Call number:
PIK N 454-22-94702
Description / Table of Contents:
Our realisation of how profoundly glaciers and ice sheets respond to climate change and impact sea level and the environment has propelled their study to the forefront of Earth system science. Aspects of this multidisciplinary endeavour now constitute major areas of research. This book is named after the international summer school held annually in the beautiful alpine village of Karthaus, Northern Italy, and consists of twenty chapters based on lectures from the school. They cover theory, methods, and observations, and introduce readers to essential glaciological topics such as ice-flow dynamics, polar meteorology, mass balance, ice-core analysis, paleoclimatology, remote sensing and geophysical methods, glacial isostatic adjustment, modern and past glacial fluctuations, and ice sheet reconstruction. The chapters were written by thirty-four contributing authors who are leading international authorities in their fields. The book can be used as a graduate-level textbook for a university course, and as a valuable reference guide for practising glaciologists and climate scientists.
Type of Medium:
Monograph available for loan
Pages:
xxvii, 530 Seiten
,
Illustrationen, Diagramme
ISBN:
978-3-030-42582-1
,
9783030425821
ISSN:
2510-1307
,
2510-1315
Series Statement:
Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment
Language:
English
Note:
Contents
1 Slow Viscous Flow
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Coordinate Systems and the Material Derivative
1.2.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Coordinates
1.2.2 The Material Derivative
1.3 Mass Conservation
1.4 The Stress Tensor and Momentum Conservation
1.4.1 The Stress Tensor
1.4.2 Momentum Conservation
1.4.3 Rheology
1.4.4 The Navier-Stokes Equations
1.4.5 Stokes Flow
1.5 Boundary Conditions
1.5.1 The No-Slip Condition and the Sliding Law
1.5.2 Dynamic Boundary Conditions
1.5.3 Kinematic Boundary Conditions
1.6 Temperature and Energy Conservation
1.7 Glacier and Ice Sheet Flow
1.8 Examples
1.8.1 Uniform Flow on a Slope
1.8.2 Spreading Flow at an Ice Divide
1.8.3 Small-Amplitude Perturbations
1.9 The Shallow Ice Approximation
1.10 Conclusions and Outlook
1.11 Appendix: Non-dimensionalisation
Exercises
2 Thermal Structure
2.1 Temperature Profiles
2.2 Boundary Conditions
2.2.1 The Thermal Near-Surface Wave
2.3 Models: Simple to Complicated
2.4 Basal Conditions
2.4.1 Polythermal Ice
2.5 Modelling Issues
2.5.1 Non-dimensionalisation
2.5.2 Thermomechanical Coupling
2.5.3 Thermal Runaway
Exercises
3 Sliding, Drainage and Subglacial Geomorphology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sliding Over Hard Beds
3.2.1 Weertman Sliding
3.2.2 Nye-Kamb Theory
3.2.3 Sub-temperate Sliding
3.2.4 Nonlinear Sliding Laws
3.2.5 Cavitation
3.2.6 Comparison with Experiment
3.3 Subglacial Drainage Theory
3.3.1 Weertman Films
3.3.2 Röthlisberger Channels (or ‘R-Channels’)
3.3.3 Jökulhlaups
3.3.4 Subglacial Lakes
3.3.5 Linked Cavities
3.3.6 Drainage Transitions and Glacier Surges
3.3.7 Ongoing Developments
3.4 Basal Processes and Geomorphology
3.4.1 Soft Glacier Beds
3.4.2 Drainage Over Till
3.4.3 Geomorphological Processes
Exercises
4 Tidewater Glaciers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Calving
4.3 Tidewater Glacier Dynamics
4.3.1 Tidewater Glacier Retreat and Instability
4.3.2 Tidewater Glacier Advance
4.3.3 Flow Variability of Tidewater Glaciers
4.4 The Link to Climate: Triggers for Retreat
4.4.1 Ice Shelf Collapse and Backstress
4.4.2 Grounded Calving Fronts
4.5 Outlook
5 Interaction of Ice Shelves with the Ocean
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Impact of Melting Ice on the Ocean
5.3 Processes at the Ice-Ocean Interface
5.4 Buoyancy-Driven Flow on Geophysical Scales
5.5 Sensitivity to Ocean Temperature
5.6 Impact of Meltwater Outflow at the Grounding Line
5.7 Fundamentals of the Three-Dimensional Ocean Circulation
5.8 Some Properties and Limitations of the Geostrophic Equations
5.9 Effects of Stratification
5.10 Three-Dimensional Circulation in Sub-Ice-Shelf Cavities
Exercises
6 Polar Meteorology
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Shortwave and Longwave Radiation
6.3 Radiation Climate at the Top of the Atmosphere
6.4 Large Scale Circulation
6.5 Surface Energy Balance
6.5.1 Shortwave Radiation
6.5.2 Surface Albedo
6.5.3 Longwave Radiation
6.5.4 Turbulent Fluxes
6.6 Temperature Inversion and Katabatic Winds
6.6.1 Surface Temperature Inversion and Deficit
6.6.2 Katabatic Winds
6.7 Precipitation
6.8 Notes and References
Exercises
7 Mass Balance
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Definitions
7.3 Methods
7.3.1 In Situ Observations
7.3.2 Satellite/Airborne Altimetry
7.3.3 Satellite Gravimetry
7.3.4 Mass Budget Method
7.4 Valley Glaciers and Ice Caps
7.4.1 In Situ Observations
7.4.2 Modelling
7.4.3 Dynamical Response
7.4.4 Remote Sensing
7.5 Antarctic Ice Sheet
7.5.1 Spatial SSMB Variability
7.5.2 Blue Ice Areas
7.5.3 Temporal SSMB Variability
7.6 Greenland Ice Sheet
7.6.1 Spatial SSMB Variability
7.6.2 Temporal SSMB Variability
7.6.3 Role of the Liquid Water Balance
8 Numerical Modelling of Ice Sheets, Streams, and Shelves
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Ice Flow Equations
8.2.1 The Shallow Ice Approximation
8.2.2 Analogy with the Heat Equation
8.3 Finite Difference Numerics
8.3.1 Explicit Scheme for the Heat Equation
8.3.2 A First Implemented Scheme
8.3.3 Stability Criteria and Adaptive Time Stepping
8.3.4 Implicit Schemes
8.3.5 Numerical Solution of Diffusion Equations
8.4 Numerically Solving the SIA
8.5 Exact Solutions and Verification
8.5.1 Exact Solution of the Heat Equation
8.5.2 Halfar’s Exact Similarity Solution to the SIA
8.5.3 Using Halfar’s Solution
8.5.4 A Test of Robustness
8.6 Applying Our Numerical Ice Sheet Model
8.7 Shelves and Streams
8.7.1 The Shallow Shelf Approximation (SSA)
8.7.2 Numerical Solution of the SSA
8.7.3 Numerics of the Linear Boundary Value Problem
8.7.4 Solving the Stress Balance for an Ice Shelf
8.7.5 Realistic Ice Shelf Modelling
8.8 A Summary of Numerical Ice Flow Modelling
8.9 Notes
Exercises
9 Least-Squares Data Inversion in Glaciology
9.1 Preamble
9.2 Introduction
9.3 The Roots of GPS in Glaciology
9.4 Introduction to GPS
9.4.1 History
9.4.2 Coarse Acquisition (C/A) Code
9.5 The Equations of Pseudorange
9.6 Least-Squares Solution of an Overdetermined System of Linear Equations
9.7 Observational Techniques to Improve GPS Accuracy
9.7.1 The Ionosphere-Free Combination
9.7.2 Carrier-Phase Determined Range and Integer Wavelength Ambiguity
9.7.3 Resolving Range Ambiguity by Phase Tracking
9.7.4 Differential GPS
Exercises
10 Analytical Models of Ice Sheets and Ice Shelves
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Perfectly-Plastic Ice Sheet Model
10.3 The Height–Mass Balance Feedback
10.4 Ice-Sheet Profile for Plane Shear with Glen’s Law
10.5 Ice Shelves
Exercise
11 Firn
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Firn Densification
11.2.1 Mechanisms of Firn Densification
11.2.2 Firn Densification Models
11.2.3 Firn Layering and Microstructure
11.3 Applications of Firn Models
11.3.1 Ice Sheet Surface Mass Balance from Altimetry
11.3.2 Delta Age Calculations in Deep Ice Cores
11.4 Summary and Conclusions
12 Ice Cores: Archive of the Climate System
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Dating Ice Cores
12.3 Stable Water Isotopes
12.3.1 Basics and Nomenclature
12.3.2 The Isotope Proxy Thermometer
12.3.3 Examples of Isotope Records
12.3.4 Isotope Diffusion in Firn and Ice
12.3.5 Diffusion Thermometry
12.4 Aerosols in Ice
12.4.1 Introduction and Origin of Aerosols in Ice
12.4.2 Aerosol Sources and Transport
12.4.3 Post-depositional Modification
12.4.4 Seasonal Cycles in Aerosol and Particle Constituents in Ice
12.4.5 The Volcanic Signal in Ice and Its Use for Chronological Control
12.4.6 Marine Biogenic MSA and Sea Salt as Sea-Ice Proxies
12.4.7 The Record of Anthropogenic Pollution
12.4.8 Long Aerosol Records from Greenland and Antarctica
12.4.9 Electrical Properties of Ice and Their Relationship to Chemistry
12.5 Gases Enclosed in Ice
12.5.1 Firn Gas and Gas Occlusion
12.5.2 Trace Gases
12.6 Timing of Climate Events
Exercises
13 Satellite Remote Sensing of Glaciers and Ice Sheets
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Optical Sensors and Applications
13.2.1 Sensors and Satellites
13.2.2 Applications
13.3 SAR Methods and Applications
13.3.1 Radar Signal Interaction with Snow and Ice
13.3.2 SAR Sensor and Image Characteristics
13.3.3 InSAR Measurement Principles and Applications
13.4 Satellite Altimetry
13.4.1 Altimetry Missions
13.4.2 Measuring Elevation Change
14 Geophysics
14.1 Geophysical Methods: Overview
14.2 Passive Methods
14.2.1 Gravimetry
14.2.2 Magnetics
14.2.3 Seismology
14.3 Active Methods: Basics
14.3.1 Propagation Properties and Reflection Origin
14.3.2 Seismic System Set-Up
14.3.3 Radar System Set-Up
14.4 Data Acquisition and Processing
14.5 Seismic Applications in Ice
14.5.1 Ice Thickness and Basal Topography
14.5.2 Subglacial Structure and Properties
14.5.3 Rheological and Other Englacial Properties
14.6 Radar Applications in Ice
14.6.1 Internal Layer Architecture and Ice Dynamics
14.6.2 Subglacial Conditions
14.6.3 Englacial Conditions
14.7 Notes and References
14.7.1 Further Reading
14.7.2 Gravimetry
14.7.3 General Wave Equation and Solution
14.7.4 Seismic Waves
14.7.5 Electromagnetic Waves
Exercises
15 Glacial Isostatic Adjustment
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Earth Response to Loading
15.2.1 Rheology of the Earth
15.2.2 Building an Earth Model
15.2.3 Earth Models Used in Glaciology and Glacial Isostatic Adjustment
15.3 The Cryosphere and Sea Level
15.3.1 Factors Affecting Sea-Level Change
15.3.2 Eu
Location:
A 18 - must be ordered
Branch Library:
PIK Library
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