteorologischen Parametern im Gebiet der Station Novolasarevskaja (Ostantarktika) / P. Kowski, R. Höfling. - Feldarbeiten im Gebiet der Platforma Kamenistaja und der Else Platform (Jetty-Oase, Amery Eisshelf-Umrandung, Ostantarktika) / J. Hofmann. - Sedimentological characterization of the Turnpike Group, Shackleton Range, Antarctica / H.-J. Peach, K. Hahne, P. Vogler. - Zu Prozessen der vertikalen Differenzierung in den Lockerablagerungen der Schirmacher-Oase (Oatantarktia) / W. Krüger. - Hydrologische Untersuchungen in der Schirmacher-Oase (Oatantarktika) in der Saison 1983/84 (29. SAE) / A. Loopmann, V. D. Klokov. - Die Primärproduktion in Seen der Schirmacher und Unterseeoase (Ostantarktika) in der Saison 1983/84 (29. SAE) / E. Kaup. - Zur Bathymetrie einiger Seen der Schirmacher- und Untersee-Oase (Ostantarktika) / A. Loopmann, E. Kaup, D. Haendel, I. M. Simonov, V. D. Klokov. - Hydrochemische Untersuchungen im Unterseegebiet im Zentralen Wohlthatmassiv (Oatantarktika) / D. Haendel, E. Kaup. - Konzeptionelle Vorstellungen zur effektiven Nutzung geodätischer Verfahren für glaziologische Forschungen in der Antarktis / R. Dietrich. - Einsatz geodätischer Gerate in der Antarktis / R. Eger. - Penitentes auch in Antarktika? Über Ablationsformen in der Schirmacheroase, Dronning-Maud-Land (Oatantarktika) / W. Richter. - Die Robbenmumien der Schirmacheroase (Ostantarktika) / A. Hiller, A. Loopmann, W. Richter, D. Haendel. - Umweltstreß bei Umbilicaria decussata (Vill.) Zahlbr. (Flechten der Schirmacheroase, Oatantarktika, II) / W. Richter. - Häufige und auffällige Krustenflechten in der Schirmacheroase: Catillaria cremea, Acarospora gwynnii, Rhizocarpon flavum und Buellia frigida (Flechten der Schirmacheroase, III) / W. Richter. - Weitere ornithologische Beobachtungen aus dem Gebiet der Schirmacheroase (Ostantarktika) / D. Haendel, H. Kämpf, W. Richter, W. Stackebrandt. - Boreasische Seenplatte - Oasis Schirmachara - Dakshin Gangotri: Über die Benutzung geographischer Namen in der Antarktis / W. Richter. , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer Sprache , Zusammenfassung in deutscher, englischer und russischer Sprache
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    Natural rotor icing on Mount Washington, New Hampshire (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/10
    In: CRREL Report, 86-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Icing of a four-bladed rotor was studied under natural conditions at the top of Mt. Washington, N.H. The rotor had two cylindrical blades and two airfoil blades. The results were compared with studies conducted in icing wind tunnels. Considerable differences in icing regimes were observed. For instance, with comparable liquid water content and wind speed the wet-to-dry growth regime transition temperature was up to 10 C higher under natural conditions than in the wind tunnel studies. Results of other studies made under natural conditions were close to those of the present study, indicating that wind tunnel conditions are significantly different from natural conditions. Close examination of the conditions indicated that supersaturation of water vapor existing in most of the wind tunnel studies is the most probable cause of the differences.
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    Pages: v, 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-10
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9328
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Site weather Site selection Equipment Rotor Data logger Rotoscope Laser profile camera Thin section preparation Run procedure Sample collection and shutdown Dry runs and static runs Results and discussion Wet-to-dry growth regime transition Stagnation line icing rate Icing rate on cylindrical and airfoil blades Liquid water content vs stagnation line icing rate Droplet capture efficiency index Temperature rise Morphological and crystallographic aspects Summary and conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Chronology of events .. Appendix B: Narrative description of icing runs Appendix C: Weather summary sheets for test days Appendix D: Signal conditioner circuit diagram and sample printout
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  • 70
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    Effect of grain size on the internal fracturing of polycrystalline ice (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/5
    In: CRREL Report, 86-5
    Description / Table of Contents: This work presents the results of a study to examine the effects of grain size of internal microfractures in polycrystalline ice. Laboratory-prepared specimens were tested under uniaxial, constant-load creep conditions at -5 C. Grain size ranged from 1.5 to 6.0 mm. This range of grain size, under an initial creep stress of 2.0 MPa, led to a significant change in the character of deformation. The finest-grained material displayed no internal cracking and typically experienced strains of 10 to the minus 2nd power at the minimum creep rate epsilon. The coarse-grained material experienced severe cracking and a drop in the strain at epsilon min to approximately 4x10 to the minus 3rd power. Extensive post-test optical analysis allowed estimation of the size distribution and number of microcracks in the tested material. These data led to the development of a relationship between the average crack size and the average grain size. Additionally, the crack size distribution, when normalized to the grain diameter, was very similar for all specimens tested. The results indicate that the average crack size is approximately one-half the average grain diameter over the stated grain size range. A dislocation pileup model is found to adequately predict the onset of internal cracking. The work employed acoustic emission techniques to monitor the fracturing rate occurred. Other topics covered in this report include creep behavior, crack healing, the effect of stress level on fracture size and the orientation of cracked grains. Theoretical aspects of the grain size effect on material behavior are also given.
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    Pages: v, 79 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-5
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA171571
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9321
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Background Present research in perspective Explanations of the grain-size dependency Grain size effects on the ductile to brittle transition Nucleation mechanisms and modeling Characteristic size of nucleated crack Cracking in ice Detection of internal fracturing by acoustic emission techniques Test methods Specimen preparation Creep testing apparatus Crack length and crack density measurements Crack healing measurements Thin section photographs Grain size determination Acquisition of acoustic emission data Presentation of results Specimen characteristics Microcrack measurements Creep behavior Crack healing Slip plane length distribution Acoustic emission observations Grain orientation Analysis and discussion Thick section observations The grain size vs crack size relationship Crack nucleation condition Crack density and specimen strain Creep behavior Normalized crack length Location of cracks Acoustic emission activity Summary and conclusions Suggestions for future work Literature cited Appendix A: Crack length histograms Appendix B: Crystal orientations
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  • 71
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    A theory for the scalar roughness and the scalar transfer coefficients over snow and sea ice (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/9
    In: CRREL Report, 86-9
    Description / Table of Contents: The bulk aerodynamic transfer coefficients for sensible (C sub H) and latent (C sub E) heat over snow and sea ice surfaces are necessary for accurately modeling the surface energy budget but are very difficult to measure. This report therefore presents a theory that predicts C sub H and C sub E as functions of the wind speed and a surface roughness parameter. The crux of the model is establishing the interfacial sublayer profiles of the scalars, temperature and water vapor, over aerodynamically smooth and rough surfaces. These interfacial sublayer profiles are delivered from surface-renewal model in which turbulent eddies continually sweep down to the surface, transfer scalar contaminants across the interface by molecular diffusion, and then burst away. Matching the interfacial sublayer profiles with the usual semilogarithmic inertial sublayer profiles yields the roughness lengths for temperature and water vapor. With these and a model for the drag coefficient over snow and sea ice based on actual measurements, the transfer coefficients are predicted. C sub E is always a few percent larger than C and H. Both decrease monotonically with increasing wind speed for speeds above 1 m/s, both increase at all winds speeds as the surface gets rougher. Both, nevertheless, are almost between 0.0010 and 0.0015.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-9
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA174089
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9435
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Aerodynamically rough surface Aerodynamically smooth surface Scalar transfer coefficients Conclusions Literature cited
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    Morphology, hydraulics and sediment transport of an ice-covered river : field techniques and initial data (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/11
    In: CRREL Report, 86-11
    Description / Table of Contents: This initial study of the ice-covered Tanana River, near Fairbanks, Alaska, attempted to 1) establish field methods for systematic and repetitive quantitative analyses of an ice-covered river's regime, 2) evaluate the instruments and equipment for sampling, and 3) obtain the initial data of a long-term study of ice cover effects on the morphology, hydraulics and sediment transport of a braided river. A methodology was established, and detailed measurements and samplings, including profiling by geophysical techniques, were conducted along cross sections of the river. A small, portable rotary drill rig equipped with a 356-mm (14-in.) ice auger was used to cut large diameter holes in the ice cover for through-the-ice measurements. Portable heat sources and a heated shelter were required to continuously thaw and dry equipment for the repetitive measurements. Measurements included ice cover thickness, water level, water depth, temperature, flow velocity, suspended load and bed load, frazil ice distribution and bed material composition. Remotely gathered data included apparent resistivity and subsurface radar profiling. The various techniques, sampling gear and problems encountered during use in the subfreezing cold are described in detail in this report.
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    Pages: v, 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-11
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9318
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Study objectives and field locale Study site Equipment Vehicles Drilling equipment Sampling equipment Geophysical equipment Shelter and icing control Surveying equipment Miscellaneous equipment Field techniques and methodology Logistics Drilling procedures Data collection Geophysical analyses Experiences summary Morphology, transport and hydraulic data Mid-winter physical characteristics Hydraulic characteristics Sediment transport Late winter physical characteristics Seasonal morphology Geophysical data interpretation Spatial morphology Frazil ice characteristics Discussion and conclusions Recommendations Equipment Research Literature cited
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  • 73
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    Frost action predictive techniques for roads and airfields : a comprehensive survey of research findings (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/18
    In: CRREL Report, 86-18
    Description / Table of Contents: Findings from a six-year yield and laboratory program of frost action research in four principal areas are summarized. Research on the first topic, frost susceptibility index tests, led to selection of the Corps of Engineers frost design soil classification system as a useful method at the simplest level of testing. At a much more complex level, a new freezing test combined with a CBR test after thawing is recommended as an index of susceptibility to both frost heave and thaw weakening. Under the second topic, a soil column and dual gamma system were developed and applied to obtain soil data used in improving and validating a mathematical model of frost heave, the objective of the third research topic. The model was effectively improved, a probabilistic component was added, and it was successfully tested against field and laboratory measurements of frost heave. A thaw consolidation algorithm was added, which was shown to be useful in predicting the seasonal variation in resilient modulus of granular soils, the objective of the fourth topic. A laboratory testing procedure was developed for assessing the resilient modulus of thawed soil at various stages of the recovery process, as a function of the applied stress and the soil moisture tension, which increases as the soil gradually desaturates during recovery. The procedure was validated by means of appropriate analyses of deflections measured on pavements by a falling-weight deflectometer. Frameworks for implementing findings from the principal research topics are outlined. Keywords: Airfields, Freezing thawing, Frost heave, Frozen soil, Resilient modulus, Roads.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 52 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-18
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA178243
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9457
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Field test sites Frost-susceptibility index testing Index tests selected Laboratory test results Conclusions Soil column and dual gamma system Design features Test results Mathematical model of frost heave and thaw settlement Model development Numerical approach Probabilistic concepts Model verification Discussion Seasonal variation in the resilient modulus of granular soils Characterization by laboratory testing Field verification Summary of predictive approach Simulating frost heave and pavement deflection Method of evaluation Results and discussion Summary of findings Frost-susceptibility index tests Soil column and dual gamma system Mathematical model of frost heave and thaw settlement Seasonal variation in resilient modulus of granular soils Implementation of research findings Corps of engineers frost design soil classification system New laboratory freeze-thaw test Frost-heave model Repeated-load triaxial test on frozen and thawed soil Evaluation of seasonal variation of resilient modulus Literature cited
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  • 74
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    Resilient modulus of freeze-thaw affected granular soils for pavement design and evaluation; Part 2: Field validation tests at Winchendon, Massachusetts, test sections (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/12
    In: CRREL Report, 86-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress-deformation data for six granular soils ranging from sandy silt to dense-graded crushed stone were obtained from in-situ tests and laboratory tests. Surface deflections were measured in the in-situ tests, with repeated-load plate-bearing and falling-weight deflectometer equipment, when the six granular soils were frozen, thawed, and at various stages of recovery from thaw weakening. The measured deflections were used to judge the validity of procedures developed for laboratory triaxial tests to determine nonlinear resilient moduli of specimens in the frozen, thawed, and recovering states. The validity of the nonlinear resilient moduli, expressed as functions of externally applied stress and moisture tension, was confirmed by using the expressions to calculate surface deflections that were found to compare well with deflections measured in the in-situ tests. The tests on specimens at various stages of recovery are especially significant because they show a strong dependence of the resilient modulus on moisture tension, leading to the conclusion that predictions or in-situ measurements of moisture tension can be used to evaluate expected seasonal variation in the resilient modulus of granular soils.
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    Pages: v, 70 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-12
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9326
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sampling of test section Laboratory tests Asphalt concrete Natural subgrade material Test soils Field tests Analysis of field-loading tests Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Field data Appendix 8: Ground temperatures prevailing during plate-loading tests Appendix C: Measured surface deflections compared with deflections calculated by NELAPAV Appendix D: Resilient moduli and supporting data calculated by NELAPAV
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  • 75
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    Resilient modulus of freeze-thaw affected granular soils for pavement design and evaluation; Part 4: Field validation tests at Albany County Airport (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/13
    In: CRREL Report, 86-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress-deformation data for six granular soils ranging from sandy silt to dense-graded crushedstone were obtained from in-situ tests and laboratory tests. Surface deflections were measured in the in-situ tests, with repeated-load plate-bearing and falling-weight deflectometer equipment, when the six granular soils were frozen, thawed, and at various stages of recovery from thaw weakening. The measured deflections were used to judge the validity of procedures developed for laboratory triaxial tests to determine nonlinear resilient moduli of specimens in the frozen, thawed, and recovering states. The validity of the nonlinear resilient moduli, expressed as functions of externally applied stress and moisture tension, was confirmed by using the expressions tocalculate surface deflections that were found to compare well with deflections measured in the in-situ tests. The tests on specimens at various stages of recovery are especially significant because they show a strong dependence of the resilient modulus on moisture tension, leading to the conclusion that predictions or in-situ measurements of moisture tension can be used to evaluate expected seasonal variation in the resilient modulus of granular soils.
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    Pages: iv, 148 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-13
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9463
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sections Installing instruments and sampling Laboratory tests Asphalt concrete Base, subbase and subgrade soils Data analysis for base, subbase and subgrade soils Field tests Analysis of plate loading tests Analytical approach Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Field data Appendix B: Ground temperatures, moisture tension, water table and freezing iso-therms prevailing during plate loading tests Appendix C: Measured surface deflections compared with deflections calculated by NELAPAV Appendix D: Resilient moduli and supporting data calculated by NELAPA V at radius 0.0, taxiways A and B.
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    National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Record of activities (past and ongoing) April 1985 - October 1986 ; II. Planned activities October 1986 - October 1987 (1986)
    Bremerhaven : Federal Republic of Germany, National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-8
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 8
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 33 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 8
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Members of Permanent Working Groups and Groups of Specialists of SCAR. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 1985 - October 1986. - II. Planned Activities, October 1986 - October 1987. - References. - Addenda to Former Reports. - Index of Activities.
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  • 77
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    Atmospheric icing on communication masts in New England (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/17
    In: CRREL Report, 86-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Rime icing and freezing precipitation are of concern to the radio and television broadcasting industry. This report contains the results of a study seeking to document the severity and extent of transmitter tower icing and related problems in the northeastern United States. Information was obtained via mail questionnaire and telephone interviews with 85 station owners and engineers concerning 118 different stations. Results show that television and FM broadcasters are seriously impacted by tower icing; however, AM operators are usually not affected by expected New England icing levels. Combined annual costs for icing protection and icing-related repairs averaged $121, $402 and $3066 for AM, FM and TV stations respectively. None of the AM stations polled employ any icing protection in the three northern states averaged 80%, indicating a significant concern for icing in that region. In contrast, the percentage of FM stations with icing protection was 63.5% for the southern New England states. The usage of guyed versus non-guyed towers was a poor indicator of icing costs. However, the factors of increasing mast height and mast top elevation are significant to increasing costs.
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    Pages: iv, 52 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-17
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9459
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Background Types of accretions Problems caused by icing Prevention and shedding methods Results The survey Data presentation Discussion Survey response distribution Effect of icing protection on parameter averages Effect of tower type on parameter averages Moderate and more severe icing locations Relationship of climate, geography and topography to icing severity Total annual costs Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Tower icing survey Appendix B: Station summaries
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  • 78
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    Short-pulse radar investigations of freshwater ice sheets and brash ice (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/6
    In: CRREL Report, 86-6
    Description / Table of Contents: Short-pulse radar profiles and waveform traces were recorded over natural, freshwater ice sheets and an artificially made, 1.6-m-diameter column of brash ice. The purpose was to study the feasibility of this type of radar to detect ice thickness, determine ice properties and distinguish ice forms. The radar utilized two antennas: one with a spectrum centered near 900 MHz and a second more powerful one near 700 MHz. Distinct top and bottom reflections from several ice sheets were produced by both antennas, but the value of dielectric permittivity calculated from the time of delay of the reflections varied between sheets as one ice sheet was ready to candle and contained free water. The brash ice distorted signals and allowed no discernible bottom return. The lower frequency antenna also gave returns from the lake bottom (separated from the ice bottom by about 1 m of water), which could allow ice thickness to be determined indirectly. The report concludes that these antennas can be used to determine sheet ice thickness and to supply information to help in the detection of brash ice. The water content of an ice sheet may also be estimated if independent studies show a correlation between dielectric permittivity and free water content.
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    Pages: iv, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-6
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA172578
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9429
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Sites and site preparation Results and discussion Lake Morey Post Pond Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited
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  • 79
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    Experimental determination of heat transfer coefficients in water flowing over a horizontal ice sheet (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/3
    In: CRREL Report, 86-3
    Description / Table of Contents: Experiments to study the melting of a horizontal ice sheet with a flow of water above it were conducted in a 35 m long refrigerated flume with a cross section of 1.2x1.2 m. Water depth, temperature, and velocity were varied as well as the temperature and initial surface profile of the ice sheet. The heat transfer regimes were found to consist of forced turbulent flow at high Reynolds numbers with a transition to free convection heat transfer. There was no convincing evidence of a forced laminar regime. The data were correlated for each of the regimes, with the Reynolds number, Re, or the Grashof number combined with the Reynolds number as Gr/Re to the 2.5 power used to characterize the different kinds of heat transfer. For water flowing over a horizontal ice sheet, the melting heat flux, for low flow velocities, was not found to drop below the value for the free convection case-488.5 W/sq m-as long as the water temperature exceeds 3.4 C. This is significant since the free convection melt values far exceed those for laminar forced convection. At the low flow velocities, the melting flux was not dependent upon the fluid temperature until the water temperature dropped below 3.4 C, when q sub c = 135.7 (Delta T). In general, the heat transfer was found to significantly exceed that of non-melting systems for the same regimes. This was attributed to increased free stream turbulence, thermal instability due to the density maximum of water near 4 C, and the turbulent eddies associated with the generation of a wavy ice surface during the melting.
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    Pages: vii, 85 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-3
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA170427
    URL: https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/bitstream/11681/9438/1/CR-86-3.pdf
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Non-melting heat transfer relations for horizontal surfaces Heat transfer for melting horizontal ice sheets Instrument setup, data acquisition and test procedures General Instrumentation Data acquisition Computer software Test procedures Data output from computer Equations used for data analysis Control volume and melting surface Control of variables Error analysis Experimental results and discussion Wave formation Temperature and velocity profiles in open channel flow Correlation of data Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Conversion equations for data acquisition equipment Appendix B: Computer code for data acquisition and analysis Appendix C: Typical test output Appendix D: Thermal properties of water and ice Appendix E: Error analysis Appendix F: Summary of test conditions Appendix G: Experimental data and calculated quantities, with inlet length
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  • 80
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    Nitrogen control in wastewater treatment systems for military facilities in cold regions (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/7
    In: CRREL Report, 86-7
    Description / Table of Contents: Nitrogen control in the form of ammonia removal or conversion is required, or will be required, for a significant number of military wastewater treatment systems. This reportpresents a summary of engineering criteria for those processes in most common use at military facilities in the cold regions. These processes include: trickling filters, treatmentponds, rotating biological contactors (RBC) and activated sludge. A design example is presented for each case. All four processes can achieve significant levels of ammonia removalor conversion. If ammonia discharge limits are 0.5 mg/L or less it may be necessary to use the activated sludge process. Trickling filters or RBC units are recommended for higher(〉 1 mgIL) discharge limits. Pond systems are suitable for seasonal ammonia removal incold climates.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-7
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a173853.pdf
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9431
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background and theory Trickling filters Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Pond systems Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Rotating biological contactors Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Activated sludge systems Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Comparison of alternatives Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 81
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    Applications of the finite-element method to the problem of heat transfer in a freezing shaft wall (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/8
    In: CRREL Report, 86-8
    Description / Table of Contents: In this work, numerical computations of heat transfer for freezing a shaft wall have been conducted. Both fixed mesh and deforming mesh finite-element methods are used. In the fixed mesh method, latent heat effects are accounted for through a δ function in the apparent heat capacity. In the deforming mesh method, an automatic mesh-generation technique with transfinite mappings is used, and in this method two different approaches are taken to evaluate the movement of the interface. The freeze-pipes are considered as point sources with irregular distribution. The advancement of the inner and outer boundaries of the frozen wall is found to be in agreement with the previously computed results
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    Pages: iii, 31 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-8
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a172552.pdf
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9433
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Basic finite-element formulas Description of problem Finite-element equation-fixed mesh Finite-element equation-deforming mesh Transfinite mapping technique Computations and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A : Point heat sources Appendix B: Evaluation of the integral including latent heat (fixed mesh) Appendix C: Specification of [K] -deforming mesh Appendix D: Specifying δΤ/δn and the direction of mj for method I Appendix E: Procedures of method 2 Appendix F: Explanation of programs
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  • 82
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    Brittleness of reinforced concrete structure under Arctic conditions (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/2
    In: CRREL Report, 86-2
    Description / Table of Contents: The behavior of reinforced and unreinforced concrete beams was studied under impact loading at low temperatures, and the results were compared to the behavior of reinforcing steel (rebar) in Charpy-V impact tests. Transition temperatures as low as -30°C were obtained for the rebars in the Charpy-V tests whereas no brittle failures occured in the rebars in the reinforced concrete beams at the temperature as low as -63°C, even in beams whe're the rebars were Intentionally notched. The impact strength of unreinforced concrete increases considerably at lower temperatures, thus reducing cracking of reinforcedconcrete structures and significantly increasing the safety of lightly reinforced structures.
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    Pages: iii, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a170792.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9437
    Language: English
    Note: Abstract Preface Introduction Tests Test specimens Test methods Results Impact strength of beanms Ductility of beams Effect of notched bars Elastic deflection of beams Impact tests on rebars Conclusions and summary Literature cited Appendix A: Beam crack patterns Appendix B: Photomicrographs of failure surfaces of some steels
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  • 83
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    Evaluation of selected frost-susceptibility test methods (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/14
    In: CRREL Report, 86-14
    Description / Table of Contents: Three methods for determining the frost susceptibility of soils are evaluated in this report. These methods are the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers frost design soil classification system, a moisture-tension/hydraulic-conductivity test, and a laboratory freeze-thaw test. The Corps method, which is based on particle size, soil classification, and a laboratory freezing test, was found to be useful for identifying frost-susceptibility. The moisture-hydraulic-conductivity test was found to be unacceptable because it required too much time and its results correlated poorly with field observations. The freeze-thaw test was determined to be the most accurate of the methods studied, including the freeze test that is a part of the Corps method. The freeze-thaw test is thoroughly described. It includes indexes of both frost-heave susceptibility (heave rate) and thaw-weakening susceptibility (CBR after thawing). It also accounts for the effects of freeze-thaw cycling and is completely automated to improve the repeatability of the test results. It is suggested that the freeze-thaw test considered as a replacement for the Corps freezing test.
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    Pages: v, 56 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-14
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9462
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Description of the selected sites Corps of engineers frost design soil classification system Moisture-tension/hydraulic-conductivity tests Freezing test Validation Description of test sites and materials Sample preparation Results and analysis of laboratory tests Corps of engineers frost design soil classification system Moisture-tension/hydraulic-conductivity test Freezing test Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Summary of frost-susceptibility tests on natural soil
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  • 84
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    Symposium zur Antarktisforschung der DDR : Garwitz 1984 (1985)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(1/12) ; ZSP-319/A-12
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Heft 12
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 128 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7577
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 12
    Language: German , Russian , English
    Note: INHALTSVERZEICHNIS: 25 Jahre DDR-Antarktisforschung / H. Kautzleben. - Report on Scientific Investigations at the Untersee and Obersee Lake, Central Dronnig Maud Land (East Antarctica) / I. M. Simonow, W. Stackebrandt,D. Haendel, E. Kaup, H. Kämpf, A. Loopmann. - Issledovanie ozer gornogo oazisa Unter-Zee / V. D. Klokov, E. V. Kaup, A. A. Loopmann. - Hydrogeochemische Untersuchungen an Seen und Niederschlägen in der Schirmacher-Oase, Königin-Maud-Land, Ostantarktika / U. Wand, W. D. Hermichen, M. Partisch, R. Zierath. - Beiträge zur Geologie der Hutton Mountains und Guettard Range, Lassiter Coast/Palmer Land (Antarktika) / W. Weber, J. J. Livschitz. - Die geomagnetische Vermessung der Schirmacheroase und ihrer Umgebung / V. Auster, V. Damm, M. Fredow, C. Kopsch, U. Schäfer. - Geomagnetische Meßprobleme und erste Meßergebnisse während der 27. SAE / C. Kopsch. - Salzausblühungen in der Schirmacher-Oase (Ostantarktika) / U. Wand, L. Fischer, W. Schmitz. - Moränen des Schelfeises als Höhenmarken in der Schirmacher-Oase / D. Hebert, W. Richter. - Laub- und Strauchflechten im Gebiet der Schirmacher-Oase: Systematik - Verbreitung - Ökologie (I) / W. Richter. - Horizontales Fließen der Ronne- und Filchner-Schelfeisgletscher (Westantarktika) (Wissenschaftliche Kurzinformation) / W. Weber, K. Peukert. - Jahreszeitliche und interannuale Meereisvariationen in der Region Weddellmeer von 1973 bis 1983 / H. Gernandt, K. Drescher. - Psychovegetative Befindlichkeitsveränderungen während der Adaptation an Langzeit-Stressbedingungen bei Polarforschern / E. Kunzendorf. , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, englischer und russischer Sprache
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
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  • 85
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    Wissenschaftlicher Ergebnisbericht 1984 des Zentralinstituts für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung der AdW der DDR, Leipzig (1985)
    Leipzig : Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Zentralinstitut für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung
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    Call number: ZSP-980-102
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 102
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 324 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0323-8776
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 102
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Wissenschaftliche Beiträge. - (01) Das VIK Dubna - langjähriger Partner des ZfI in der Grundlagen- und angewandten Forschung / H. Bruchertseifer. - (02) Effects of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde on the radiation damage of liposomes / Autorenkollektiv. - 2. Institutskolloquien. - 3. Patente. - 4. Veröffentlichungen und Vorträge. - 5. Register. - 5.1. Namensregister. - 5.2. Deskriptorenregister. - 6. Verzeichnis aller bisher erschienenen Hefte der ZfI-Mitteilungen. - 7. Verzeichnis aller bisher erschienenen Preprints.
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  • 86
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    Level ice breaking by a simple wedge (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/22
    In: CRREL Report, 85-22
    Description / Table of Contents: Tests in level ice on an idealized icebreaker bow in the shape of a simple wedge were conducted in the test basin. The horizontal and vertical forces on the wedge were measured, and floe size distribution in the wake of the wedge was observed. From the force measurements, the ice wedge/hull friction factor was calculated and found to be in general agreement with the friction factor measured in separate friction tests. The ice floe length and ice floe area measured in the current study were found to follow log-normal probability distributions defined by the length average L and area average A and corresponding standard deviations SL and SA. The results of these tests and other tests conducted at another facility showed that the ratios A/h2 and L/h (A =average floe area, L averagefloe length, h = ice thickness) were, for the same type of model ice, directly proportional to the parameter y/-yh. (a = ice bending strength, tj7= specific weight of water) and a/y, respectively, and independent of the velocity and ice strain modulus or ice characteristic* length. However, the coefficients of proportionality appear to depend upon the type of model ice used in the tests. The ratios Si/A were independent of o/yh but varied with the bow shape and the type of ice. The available field data are not sufficient for meaningful comparison with the laboratory results.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-22
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a166629.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9443
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental set-up and conditions Results of wedge resistance measurements Results of floe size measurements Statistical analysis of data Comparison between model and full-scale data Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Wedge tests-floe size measurements Appendix B: Wedge tests-histograms of floe length and floe area Appendix C: Cumulative frequency distributions for floe length and floe area
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  • 87
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    Numerical modeling of sea ice dynamics and ice thickness characteristics : a final report (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/5
    In: CRREL Report, 85-5
    Description / Table of Contents: A dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model is extended to include a full thermodynamic code and a complete multilevel ice thickness distribution. The variable thickness formulation includes a more realistic parameterization of ice ridging than used in previous models. Seasonal simulations have been performed using this model and the results have been analyzed with particular emphasis on examination of the ridge buildup results off the Canadian Archipelago and off the North Slope. This report presents a complete description of this model and discusses progress made on examining and testing the variable thickness extensions.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 60 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-5
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a154600.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9354
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Description of the model Ice thickness equations Heat budget and oceanic boundary layer Analytic examination of the ridge redistribution process Theoretical framework Some specific redistributors Comparison to ridge morphological data Ice strength for different redistributors Numerical simulation results Basin-wide ice thickness and velocity characteristics Ice edge evolution and sensitivity Ice thickness characteristics off the Canadian Archipelago Comparison of observed and simulated ice drift Mass balance characteristics Concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Mechanical redistributor Appendix B: Heat budget code Appendix C: Thickness finite difference code
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  • 88
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    Review of methods for generating synthetic seismograms (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/10
    In: CRREL Report, 85-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Various methods of generating synthetic seismograms are reviewed and examples of recent applicatiors of the methods are cited. Body waves, surface waves, and normal modes are considered. The analytical methods reviewed include geometric ray theory, generalized ray theory (Cagniard-de Hoop method), asymptotic ray theory, reflectivity method, fullwave theory, and hybrid methods combining ray theory and mode theory. Two numerical methods, those of finite differences and finite elements, and a hybrid method combining finite differences with asymptotic ray theory are described Limitations on the application or validity of the various methods are stated.
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    Pages: v, 48 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-10
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a159128.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9398
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Section 1. Introduction Section 2. Wave propagation in the earth Section 3. Body waves: ray theory and wave theory Geometric ray theory Wave theory Section 4. Surface waves Section 5. Normal modes Section 6. Finite-difference method Section 7. Finite-element method Section 8. Hybrid methods Section 9. Conclusion Literature cited
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  • 89
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    Prototype drill for core sampling fine-grained perennially frozen ground (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/1
    In: CRREL Report, 85-1
    Description / Table of Contents: An expensive drill has been modified to provide researchers with the ability to auger an open hole or to acquire continuous, undisturbed 76-mm-diam core samples of a variety of perennially frozen materials that are suitable for chemical and petrographic analysis. It was developed by field testing in support of research from 1980 to 1983. Operation of the drill is based mainly on using a minimum of power to cut through frozen ground with tungsten carbide cutters on a CRREL coring auger. The ice content, temperature and grain size of the frozen sediments are important variables determining the sampling depth. Perennially frozen sediments with temperatures in the range of -0.5 C to -8.5 C have been continuously cored with this drill. Drilling and sampling are most efficiently conducted when ambient air temperatures are below freezing and the active layer is frozen. The self-contained lightweight drill is readily transportable off-road by helicopter or tracked vehicle, or by towing over roads. It is locally self-mobile by use of a winch. Total cost of the drill and modifications is estimated at approximately $10,000.
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    Pages: v, 34 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-1
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA152388
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9352
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background on development Drill development and configuration Equipment Modifications Operations Assembly and disassembly Field transport and movement Typical operating procedures Effect of material properties, weather and water Depth and hole completion time Summary Literature cited
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  • 90
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    Effect of nonuniform size on internal stresses in a rapid, simple shear flow of granular materials : Part 2. Multiple grain sizes (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/3
    In: CRREL Report, 85-3
    Description / Table of Contents: In the past all theoretical analyses for rapidly sheared granular flows assumed that the granular solids are either disks or spheres and are uniform in size. However, natural materials that create these granular flows are in general irregular in shape and have various spectra of sizes. The stress and rate of energy dissipation levels in granular flows are significantly influenced by the size distribution. In part 1 of this report series (AD-A154 045), the formulation of the constitutive equations considering a two-size granular mixture is presented, where the ratio of the two sizes is nearly one. In part 2, the constitutive equations for a two-size mixture are extended to include a general size ratio. In addition, a complete spectrum of size distribution is incorporated, which allows the quantification of the size distribution effect in the most general way. In analyzing the stresses, intergranular collision is assumed to be the major dynamic activity at the microscopic level. Because of the present limited knowledge of testing shape effects, the analysis is confined to the flow of either disks or spheres. The result of this work provides necessary information for a more realistic analysis of natural and industrial granular flow. Keywords: Granular flow, and Particle size distribution.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-3
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA154046
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9350
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Constitutive equations for a two-size mixture Limiting case of the two-size mixture Complete spectrum analysis for spheres and disks Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of collision frequency between neighboring spheres that follow the mean shear flow without fluctuations
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  • 91
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    Thermal convection in snow (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/9
    In: CRREL Report, 85-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Large temperature gradients applied to a snow cover drive water vapor upwards and result in rapid recrystallization of snow crystals. The same temperature gradients create gradients of air density that can cause flows of air through the snow cover. The formalism necessary to describe these flows I developed heroin an effort to include the convection of vapor in the understanding of snow metamorphism. The theory of convection through porous media is extended here to include the transport of water vapor, which is important because of its latent heat. Results are presented in terms of a Lewis number, defined as the ratio of thermal to mass diffusivities. For Lewis numbers greater than 1.0 phase change intensifies convection, and for Lewis numbers less than 1.0 phase change retards convection. Two boundary conditions of special interest in the study of snow, a constant heat flux bottom and a permeable top are investigated. Their influence on the transfer of heat is quantified, and it is found that heat transfer can be described as a linear function of the driving force for convection. Convection in sloped layers is quantified, and explained in a physically consistent manner. The effect of a permeable top on convection at low Rayleigh numbers is derived. Experiments are performed to measure the effects of convection on heat transfer through glass beads and snow. The model results using constant flux boundary conditions are confirmed by the experiments. Experiments show that convection can occur in snow, and that convection behaves in a manner consistent with our theoretical understanding of the phenomenon. Some uncertainty exists about the permeability and thermal conductivity of snow and hence it is uncertain if thermal convection would occur for a given temperature gradient, density and thickness. Also, for a given convective intensity, there is much uncertainty about how much the rate of snow metamorphism is increased.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 70 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-9
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a157577.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9395
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Snow metamorphism Mass transfer by diffusion in snow Heat transfer Background-porous media Structure of thermal convection Rayleigh number Onset problem Heat transfer attributable to thermal convection Layering and slope effects Studies of convection through snow Modeling Equation of motion Energy equation Finite difference methods Numerical solution Verification of the model Modeling results Effects of constant flux and permeable boundaries on convection in horizontal layers Effects of phase change on convection Convection in sloped layers Experiments Introduction Experimental apparatus Experimental results and discussion Glass beads Snow Applications and conclusions Onset of Benard convection in seasonal snow covers Applications to snow metamorphism Summary Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of fmite difference formulae Appendix B: Computer programs Appendix C: Sample calculations
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  • 92
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    TNT, RDX and HMX explosives in soils and sediments : analysis techniques and drying losses (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/15
    In: CRREL Report, 85-15
    Description / Table of Contents: A method for the analysis of TNT, RDX and HMX explosives in soils and sediments has been developed. It consists of methanol extraction followed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography using 10% acetonitrile/40% methanol/50% water as the eluant. This method was used to study the effect of various drying techniques upon the recovery of TNT, RDX, and HMX from soil and sediment samples contaminated with high (%) and low (micron g/g) levels of these explosives. For highly contaminated samples, complete recovery of TNT and RDX was obtained using freeze drying while air drying at room temperature resulted in greater than 90% recovery for both explosives. Other techniques, such as oven drying at 105 C, oven drying at 45 C, microwave oven drying, and drying under infrared lamps, all resulted in greater losses, with TNT and RDX recoveries ranging from 76 to 90%. Drying losses were not due to simple volatilization containing low levels of TNT, RDX and HMX, recoveries of all three explosives were quantitative for all the above drying techniques.
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    Pages: iii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-15
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA163278
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9417
    Language: English
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  • 93
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    Sistemnyj analiz rel'efa Sibiri (1985)
    Novosibirsk : Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", Sibirskoe otdelenie
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    Call number: ZSP-805-636
    In: Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki, Vypusk 636
    Description / Table of Contents: Статьи сборника вносят определенный вклад в развитие системного подхода к познанию морфологических особенностей нашей планеты. Их авторы пришли к выводу, что в основу классификации рельефа должен быть положен балансовый принцип, поскольку перемешение минеральных масс как на поверхности Земли, так и в горизонтах лито- и астеносферы составляет сушность морфогенеза - ведушей фopмы движения материи, определяюшей динамическое состояние любой геоморфологической системы и позволяюшей прогнозировать ее устойчивость под влиянием различных антропогенных воздействий. Книга рассчитана на специалистов, работаюших в области геологии, геоморфологии и географии.
    Description / Table of Contents: Translation of the abstract: The articles in the collection make a certain contribution to the development of a systematic approach to understanding the morphological features of our planet. Their authors came to the conclusion that the classification of relief should be based on the balance principle, since the movement of mineral masses both on the surface of the Earth and in the horizons of the litho- and asthenosphere constitutes the dryness of morphogenesis - the leading form of movement of matter that determines the dynamic state of any geomorphological system and allowing one to predict its stability under the influence of various anthropogenic influences. The book is intended for specialists working in the field of geology, geomorphology and geography.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 148 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki 636
    Language: Russian
    Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисnовие Новые пути в геоморфологии ее роль в развитии производительных сил Сибири / В. А. Николаев Рельеф и системный подход / О. В. Кашменская Новизна и перспективы системного подхода в геоморфологии (в связи с вопросами rеоморфолоrического картирования) / З. М. Хворостова Геоморфологическая формация и природно-территориалъный комплекс / Л. С. Миляева Корреляция вершинной и базисной поверхностей / Э. Л. Якименко, Н. С. Маковская, В. С. Порядин Особенности геолого-геоморфологическоrо изучения сейсмичности Алтае-Саянской горной области / Г. А. Чернов Рельеф и перспективы сельскохозяйственного использования земельных ресурсов Западно-Сибирской равнины / В. А. Николаев , Д. В. Пучкова , Translation of Table of Contents Preface New paths in geomorphology and its role in the development of the productive forces of Siberia / V. A. Nikolaev Relief and systematic approach / O. V. Kashmenskaya Novelty and prospects of a systematic approach in geomorphology (in connection with issues of geomorphological mapping) / Z. M. Khvorostova Geomorphological formation and natural-territorial complex / L. S. Milyaeva Correlation of vertex and base surfaces / E. L. Yakimenko, N. S. Makovskaya, V. S. Poryadin Features of geological and geomorphological study of seismicity in the Altai-Sayan mountain region / G. A. Chernov Relief and prospects for agricultural use of land resources of the West Siberian Plain / V. A. Nikolaev, D. V. Puchkova , In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 94
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    National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Record of activities (past and ongoing) April 1984-October 1985 ; II. Planned activities October 1985-October 1986 (1985)
    Bremerhaven : Federal Republic of Germany, National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-7
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 7
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 37 Seiten , 2 Beilagen
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 7
    Language: English
    Note: 1 Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Neuschwabenland (West) 〈1 : 2.000.000〉, Bildflugroutenübersicht Antarktis-Expediton 1983/84 = Aerial Survey Route Map. - 2. Ausgabe. - Frankfurt am Main : Institut für Angewandte Geodäsie (IfAG), 1985. , 1 Beilage unter dem Titel: Supplement to National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 7 (July 1985) , Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Members of Permanent Working Groups and Groups of Specialists of SCAR. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 84-October 85. - II. Planned Activities, October 1985 - October 1986. - References. - Addenda to Former Reports. - Index of Activities.
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  • 95
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    Mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice : phase II: test results (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/16
    In: CRREL Report, 85-16
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of the second phase of a test program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. In Phase 2, 62 constant-strain-rate uniaxial compression tests were performed on horizontal and vertical ice samples from multi-year pressure ridges to examine the effect of sample orientation on ice strength. Also conducted were 36 constant-strain-rate tension tests, 55 conventional triaxial tests and 35 constant-load compression tests on multi-year pressure ridge samples to provide data for developing ice yield criteria and constitutive laws. Data are presented on the strength, failure strain and modulus of multi-year sea ice under different loading conditions. The effects of ice temperature, porosity, structure, strain rate, confining pressure and sample orientation on the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice are examined.
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    Pages: vi, 89 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-16
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a166333.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9414
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field sampling program Site selection and description Coring procedures Core logging procedures Shipping and storage of ice samples Ice description Salinity and density Structure Constant-strain-rate compression tests Test variables Uniaxial compressive strength Strength and structure Strength and porosity Residual compressive strength Failure strain Initial tangent modulus Constant-strain-rate uniaxial tension tests Test variables Uniaxial tensile strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Constant-strain-rate triaxial tests Equipment Test variables Synthane end caps Triaxial strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Effect of sinthane end caps on results Constant-load compression tests Test variables Test results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice structure profile of ridge C core Appendix H: Test data Appendix C: Static determination of Young's modulus in sea ice
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  • 96
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    Field tests of the kinetic friction coefficient of sea ice (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/17
    In: CRREL Report, 85-17
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of tests of the ice friction coefficient carried out during the May 1984 expedition of the F.S. Polarstern off the coast of Labrador. The test surfaces were Inerta-160-coated steel plates and bare steel plates, hand roughened and sandblasted. The main findings of the studies were: 1) columnar and granularpea ice showed no significant differences in friction coefficient; 2) for columnar ice was independent of ice crystal orientation with respect to test surface; 3) was Independent of normal pressure applied on ice sample; 4) initially decreased with increasing relative velocity between the Ice sample and the test surface and reached a steady value at higher speeds; 5) Uk increased with increasing surface roughness; 6) a wetting surface exhibited a higher friction coefficient than a non-wetting surface of the same or even higher roughness average.
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    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-17
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a163170.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9413
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test procedure Test apparatus Test surfaces Ice samples Test program Results and discussion Effect of wear of ice sample Effect of normal pressure Effect of velocity, crystal orientation and surface conditions Results summary Comparison with laboratory study Recommendations on test apparatus Literature cited Appendix A : Test results
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  • 97
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    Sorption of military explosive contaminants on bentonite drilling muds (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/18
    In: CRREL Report, 85-18
    Description / Table of Contents: Concern over the environmental fate of explosives has brought about the development of sensitive analytical methods for measuring them in groundwater. In turn this concern has been extended to validating the sampling procedures for groundwater. This report addresses the potential effects of residual drilling muds on the analysis for explosive contaminants (TNT, DNT, RDX, and HMX) in monitoring wells. The approach was to determine sorption isotherms for each contaminant. Sorption appeared to be independent of solids concentration. Linear isotherms were obtained for RDX and HMX over a range of analytic concentrations; therefore, a single constant can be used to estimate the amount sorbed when the solution concentration is known. Isotherms for TNT and DNT were not linear, however. Scatchard analysis suggested that the isotherms for these analytes could be resolved into two predominant components: a linear component above a certain sorbed quantity and a Langmuir-type component below this quantity. The experimental data were fitted by regression analysis using the appropriate model. The equations developed can be used to predict the sorbed fraction (analytical bias) for any combination of solids and analyte concentration. The amounts of bentonite found in some existing wells do not appear to be sufficient to cause significant bias in analyses for these explosive contaminants.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-18
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA163231
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9305
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Bentonite and water samples Sorbate solutions Sorption isotherms HPLC analysis Analyte standards Water solubilities Octanol-water partition coefficients Sorption isotherms Freundlich Langmuir BET Scatchard Gibbs Linear Polynomial Results and discussion TNT DNT RDX and HMX Effect of drilling muds on analysis SEM and EDXA analysis of bentonite wells Other studies Summary Literature cited Appendix A : Results for TNT Appendix B: Results for DNT Appendix C: Results for RDX Appendix D : Results for HMX Appendix E: Characteristics of Quik-Gel, Aqua-Gel and well water
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  • 98
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    Fortsetzung der biologischen Untersuchungen im Gebiet der sowjetischen Antarktisstation Bellingshausen (1984)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR
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    Call number: MOP Per 581 ; MOP Per 581(1/11) ; ZSP-319/A-11
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Heft 11
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 63 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7577
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 11
    Language: German
    Note: Inhalt: I. Untersuchungen zur Avifauna von King George / R. Bannasch und U. Lundberg. - II. Robbenbeobachtungen im Gebiet von King George / R. Bannasch. - III. Beobachtungen der marinen Fauna im Litoral und Benthal von King George (Südshetlandinseln, Antarktis) / M. Rauschert. - IV. Untersuchungen zum Helminthenbefall und zur Nahrung verschiedener Tiergruppen / K. Feiler. - , Zusammenfassung in englischer, deutsche und russischer Sprache , Teilweise in kyrillischer Schrift
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    25 years research activities of the GDR in the Antarctic (1984)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der DDR bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften
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    Call number: AWI P6-12-0004 ; ZSP-319/A-2(Sonderheft)
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Sonderheft 1984
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 64 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7577
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 Sonderheft 1984
    Language: English , German , Russian
    Note: Contents = Soderžanie = Inhaltsverzeichnis: Foreword = Predislovie = Vorwort. - Meteorological research projects in the Antarctic from 1959 to 1984 = Meteorlogičeskie issledovanija v Antarktike v 1959 - 1984 gg. = Meteorologische Forschungsvorhaben in der Antarktis 1959 - 1984 / G. SKEIB. - Satellite observations over Antarctica = Nabljudenie Antarktiki s iskusstvennych sputnikov Zemli = Satellitenbeobachtungen über Antarktika / H. GERNANDT. - Geophysical investigations carried out by the GDR in Antarctica = Geofizičeskie issledovanija GDR v Antarktide = Geophysikalische Untersuchungen der DDR in Antarktika / M. M. SCHNEIDER, Cl. ELSTNER, V. AUSTER, U. SCHÄFER. - Studies of the upper layers of the Polar atmosphere = Issledovanie poljarnoj verchnej atmosfery = Beiträge zur Untersuchung der polaren Hochatmosphäre / H. GERNANDT, B. SCHÄNING. - Geological activities carried out by the GDR in Antarctica = Geologičeskie raboty GDR v Antarktide = Geologische Aktivitäten der DDR in Antarktika / J. HOFMANN, H.-J. PAECH. - Isotope research in Antarctica = Izotopnye issledovanija v Antarktide = Isotopenforschung in der Antarktis / H. SCHÜTZE, K. FRÖHLICH. - Geodetic-glaciological studies in the East Antarctic 1962-1978 = Geodezičesko-glaciologičeskie raboti v vostočnoj Antarktide v 1962-1978 gg. = Geodätisch-glaziologische Arbeiten in der Ostantarktis (1962-1978) / S. MEIER, R. DIETRICH. - Biological activities within the framework of the Soviet Antarctic Expeditions (25th-29th, 1979-1984) = Biologičeskie raboty vo vremja 25-oj - 29-oj SAĖ (1979-1984) = Biologische Arbeiten im Rahmen der 25.-29. SAE (1979-1984) / K. ODENING. - Abstract on medical research activities by the GDR in the Antarctic = Kratkij otčët medicinskich issledovanij v Antarktide = Kurzer Abriß zur medizinischen Antarktisforschung der DDR / G. SCHRADER, L. KLINKER. - 25 years Antarctic expeditions and their preparation = 25 let antarktičeskim ėkspedicijam i ich podgotovka = 25 Jahre Antarktisexpedition und ihre Vorbereitung / B. TRIPPHAHN. - Bibliography = Bibliografija = Bibliographie. , Text in deutscher, russischer und englischer Sprache , In kyrillischer Schrift
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    Reguläre und exzessive Variationen des ionosphärischen Plasmas in der Mesospäre und unteren Thermospäre hoher Breiten : wissenschaftliche Auswertung des ionosphärischen Meßprogramms des Zentralinstituts für solar-terristische Physik während der 21.-23. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition 1975-1978 (1984)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(1/10) ; ZSP-319/A-10 ; ZSP-319/A-10(2. Ex.)
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Heft 10
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 139 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7577
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 10
    Language: German
    Note: INHALTSVERZEICHNIS: ZUSAMMENFASSUNG (deutsch, englisch, russisch). - 1. EINLEITUNG. - 1.1 Wissenschaftliche Aufgabenstellung. - 1.2 Meßort und Maßzeitraum. - 1.3 Verwendetes Datenmaterial. - 2. ANALYSE DER HEP-ABREGNUNGSPHASEN IM TAGESGANG. - 2.1 Tagesgänge der HEP-Ionisation in hohen Breiten. - 2.2 Tagesgänge in mittelhohen Breiten und Nachwirkungseffekte. - 3. PARTIKELPAAZIPITATION WÄHREND AUSGEWÄHLTER POLARLICHTERSCHEINUNGEN. - 3.1 Allgemeines. - 3.2 Substorm-Eventuntersuchungen während der 21. SAE. - 3.2.1 Zusammenstellung des Beobachtungsmaterials. - 3.2.2 Polarlicht und auroraler Elektrojet. - 3.2.3 Polarlicht und ionosphärische Absorption. - 3.2.4 Die breitenmäßige Verteilunq der Polarlichtluminosität. - 3.2.5 Beobachtete Intensitätsverhältnisse von Polarlichtemissionen. - 3.3 Substorm-Eventuntersuchungen während der 22. SAE. - 3.3.1 Zusammenstellung des Beobachtungsmaterials. - 3.3.2 Eventbeschreibung. - 3.3.3 Diskussion der Beobachtungsresultate der 22. SAE. - 4. STEUERUNG DER PARTIKELPRÄZIPITATION DURCH DEN SOLAREN WIND UND DAS INTERPLANETARE MAGNETFELD. - 4.1 Physikalische Modellvorstellungen zur Energieübertragung aus dem Sonnenwind in die Erdatmosphäre. - 4.2 Einfluß von IMF-Sektordurchgängen auf das ionosphärische Plasma. - 4.3 Tages- und jahreszeitlicher Einfluß der IMF-Sektorstruktur auf das ionosphärische Plasma. - 4.4 Auswirkungen solarer Plasmaströme auf das ionosphärische Plasma. - 4.5 Vergleich der Energieübertragungsfunktion mit ionosphärischen Meßergebnissen. - 4.6 Zusammenfassung und Diskussion. - 5. EINIGE SPEZIELLE MIT DER PARTIKELEINREGNUNG VERBUNDENE PROBLEME. - 5.1 Exzessive D-Schicht Ionisation mittlerer Breiten in Sturm- und Nachwirkungsphase. - 5.2 Einige statistische Betrachtungen zur Rolle des D-Schicht Plasmas als Tracer für die HEP-Einregnung und NO Akkumulation. - 5.3 Exkursion zum statistischen Zusammenhang von Kp-Indizes und Events in A2-Messungen. - 5.4 Einige Bemerkungen zur Rolle der HEP II-Flüsse bei der Winteranomalie. - 6. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND EINSCHÄTZUNG DER ERGEBNISSE. - ABBILDUNGEN. - FIGURE CAPTIONS. - LITERATURVERZEICHNIS. - Anhang 1: Ionosphärische Absorptionsmessunqen in hohen Breiten (J. BREMER, K. EVERS, D. KEUER, H. RÖSSLER). - Anhang 2: Beobachtung von Polarlichtern mit dem Spektralphotometer (A. GRAFE). , Zusammenfassung in deutscher, englischer und russischer Sprache
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