ALBERT

Note: Contents Introduction Use of the deep-freeze as a cold laboratory Growing single crystals Creep tests Conclusions References cited

Note: Contents Foreword Synopsis Introduction Authority Purpose and scope SIPRE organization and activities Cryological problems and military end points Present state of knowledge General Introduction Terminology and classification Snow and ice Introduction Physical properties and geometry Density and water equivalent Water holding or storage capacity of snow Water transmission through snow Bound water Crystallography and metamorphism Porosity and permeability Mechanical properties Elasto-plastic properties Friction Strength Hardness Electromagnetic properties Dielectric constants Conductivity Magnetic properties Piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects Triboelectricity Freezing potential Thermodynamic properties Thermal properties Radiation Phase relations Engineering problems Snow and ice removal Snow compaction Snow draft control Trafficability Temporary structures Snow melt and runoff Maps Frozen ground and permafrost Introduction Frost action Theory of frost action Cyclic freezing and thawing Manifestations of frost actions Frost heave on freezing Reduction in load-carrying capacity on thawing Soil movements on slopes Ground properties affecting or affected by frost action Composition, grain size, and grain-size distribution Soil-moisture-movement properties Thermal properties Structure of unfrozen ground Structure of frozen ground Strength of frozen ground Freezing point Ground conditions affecting or affected by frost action Density Degree of saturation Interrelation of climate, position, vegetation, and soil Frost phenomena Climate Position Vegetation Engineering problems Excavation and replacement Subsurface drainage Base courses Insulation courses Surface icing and its control Trafficability Building foundations Maps Current related research Introduction Military cryological research in United States and Canada Non-military cryological research in the Western World Research needed Introduction Subjects for fundamental research Subjects for applied research

Note: Table of Contents: GENERAL INTRODUCTION. - Figures. - Map of Spitzbergen. - Site plan of Sveagruvan. - TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM. - 1. Magnetograph chamber. - 2. Temperature Variations in the magnetograph chamber. - 3. Variometers. - 4. Instruments for absolute measurements. - 5. Absolute observations of the magnetic elements. - 6. Measurements of curves, scale values. Temperature correction. Base values. - 7. Results of curve measurements. Monthly mean values. - 8. Yearly variation and secular change. - 9. Monthly and seasonal mean values of N, E, T, I, and A. - 10. Comparative measurements at the old 1882-83 Polar Year station at Cape Thordsen. - 11. Determination of horizontal force at Cape Thordsen. - 12. Determination of inclination at old station Cape Thordsen. - 13. Determination of declination at Cape Thordsen. - 14. Secular variation at Cape Thordsen. - 15. Relation between all, quiet, and disturbed day values of H, D, and Z at Sveagruvan. - 16. Current system necessary to produce H and Z departures from mean values. - 17. Current system on disturbed days. - 18. Daily variations. - 19. Mean annual vector diagrams. - 20. The total field vector R and its positional co-ordinates. - 21. Diurnal variation of R and ϱ in disturbance. - 22. Some diurnally varying characteristics of the current system producing disturbances. - 23. Harmonic analysis of regular diurnal variations. - . - 24. Absolute daily range. - PLATE 1. - a) Former small storehouse adapted for use as magnetograph hut. - b) Absolute hut in winter. - c) Arrangements inside magnetograph hut. Quick-run magnetograph in the foreground. Standard magnetograph in the background. - d) Arrangement of instruments in the absolute hut. Magnetic theodolite on the central pillar to the left. Dover inclinatorium on the pillar to the right. The oscillation observations were made on the lower pillar. - e) The 1882-83 station at Cape Thordsen. In the foreground the site of the old magnetic variation house. In the background the old observatory building. - f) The magnetic theodolite mounted on the reconstructed pillar used for absolute observations in 1882- 83.

Note: Inhalt: Einleitung : die magnetische Station, die absolute Messungen, die Registrierungen und ihre Bearbeitung. - Magnetometer. - Vergleichsmessungen in Świder. - Absolute Messungen auf Björnöya. - Messungen der Horizontalkomponente. - Messungen von Deklination. - Messungen der Inklination. - Die Variometer. - Die Aufstellung der Variometer. - Die gegenseitige Einwirkung der Variometer. - Die Zeitinstallation. - Die Termographen und thermische Kompensation. - Die Eichung. - Tafeln. - Reproduktionen der Magnetogrammen. , In poln. und dt. Sprache

Note: Table des Matières: Introduction. - 1 Groupe Formes homogènes. - 2 Groupe Formes rayonnantes. - Journal d'observations des aurores polaires. - Planches. , In poln. und franz. Sprache

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Einleitung. - Die Anlage des Observatoriums. - Die Variometer und ihre Aufstellung. - Belichtung und Zeitmarken. - Die absoluten Instrumente und ihre Konstanten. - Bestimmung der Skalenwerte der Variometer. - Absolute Beobachtungen und Werte der Basislinien. - Bedienung des Registriersystems. - Auswertung und Ergebnisse der Registrierungen. - Monatsübersicht. - Stundenmittel der H, D und V. Extremwerte der Elemente, Charakter. - Täglicher Gang der Elemente. - Täglicher Gang der Elemente an ruhigen Tagen. - Täglicher Gang der Elemente an gestörten Tagen. - Numerische Charaktere der Tage. - Verlauf der 24-stündigen Mittel von 6 zu 6 Stunden.

Note: Table des Matières: Introduction. - Considérations sur les méthodes de sondage par les parasites atmosphériques, en rapport avec les diagrammes de l'Année Polaire. La portée mondiale des parasites atmosphériques. - Planches. , In poln. und franz. Sprache

Note: Table of Contents: GENERAL INTRODUCTION. - Figures. - North Arm of Great Slave Lake, showing positions of present and former Fort Rae sites. - Site plan of station. - METEOROLOGY. - Introduction. - PART 1. - TEMPERATURE. - 1. Instruments, exposures, and methods. - 2. Annual variation of temperature. - 3. Diurnal variation of temperature. - 4. The effect of cloud and wind upon temperature. - 5. Temperature and wind direction. - 6. Non-periodic temperature changes. - PART 2. - PRESSURE. - 1. Instruments and methods. - 2. Annual variation of pressure. - 3. Diurnal variation of pressure. - 4. Non-periodic pressure changes. - 5. Pressure waves. - 6. Pressure surges. - PART 3. - SURFACE WIND. - 1. Instruments, exposures, and methods. - 2. Annual variation of wind velocity. - 3. Diurnal variation of wind velocity. - 4. Frequency of winds of different velocities. - 5. Frequency of winds of different directions and of calms. - 6. SE. and NW. wind at Fort Rae. - 7. Velocity of winds from different directions. - 8. Distribution of wind velocities from different directions. - 9. Highest instantaneous wind speeds and extreme hourly winds. - 10. The effect of the NW. and SE. wind upon the meteorological elements. - 11. The resultant winds. - 12. Diurnal inequalitites of N. and E. components of resultant winds. - PART 4. - UPPER WINDS. - 1. General remarks. - 2. Monthly and seasonal mean wind velocities at different heights. - 3. Frequency of wind from various directions in the upper atmosphere. - 4. Distribution oof wind at different levels irrespective of direction. - 5. Mean wind velocities from different directions at different levels. - 6. Resultant winds in the upper atmosphere. - 7. The direction of the wind in the upper atmosphere when the wind at the surface is from stated directions. - PART 5. - UPPER AIR TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE. - PART 6. - CLOUDS. - 1. General. - 2. Percentage frequency of different could forms. - 3. Cloud amount: percentage frequency of each cloud amount. - 4. Annual variation of cloud. - 5. Diurnal variation of cloud. - PART 7. - PRECIPITATION. - 1. Instruments and methods. - 2. Annual variation of precipitation. - 3. Snow crystals. - PART 8. - RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE AIR. - 1. General. - 2. Mean monthly values of humidity during the winter months. - 3. Annual variation of the relative humidity. - 4. Diurnal variation of the relative humidity. - PART 9. - SUNSHINE AND RADIATION. - PART 10. - HALO PHENOMENA. - PART 11. - VISIBILITY. - PART 12. - THE METEOGRAPH DIAGRAMS. - TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM AND AURORA. - 1. Magnetograph chamber. - 2. Temperature insulation of the magnetograph hut. - 3. Temperature variation within the recording chamber. - 4. Recording instruments. - 5. ILLUMINATION. - 6. TIMING. - 7. CONTROL HUT AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTS USED. - 8. CONTROL OBSERVATIONS OF H. - 9. CONTROL OBSERVATIONS OF D. - 10. AZIMUTH MARK. - 11. CONTROL OBSERVATIONS OF INCLINATION. - 12. PROCEDURE IN CONTROL OBSERVATIONS. - 13. SUMMARISED RESULTS OF CONTROL OBSERVATIONS. - 14. SCALE VALUES OF DECLINATION MAGNETOGRAPHS. - 15. SCALE VALUES OF H AND Z MAGNETOGRAPHS. - 16. EFFECT ON SCALE VALUES OF GREAT SEASONAL RANGE OF HUMIDITY WITHIN THE RECORDING CHAMBER. - 17. TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF H AND Z VARIOMETERS. - 18. METHODS OF DETERMINING TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF VARIOMETERS. - 19. ASSIGNMENT OF H BASE LINE VALUES DURING PERIODS OF LARGE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF VARIOMETER. - 20. ASSIGNMENT OF H BASE LINE VALUES IN GENERAL. - 21. Z BASE LINE VALUES DURING PERIOD OF LARGE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF VARIOMETER. - 22. Z BASE LINE VALUES IN GENERAL. - 23. USE OF AUXILIARY H AND Z MAGNETOGRAPHS. - 24. D BASE LINE VALUES. - 25. MONTHLY MEAN VALUES: THE ANNUAL VARIATION AND SECULAR CHANGE. - 26. MONTHLY AND SEASONAL VALUES OF N, E, T, I, AND A. - 27. COMPARISON OBSERVATIONS AT 1882-83 (OLD FORT) STATION. - 28. DETERMINATION OF H AT OLD FORT RAE. - 29. DETERMINATION OF D AT OLD FORT RAE. - 30. DETERMINATION OF I AT OLD FORT RAE. - 31. SECULAR CHANGE AT OLD FORT RAE. - 32. LONGITUDE OF OLD FORT RAE SITE. - 33. AZIMUTH OF FIXED MARK AT OLD FORT RAE. - 34. RELATIONSRIPS BETWEEN ALL, QUIET, AND DISTURBED DAY VALUES AT THE MAIN STATION. - 35. NON-CYCLIC CHANGE. - 36. NON-CYCLIC CHANGE ON QUIET DAYS. - 37. EXAMINATION OF THE NEGATIVE NON-CYCLIC CHANGE ON q DAYS. - 38. NON-CYCLIC CHANGE ON DISTURBED DAYS. - 39. OVERLAPPING DAY MEANS. - 40. CHARACTERISTICS OF CURRENT SYSTEM NECESSARY TO PRODUCE H AND Z DEPARTURES FROM MEAN VALUES. - 41. POSITION OF CURRENT SYSTEM AND DIRECTION OF FLOW DEDUCED FROM MEAN H AND Z DEPARTURES AT OTHER STATIONS ON d DAYS. - 42. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS ON DISTURBED DAYS. - 43. CURRENT SYSTEM ON q DAYS. - 44. CONSIDERATIONS UNDERLYING APPLICATION OF NON-CYCLIC CHANGE AND USE OF GREENWICH DAYS IN FORMATION OF DIURNAL INEQUALITIES. - 45. SOME FEATURES OF THE DIURNAL VARIATIONS. - 46. DIURNAL INEQUALITIES FOR SELECTED q AND d DAYS. - 47. MEAN ANNUAL VECTOR DIAGRAMS. - 48. SEASONAL VECTOR. DIAGRAMS. - 49. VECTOR DIAGRAMS ON d' AND q' DAYS. - 50. THE TOTAL FIELD VECTOR T AND ITS POSITIONAL CO-ORDINATES. - 51. SEASONAL MEAN VALUES OF T AND p IN DISTURBANCE. - 52. DIURNAL VARIATION OF T AND p IN DISTURBANCE. - 53. SOME DIURNALLY VARYING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM PRODUCING DISTURBANCE. - 54. CHANGE IN POSITION OF DISTURBING CURRENT WITH SEASON. - 55 EFFECT OF INCREASED SCALE OF DISTURBANCE ON THE CURRENT SYSTEM. - 56. T AND p ON QUIET DAYS. - 57 RANGE AND AVERAGE DEPARTURES OF DIURNAL INEQUALITIES. - 58. COMPARISON OF INEQUALITY RANGE AND AVERAGE DEPARTURE AT FORT RAE WITH THOSE AT OTHER STATIONS. - 59. COMPARISON WITH 1882-83 INEQUALITY RANGES. - 60. ESTIMATE OF ELEVATION OF DISTURBING CURRENT SYSTEM FROM IR AND AD. - 61. HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF REGULAR DIURNAL VARIATIONS. - (i) 24-hour component. - (ii) 12-hour component. - (iii) 8-hour wave. - (iv) 6-hour wave. - 62. HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF MEAN INEQUALITIES FOR q' AND d' DAYS. - 63. ABSOLUTE DAILY RANGE: R. - 64. COMPARISON WITH 1882-83 RANGES. - 65. COMPARISON WITH R AT OTHER STATIONS. - 66. RELATION OF DISTURBANCE TO MAGNETIC LATITUDE. - 67. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF R. - 68. DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION OF TIMES OF INCIDENCE OF MAXIMA AND MINIMA. - 69. DIURNAL INCIDENCE OF EXTREME VALUES IN Z. - 70. INCIDENCE OF EXTREME VALUES IN H AND D. - 71. DAILY RANGE PRODUCTS HRH AND ZRz. - 72. HOURLY RANGES AND RANGE PRODUCTS. - 73. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF HOURLY RANGES IN REPRESENTATIVE MONTHS. - 74. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE HOURLY RANGES. - 75. RELATIVE MAGNITUDE OF PERTURBATIONS IN H AND Z. - 76. THE RATIO p = CR/Cr. - 77. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF Cr AND ITS CONSTITUENTS. - 78. RANK ORDER OF DAYS, ON BASIS OF CR AND Cr: COMPARISON WITH INTERNATIONAL SELECTION OF q AND d DAYS. - 79. EFFECT OF USE OF GREENWICH DAY ON SELECTION OF q AND d DAYS. - 80. DIURNAL VARIATION OF IRREGULAR DISTURBANCE (Di). - 81. RELATION OF Di TO TIME DIFFERENTIALS OF FORCE VECTORS. - 82. CHARACTERISTICS OF D1. - 83. Di ON q' AND d' DAYS. - 84. HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF Di. - 85. LOCAL CHARACTER FIGURES. - 86. RANK ORDER OF MONTHS IN DISTURBANCE BY VARIOUS CRITERIA. - 87. INTERDIURNAL VARIABILITY OF H AND z: MONTHLY U ACTIVITY MEASURES. - 88. INTERDIURNAL VARIABILITY ON q' AND d' DAYS. - 89. COMPARISON OF COMPOSITE RANK ORDER OF MONTHS WITH INTERDIURNAL VARIABILITY MEASURES. - 90. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF DISTURBANCE. - 91. N DISTURBANCES. - 92. M DISTURBANCES. - 93. OSCILLATORY DISTURBANCE. - 94. RECOVERY MOVEMENTS. - 95. SEASONAL AND DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION OF N AND M MOVEMENTS. - 96. REPETITION OF ISOLATED PERTURBATIONS. - NON-INSTRUMENTAL AURORAL OBSERVATIONS. - 97. THE SCOPE OF THE OBSERVATIONS. - 98. ESTIMATION OF AURORAL INTENSITY. - 99. AURORAL "ACTIVITY" FIGURES. - 100. THE AURORAL LOG. - 101. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF AURORAL FREQUENCY. - 102. AURORAL ACTIVITY OF THE YEAR: GENERAL NOTE. - 103. QUARTER-HOUR AURORAL INTENSITY FIGURES. - 104. MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF BRIGHT AURORA. - 105. DIURNAL

Note: Table of Contents: 1. Monthly means and diurnal inequalities of temperature. - 2. Diurnal inequalities of temperature during clear and overcast days. - 3. Absolute extremes of temperature for each day, 1932-33. - 4. Corrections for index error, temperature and latitude to the standard barometer. - 5. Monthly means and diurnal inequalities of pressure. - 6. Maximum and minimum pressures at station level each day, 1932-33. - 7. Monthly means and diurnal inequalities of wind velocity, 1932-33. - 8. Diurnal inequalities of wind velocity during clear and overcast days, 1932-1933. - 9. Percentage frequency of observations with wind velocity between definite intervals. - 10. Percentage frequency of winds from different directions, and of calms. - 11. Mean wind velocity from various directions, exclusive of calms. - 12. Highest instantaneous wind speed for each day, 1932-33. - 13. Diurnal inequalities of pressure, temperature, cloud amount and wind velocity during N.W. and S.E. Winds. - 14. Hourly values of the resultant wind speed and direction. - 15. Seasonal adjusted means of the N. and E. Components of wind velocity. - 16. Diurnal inequalities of the N. and E. components of the resultant wind. - 17. Diurnal inequalities of the N. and E. components of the resultant wind during clear and overcast days. - 18. Monthly and seasonal mean wind velocity in the upper air, 1932-33. - 19. Mean hourly values of total and low cloud amount, 1932-33. - 20. Diurnal inequalities of total and low cloud amount, 1932-33. - 21. Diurnal inequalities of total cloud amount, 1882-83. - 22. Forms of snow crystals at Fort Rae, 1932-33. - 23. Monthly means and diurnal inequalities of the relative humidity. - 24.-37. Hourly values of temperature for 14 months. - 38.-50. Hourly values of pressure for 13 months. - 51.-64. Hourly values of relative humidity for 14 months. - 65.-78. Hourly values of precipitation for 14 months. - 79.-92. Hourly values of sunshine and radiation for 14 months. - 93.-106. Hourly values of wind: direction and velocity for 14 months. - 107.-119. Diary of weather and visibility for 13 months. - 120.-132. Hourly values of cloud for 13 months. - 133.-145. Nephoscope observations: 13 months (each month constituting a table). - 146.-159. Pilot ballon ascents. - 160.-211. Hourly values H, D and Z: hourly, daily and monthly means. - Daily extremes and range: monthly means. - Daily numerical indices of disturbance: local character figures. - Temperatures in magnetograph chamber (4 tables for each of 13 months, 1932 August to 1933 August). - 212.-214. Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities H, D, Z: all days. - 215.-217. Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities H, D, Z: quiet days. - 218.-220. Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities H, D, Z: disturbed days. - 221.-223. Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities N, E, I: all days. - 224.-226. Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities N, E, I: quiet days. - 227.-229.: Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities N, E, I: disturbed days. - 230. Seasonal mean inequalities H, D, Z: q' and d' days. - 231. Seasonal mean inequalities N, E, I: q' and d' days. - 232.-244. Values of horizontal force hourly range product, Hrh 10^-4: hourly, daily and monthly means. - 245.-257. Values of declination hourly range, rD: Hourly, daily and monthly means. - 258.-270. Values of vertical force hourly range product, Zrz 10^10-4: hourly, daily and monthly means. - ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY. - 271.-283. Hourly values of potential gradient. - 284. Quiet day diurnal variation of potential gradient: monthly and seasonal mean values. - 285. Concentration of positive and negative small ions. - 286. Positive atmospheric electrical conductivity and air-earth current. - 287. Number of condensation nuclei per cubic centimetre.