ALBERT

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2024 , Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 The Arctic sea-ice cover 1.1.1 Sea ice in the coupled Arctic climate system 1.1.2 Recent changes of the Arctic sea ice 1.2 The atmosphere as driver of sea-ice variability 1.2.1 Large-scale circulation patterns 1.2.2 Role of cyclones 1.3 Thesis structure and research questions 2 Theory and methods 2.1 Synoptic cyclones 2.1.1 Related fundamentals of atmospheric dynamics 2.1.2 Cyclone activity in the Arctic 2.2 Cyclone tracking and cyclone occurrence mask 2.3 Dynamic and thermodynamic sea-ice variability related to cyclones 3 New insights into cyclone impacts on sea ice in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean in winter 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Data and methods 3.3.1 Database and cyclone identification 3.3.2 Quantification of cyclone impacts on SIC 3.4 Cyclone impacts on SIC 3.4.1 Effects of different time scales and regions 3.4.2 Effects of SIC conditions and cyclone depth 3.4.3 Spatial variability of SIC response to cyclones 3.4.4 Relation to near-surface wind and surface energy budget 3.5 Signature of ’New Arctic’ conditions 3.6 Conclusions 3.7 Supplementary material 4 Impact of three intense winter cyclones on the sea ice cover in the Barents Sea: A case study with a coupled regional climate model 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Data and methods 4.3.1 HIRHAM–NAOSIM simulation 4.3.2 Supplementary evaluation data 4.3.3 Dynamic and thermodynamic contributions to sea-ice changes 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Cyclone cases 4.4.2 Cyclone impacts on SEB 4.4.3 Cyclone impacts on sea-ice concentration (SIC) 4.4.4 Cyclone impacts on sea-ice thickness (SIT) 4.4.5 Context to other cyclone cases during the MOSAiC winter 4.5 Discussion and conclusions 4.6 Supplementary material 5 Cyclone impacts on sea ice concentration in the Atlantic Arctic Ocean: Annual cycle and recent changes 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Data and methods 5.4 Changes in cyclones and traversed sea ice 5.5 Cyclone impacts on SIC 5.5.1 Annual cycle in the old Arctic 5.5.2 Changes in the new Arctic 5.5.3 Regional changes in autumn 5.6 Conclusions 5.7 Supplementary material 6 Conclusions and Outlook 6.1 What is the statistical impact of cyclone passages on sea-ice concentration (SIC) in the Atlantic Arctic Ocean? 6.2 What are the individual contributions of dynamic and thermodynamic processes to sea-ice changes related to cyclones? 6.3 Do the SIC impacts of cyclones change in a warming Arctic and what are the related mechanisms? 6.4 Ways forward Appendix: Cyclones modulate the control of the North Atlantic Oscillation on transports into the Barents Sea Bibliography

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2024 , Table of Contents Summary Deutsche Zusammenfassung 1 Introduction 1.1 Arctic ecosystems under global warming 1.2 The plant-associated microbiome 1.3 Drivers of soil development 1.4 Ancient DNA to unravel past ecosystems 1.4.1 Lake sediments as archives of past community changes 1.4.2 Metabarcoding for targeting specific communities 1.4.3 Shotgun sequencing for broader overview 1.5 Thesis objective 1.6 Thesis outline and author contributions 2 Manuscript I 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Materials and Methods 2.3.1 Primer design and evaluation In silico analyses Evaluation of lake sediment core DNA for analyses of fungal paleoecology 2.4 Results Primer design and evaluation Evaluation of lake sediment core DNA for fungal paleoecology 2.4.1 Taxonomic resolution across the cores 2.4.2 Comprehensiveness: Rarefaction and accumulation curves 2.4.3 Amplicon length and GC content to assess bias through degradation 2.4.4 General taxonomic composition of fungi in Siberian lake sediment cores Diversity of fungal paleocommunities from lake CH12 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Preservation biases and potential contamination 2.5.2 Characteristics of the optimized sedaDNA ITS1 metabarcoding assay 2.5.3 Potential of lake sediment fungal DNA for paleoecology 2.6 Author contributions 2.7 Acknowledgements 2.8 Conflict of interest 2.9 References 3 Manuscript II 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Geographic setting and study sites 3.4 Materials and Methods 3.4.1 Sampling 3.4.2 DNA extraction and amplification 3.4.3 Bioinformatic analysis 3.4.4 Assessment of negative controls and contamination 3.4.5 Statistical analysis and visualization 3.5 Results 3.5.1 Fungi: sedaDNA sequencing results and overall patterns of alpha diversity and taxonomic composition 3.5.2 Vegetation: sedaDNA sequencing results and overall patterns of alpha diversity and taxonomic composition 3.5.3 Site-specific plant-fungus covariation 3.5.3.1 Fungus and plant covariation in arctic Siberia from MIS3 to the Holocene 3.5.3.2 Quantitative relationships between fungi and plant richness and composition 3.6 Discussion 3.6.1 Fungus and plant diversity along a spatiotemporal gradient in Siberia 3.6.2 Changes in ecosystem functioning over a spatiotemporal gradient 3.6.3 Implications of our results for ecosystem functioning and future research avenues 3.7 Conclusions Funding Availability of data and material Author contribution Declaration of competing interest Acknowledgements 3.8 References 4 Manuscript III 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Results and Discussion 4.3.1 Compositional changes of plants, fungi, and bacteria in ancient metagenomic datasets 4.3.2 Long-term soil development: a trajectory or environmentally driven processes? 4.3.3 Bioweathering supported by lichens and mycorrhiza 4.3.4 Turnover in carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur cycling 4.3.5 Tracing podzolization 4.4 Implications and conclusions 4.5 Material and methods 4.5.1 Geographical setting and study site 4.5.2 X-ray fluorescence scanning of the sediment core 4.5.3 Core sub-sampling 4.5.4 DNA extraction 4.5.5 Single stranded DNA library build 4.5.6 Bioinformatic pipeline for the analysis of the sequencing results 4.5.7 Data analysis 4.5.8 Analysis of the ancient patterns 4.5.9 Statistical analysis of the dataset Acknowledgements 4.6 References Declarations 5 Discussion and synthesis 5.1 Long-term rhizosphere establishment in tundra and taiga areas 5.1.1 SedaDNA as a proxy for soil microbiome 5.1.1.1 Fungal DNA metabarcoding 5.1.1.2 Targeting soil communities with shotgun sequencing 5.1.1.3 Comparison between metabarcoding and shotgun sequencing for the soil microbiome 5.1.2 Fungi-vegetation interaction changes over time 5.1.3 Soil development on a temporal gradient 5.2 Conclusion and future perspectives 6 References 7 Appendix 7.1 Appendix to manuscript I 7.2 Appendix to manuscript II 7.3 Appendix to manuscript III 7.4 Manuscript IV 7.4.1 Abstract 7.4.2 Introduction 7.4.3 Geographical setting and study sites 7.4.4 Material & Methods 7.4.4.1 Sub-sampling of the sediment cores 7.4.4.2 DNA extraction 7.4.4.3 Single stranded DNA library built 7.4.4.4 Bioinformatic pipeline for the analysis of the sequencing data 7.4.4.5 Data analysis 7.4.4.6 Statistical analysis of the datasets 7.4.5 Results 7.4.5.1 Compositional changes of representative plant taxa alongside dynamics in fungal ecologies and bacterial element cycling in ancient metagenomic datasets 7.4.5.2 Impact of abiotic and biotic drivers on soil establishment across geographical locations 7.4.5.3 Relative positive correlations of functional soil taxa with plants across the locations 7.4.5.4 Assessment of the plant taxon-specific microbiome across the locations 7.4.6 Discussion 7.4.6.1 Site-specific soil development 7.4.6.2 Differences in the bedrock 7.4.6.3 Correlation between the lake biota 7.4.6.3.1 General Trends in positively correlated rhizosphere taxa 7.4.6.3.2 Plant taxa specific microbiome 7.4.7 Implications and future directions 7.4.8 References 7.4.9 Supplement to manuscript IV Acknowledgements Eidesstattliche Erklärung Damage pattern analysis – Auflagen Doktorarbeit Summary Main References

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2024 , Content Preface Acknowledgements Summary Zusammenfassung Abbreviations 1. Introduction 1.1. Peatlands 1.1.1. Peatland development and peat bog succession 1.1.2. Characteristic peatlands of the northern hemisphere 1.1.3. Anthropogenic threats of northern peatlands 1.1.4. Peat bog restoration 1.2. Peatland bryophytes 1.2.1. Brown mosses 1.2.2. Sphagnum mosses 1.3. Moss microbiota 1.3.1. Moss-associated bacteria 1.3.2. Moss-associated archaea 1.3.3. Endophytic prokaryotic communities 1.4. Biotic and abiotic influences on moss-associated microorganisms 1.5. Objectives 1.6. Study sites 1.6.1. High Arctic peatlands of Svalbard (SV) 1.6.2. Polygonal Tundra of Samoylov (SA) 1.6.3. Palsa Bogs of Neiden (NEI) 1.6.4. Kettle Bog Peatlands of Mueritz National Park (MUE) 2. Material and Methods 2.1. Sampling scheme overview 2.2. Sampling of pore water 2.3. Sampling of moss plantlets 2.4. Analysis of pore water chemistry 2.5. Cell wall analysis 2.5.1. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) 2.5.2. Holocellulose (HC) 2.5.3. Lignin and Lignin-like polymers (LLP) 2.5.4. Bulk moss litter analysis 2.6. Moss surface sterilisation and separation of putative epiphytic and endophytic microbial communities 2.7. DNA extraction and sequencing 2.8. Sequence analyses and bioinformatics 2.9. Statistical analyses 2.10. Potential methane production and oxidation assays 2.10.1. Surface sterilisation prior to activity tests 2.10.2. Methane production 2.10.3. Methane oxidation 3. Results 3.1. Peatland bulk and pore water characteristics 3.2. Diversity and structure of natural peatland microbial communities 3.3. Environmental drivers of moss-associated microbial communities 3.4. Microbial taxa associated with brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses 3.4.1. Moss-associated bacteria 3.4.2. Moss-associated archaea 3.4.3. Bacterial and archaeal core communities 3.4.4. Acetobacteraceae as dominant taxon of the bacterial core community 3.5. Sphagnum bacteriomes of disturbed, rewetted and pristine temperate kettle bog 3.6. Potential moss-associated methane production and methane oxidation rates 3.6.1. Moss-associated methane production 3.6.2. Moss-associated methane oxidation 4. Discussion 4.1. Environmental influences on moss-associated bacterial communities 4.2. Moss-associated archaeal communities and their environmental drivers 4.3. Distinct patterns of endophytic bacteria 4.4. The core microbiota and their possible role for peatland succession 4.5. The potential role of Acetobacteraceae for Sphagnum host mosses and bog ecosystems 4.6. Moss-associated microbial communities of the methane cycle and their potential metabolic activity 4.7. Diversity and structure of Sphagnum bacteriomes from pristine, disturbed and rewetted kettle bogs 5. Conclusion 6. Critical remarks and outlook 6.1. Critical remarks 6.2. Outlook Bibliography Supplementary

Note: Contents Foreword Prologue Earth’s Freezer: Introduction to Permafrost Frozen grounds: Permafrost in the Arctic Permafrost in profile: Landscape features Frozen in time: The history of permafrost An icy balance: Arctic permafrost physiography What lies within: Organic carbon in permafrost When ice grows up: Pingo Canadian Landmark Drilling down: Learning the secrets of permafrost Portrait: Annett Bartsch Un/settled: Life on frozen ground Frozen States I: Russian Federation Portrait: Vyacheslav Shadrin Frozen States II: North America Portrait: Jessi Pascal Frozen States III: Nordic region Portrait: Palle Jeremiassen Awakening Giant: Permafrost and Climate Change Warming up, warming down: Increasing ground temperatures The chill is gone: Thickening of the active layer Disappearing act: Declining permafrost extent Microorganisms, macro effects: Permafrost carbon cycle Faster, deeper, stronger I: Speed of thaw in North America Faster, deeper, stronger II: Speed of thaw in Scandinavia and the Russian Federation Crossing the threshold: Future scenarios of carbon release Portrait: Dmitry Streletskiy Moving Grounds: Permafrost Changes Frost and flora: The role of vegetation in permafrost landscapes Fire on ice: Peat, permafrost, and fire State of matter: Water, snow, and permafrost The rivers run through it: Arctic rivers, deltas and hydrology Along the edge of the world: Arctic coastal classification Wear and tear: Erosion of Arctic permafrost coasts Eating into the landscape: Retrogressive thaw slumps Portrait: Angus Alunik Losing ground: Projected rates of Arctic coastal erosion Beneath the waves: Changes in subsea permafrost Arctic Ripples: Impacts of Permafrost Thaw Feeling the heat: Permafrost thaw impacts on infrastructure Risky business I: North American Arctic and Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland) Risky business II: The Russian Federation and Scandinavian Arctic Terra infirma I: Coastal infrastructure in Yamalo-Nenets Portrait: Susanna Gartler Terra infirma II: Reinforcing runways in Paulatuk Terra infirma III: Keeping cold food cold in Alaska Terra infirma IV: Urban planning in Ilulissat Nothing in isolation: Health and wellness and permafrost Portrait: Gwen Healey Akearok Toxic grounds: Contaminants and environmental health Coming back to life: Reemerging pathogens Frozen assets I: The formal economy Frozen assets II: Traditional and subsistence activities Cultural homeland: Alaas landscapes in Yakutia Holding Tight: Adaptation to Permafrost Thaw Bumpy road ahead: Transportation infrastructure and permafrost Undermined: Mining infrastructure and permafrost Keeping the light on: Energy infrastructure and permafrost No time to waste: Waste management and permafrost Modern history: Preserving Svalbard’s cultural heritage Portrait: Ingrid Rekkavik Going South: Permafrost in Other Areas A planetary perspective: Permafrost outside the Arctic Frozen giants: Permafrost in the mountains The view from the top: The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Hindu Kush Himalaya, and Andes Europe’s frozen heart: Permafrost in the Alps The ends of the Earth I: Permafrost in Antarctica The ends of the Earth II: Antarctic Peninsula The ends of the Earth III: Queen Maud Land, Victoria Land, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys Over the Horizon Authors and contributors Acknowledgments Artist spotlight: Olga Borjon-Privé (Oluko) Artist spotlight: Katie Orlinsky Glossary Acronyms References

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2023 , Contents 1. Introduction 2. Boundary Layers Types of the Atmosphere 2.1. The Convective Boundary Layer (CBL) 2.2. The Neutral Boundary Layer (NBL) 2.3. The Stable Boundary Layer (SBL) 3. The Closure problem 4. Model description 4.1. Applied model versions 4.2. Governing equations 4.3. Horizontal grid 4.4. Vertical grid 4.5. Lateral boundaries 4.6. Parametrizations 4.6.1. Radiation scheme 4.6.2. Microphysics 4.6.3. Mellor-Yamada scheme 4.6.4. Smagorinsky scheme 4.6.5. Sea ice scheme 4.7. Difference to classical LES Models 5. Experimental Setup 6. MOSAiC Measurements 6.1. ARM Meteorological tower 6.2. Radiosondes 7. Model evaluation for the central Arctic 7.1. Impact of the horizontal resolution 7.1.1. Under cold, light wind conditions 7.1.2. Under stormy conditions 7.2. Impact of the sea-ice scheme 7.3. Impact of the lower boundary conditions 7.4. Impact of the parametrization schemes under cold, light wind conditions 7.4.1. Near-surface variables 7.4.2. Vertical profiles 7.4.3. Surface fluxes 7.4.4. Boundary Layer Height 7.5. Impact of the parametrization schemes under stormy conditions 7.5.1. Near-surface variables 7.5.2. Vertical profiles 7.5.3. Surface fluxes 7.5.4. Boundary Layer height 8. Discussion and Summary Acknowledgements Appendix

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Teil 1. Übersicht 1. Der Gegenstand der Hydrologie 2. Wassermengen, Wasserkreislauf und Wasserbilanz der Erde 2.1. Die Evolution der Hydrosphäre und des Wasserkreislaufes 2.2. Die Wassermengen der Erde 2.3. Der Wasserkreislauf der Erde 2.4. Die Wasserbilanz der Erde 3. Energie- und Stoffhaushalt 3.1. Besonderheiten des Naturstoffes Wasser 3.2. Wasserkreislauf und Wasserbeschaffenheit 3.3. Energiehaushalt 3.4. Stoffhaushalt 3.4.1. Allgemeines 3.4.2. Sauerstoff-Kohlenstoff-Haushalt 3.4.3. Stickstoffkreislauf 3.4.4. Phosphorkreislauf 3.4.5. Schwefelkreislauf 3.4.6. Stoffaustrag aus den Einzugsgebieten 3.4.7. Auswirkungen der Verschmutzung und Sanierungsmöglichkeiten bei den Haupttypen der Gewässer 3.4.8. Wasserschadstoffe 4. Die wichtigsten hydrologischen Prozesse und Systeme 4.1. Prozesse, Systeme und Modelle 4.2. Das Wasser im System Boden - Pflanze - Atmosphäre 4.3. Das Wasser im Einzugsgebiet 4.4. Das Maßstabsproblem 5. Zur Geschichte der Hydrologie 6. Bedeutung der Hydrologie für die Volkswirtschaft 6.1. Wasserressourcen und Wasserbewirtschaftung 6.2. Hydrologie - Basiswissenschaft der Wasserressourcen-Bewirtschaftung Literaturverzeichnis zum Teil 1 Teil 2. Erfassung und Ausweitung hydrologischer Daten 7. Hydrometrie 7.1. Aufgaben und Inhalt der Hydrometrie 7.2. Wasserstand 7.2.1. Kriterien für die Standortwahl der Meßstellen 7.2.2. Nichtregistrierende Pegel 7.2.3. Mechanischer Schwimmerschreibpegel 7.2.4. Druckluftpegel 7.2.5. Fernpegel 7.3. Durchfluß 7.3.1. Der Zweck von Durchflußmessungen 7.3.2. Messung des Druchflusses mit Hilfe des Flügels 7.3.3. Auswertung der Flügelmessung 7.3.4. Verdünnungsmessungen 7.3.5. Meßwehre 7.3.6. Venturikanal 7.3.7. Ultraschallmessung 7.3.8. Wasserstand-Durchfluß-Beziehung 7.4. Grundwasserbeobachtung 7.4.1. Überblick 7.4.2. Messung des Grundwasserstandes 7.4.3. Quellschüttungsmessungen 7.4.4. Durchfluß- und Beschaflenheitsmessungen 8. Zur Auswertung hydrologischer Daten 8.1. Überblick 8.2. Ganglinie, Summen-und SummendifTerenzlinie 8.3. Primärstatistische Auswertung 8.3.1. Häufigkeiten 8.3.2. Summenhäuflgkeiten 8.3.3. Statistische Maßzahlen 8.3.4. Gewässerkundliche Hauptzahlen 8.4. Wahrscheinlichkeitsanalysen 8.4.1. Begriffe und grundsätzliche Zusammenhänge 8.4.2. Die Normalverteilung 8.4.3. Aufbau und Nutzung von Wahrscheinlichkeitsnetzen 8.4.4. Die Pearsonverteilung Typ III 8.4.5. Das Wiederkehrintervall 8.5. Korrelationsanalyse 8.5.1. Korrelationskoeffizient 8.5.2. Reihenkorrelationskoeflizient Literaturverzeichnis zum Teil 2 Teil 3: Die Elemente des Wasserhaushalts 9. Der Niederschlag 9.1. Haupttypen und Arten des Niederschlags 9.2. Niederschlagsmessung 9.2.1. Punktuelle Niederschlagsmessung 9.2.2. Messung des Gebietsniederschlags 9.3. Auswertung von Punkt- und Gebietsniederschlagsmessungen 9.3.1. Punktniederschläge 9.3.2. Gebietsniederschläge für Einzugsgebiete 9.4. Stark-und Bemessungsniederschläge 9.5. Zeitliche und räumliche Verteilung des Niederschlags 9.6. Stochastische Analyse und Simulation des Niederschlags 9.6.1. Aufgabe 9.6.2. Modelle mit geringer zeitlicher Auflösung (Monats- und Jahreswerte) 9.6.3. Modelle hoher zeitlicher Auflösung 9.7. Wasserabgabe aus der Schneedecke 9.7.1. Grundbegriffe und Grundlagen 9.7.2. Ermittlung der Wasserabgabe aus der Schneedecke 10. Verdunstung 10.1. Begriffe, Prozesse und Aufgabenstellung 10.2. Messung der Verdunstung 10.3. Berechnung der potentiellen Evapotranspiration 10.3.1. Berechnung langjähriger Mittelwerte von ETP 10.3.2. Berechnung aktueller Einzelwerte von ETP 10.4. Berechnung der realen Verdunstung 10.4.1. Berechnung langjähriger Mittelwerte von ETR 10.4.2. Berechnung aktueller Werte der realen Verdunstung 10.4.3. Berechnung der Gebietsverdunstung aus'Klimabeobachtungen 10.5. Verdunstung freier Wasserflächen 10.5.1. Allgemeines 10.5.2. Bestimmung der Gewässerverdunstung nach Daten von Floßverdunstungskesseln 10.5.3. Berechnung der Gewässerverdunstung nach der Wärmehaushaltsmethode 10.5.4. Aerodynamische Methode 10.5.5. Ermittlung der Gewässerverdunstung aus Klimabeobachtungen 11. Der Abfluß 11.1. Allgemeine Grundlagen 11.2. Die Abflußkomponenten 11.2.1. Allgemeines 11.2.2. Durchflußganglinien-Seperation nach dem Einzellinearspeicher-Prinzip 11.2.3. Die Bilanzierung der separierten Durchflußganglinie 11.3. Stochastische Analyse von Durchflußbeobachtungsreihen 11.4. Langfristige Durchflußschwankungen 11.5. Mathematische Modelle zur stochastischen Simulation des Durchflußprozesses 11.5.1. Grundlagen 11.5.2. Grundtypen stochastischer Modelle 11.5.3. Zur Identifikation des Modelltyps 11.6. Inneijährliche Durchflußschwankungen 11.6.1. Darstellung der inneijährlichen Durchflußschwankungen 11.6.2. Modellierung des Jahrgangs 11.7. Abfluß-und Durchflußänderungen infolge anthropogener Einflüsse 12. Die Speicherung in den Einzugsgebieten 12.1. Übersicht 12.2. Wasserspeicherung in der Schneedecke 12.3. Wasserspeicherung in oberirdischen Gewässern 12.4. Wasserspeicherung in der ungesättigten Bodenzone 12.5. Wasserspeicherung in der Grundwasserzone 12.6. Größenvergleich natürlicher und künstlicher Speicherräume Literaturverzeichnis zum Teil 3 Teil 4: Die oberirdischen Gewässer 13. Die fließenden oberirdischen Gewässer und ihre Einzugsgebiete 13.1. Übersicht, Begriffe 13.2. Strukturen und Eigenschaften von Flußgebieten 13.2.1. Übersiqht 13.2.2. Flußnötze 13.2.3. Flußlängen 13.2.4. Einzugsgebietsflächen 13.2.5. Gefällewerte 13.2.6. Die hypsometrische (Flächen-Höhen)Kurve 13.2.7. Weitere geomorphologische Kennwerte 13.3. Maßverhältnisse der Flußbetten 13.3.1. Flußbettbildung 13.3.2. Der Grundriß der Flüsse 13.3.3. Der Längsschnitt der Flüsse 13.3.4. Der Querschnitt der Flüsse und hydraulische Flußbettgeometrie 13.4. Der Durchfluß der Flüsse 13.4.1. Berechnung des Durchflusses in den Fließgewässern 13.4.2. Durchflußkomponenten und Durchflußbereiche 13.4.3. Flußtypen 13.5. Stoffabtrag und Stoffiransport 13.5.1. Übersicht 13.5.2. Bodenerosion durch Wasser 13.5.3. Linienhafter Abtrag durch fließendes Wasser und Feststoffiransport 13.5.4. Gelöste Stoffe 13.6. Wärmehaushalt der Fließgewässer 13.6.1. Berechnung der Wassertemperatur in Fließgewässern 13.6.2. Eisbildung in fließenden Gewässern 13.7. Nutzung und Schutz der Fließgewässer 13.7.1. Selbstreinigung der Fließgewässer 13.7.2. Klassifizierung der Wasserbeschaffenheit 14. Die stehenden oberirdischen Gewässer 14.1. Übersicht 14.2. Die Gestalt der Seen und ihre Veränderung 14.2.1. Die wichtigsten morphometrischen Kennwerte 14.2.2. Die Verlandung der Seen 14.3. Hydrologische Seentypen und hydrologische Zusammensetzung des Seewassers 14.4. Wärmehaushalt der Seen 14.4.1. Wärmebilanz und Wärmegehalt der Seen 14.4.2. Thermik der Seen 14.5. Wasserbewegung und Austausch in Seen 14.5.1. Charakter und biologische Bedeutung der Wasserbewegung 14.5.2. Wellenbewegungen 14.5.3. Strömungen in Seen 14.5.4. Numerische Modellierung der Zirkulation in Seen 14.6. Nutzung und Schutz der Standgewässer 14.6.1. Klassifizierung der stehenden Oberflächengewässer 14.6.2. Wassergüte-Bewirtschaftungsstrategien für stehende Oberflächengewässer 14.7. Seerückhalt Literaturverzeichnis zum Teil 4 Teil 5: Das unterirdische Wasser 15. Das Wasser in der Aerationszone 15.1. Die Stellung der Aerationszone im hydrologischen Kreislauf 15.2. Korngrößenverteilung im Boden 15.3. Porosität und Dichte 15.4. Der Wassergehalt des Bodens 15.5. Ginteilung des Bodenwassers nach den wirksamen Kräften 15.6. Charakteristische Werte der Wasserbindung 15.7. Potentiale des Bodenwassers 15.8. Die Saugspannung-Sättigungs-Beziehung 16. Das Grundwasser 16.1. Grundwasser und sein vielfältiges Vorkommen 16.2. Grundwasserleiter 16.3. Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Aerations- und Grundwasserzone 16.4. Unterirdisches Einzugsgebiet, Gefälle und Fließrichtung des Grundwassers 16.5. Grundwasserstandsschwankungen und ihre Ursachen 16.6. Probleme und Aufgaben der Grundwasserbewirtschaftung 17. Die Dynamik des unterirdischen Wassers 17.1. Überblick 17.2. Die dynamische Grundgleic

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2024 , Table of contents ABSTRACT ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ABBREVIATIONS AND NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND 1.1.1 ARCTIC GROUND 1.1.2 THE PHENOMENON OF PERMAFROST 1.1.3 ARCTIC NON - PERMAFROST AREAS 1.1.4 HYPOTHESIS 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.3 METHODS 1.3.1 FIELD METHODS AND SAMPLING APPROACH 1.3.2 STUDY AREA SELECTION 1.3.3 LABORATORY METHODS 1.4 THESIS ORGANISATION CHAPTER 2: LARGE HERBIVORES ON PERMAFROST – A PILOT STUDY OF GRAZING IMPACTS ON PERMAFROST SOIL CARBON STORAGE IN NORTHEASTERN SIBERIA 2.1 ABSTRACT 2.2 I NTRODUCTION 2.3 STUDY AREA 2.4 METHODS 2.4.1 FIELD SAMPLING APPROACH 2.4.2 LABORATORY WORK 2.4.3 DATA ANALYSIS AND EXTERNAL DATA 2.5 RESULTS 2.5.1 VEGETATION ASSESSMENT 2.5.2 SEASONAL THAW DEPTH 2.5.3 CARBON PARAMETERS (TOC, TOC/TN RATIOS , AND Δ13 C RATIOS ) 2.5.4 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND WATER CONTENT 2.5.5 STATISTICS AND CORRELATION ANALYSIS 2.6 DISCUSSION 2.6.1 EFFECTS OF GRAZING ON VEGETATION STRUCTURE AND PERMAFROST THAW 2.6.2 CARBON ACCUMULATION UNDER GRAZING IMPACT 2.6.3 METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS OF THE PILOT STUDY 2.7 CONCLUSION 2.8 DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 2.9 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS 2.10 FUNDING 2.11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2.12 CONFLICT OF INTERESTS CHAPTER 3: IMPACTS OF REINDEER ON SOIL CARBON STORAGE IN THE SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND OF NORTHERN FINLAND: A PILOT STUDY 3.1 ABSTRACT 3.2 I NTRODUCTION 3.3 STUDY AREA 3.4 METHODS 3.4.1 FIELD WORK 3.4.2 LABORATORY ANALYSIS 3.4.3 DATA ANALYSIS AND CALCULATIONS 3.5 RESULTS 3.5.1 CORE DESCRIPTIONS 3.5.2 VEGETATION 3.5.3 CARBON PARAMETERS 3.5.6 COMPARATIVE DATA ANALYSIS 3.6 DISCUSSION 3.6.1 REINDEER IMPACT ON SOIL CARBON STORAGE 3.6.2 REINDEER IMPACT ON VEGETATION 3.6.3 REINDEER IMPACT ON GROUND CHARACTERISTICS 3.6.4 SOC DENSITY AND STOCKS ACROSS THE KUTUHARJU STATION AREA 3.6.5 METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS OF THE PILOT STUDY DESIGN 3.6.6 IMPLICATIONS OF THE PILOT STUDY FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 3.7 CONCLUSION 3.8 DATA AVAILABILITY 3.9 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION 3.10 COMPETING INTERESTS 3.11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3.12 FUNDING TABLE 3-1 TABLE 3-2 TABLE 3-3 CHAPTER 4: LIPID BIOMARKER SCREENING TO TRACE RECENT LARGE HERBIVORE INFLUENCE ON SOIL CARBON IN PERMAFROST AND SEASONALLY FROZEN ARCTIC GROUND 4.1 ABSTRACT 4.2 I NTRODUCTION 4.3 STUDY AREA 4.4 METHODS 4.4.1 SAMPLING APPROACH 4.4.2 LABORATORY ANALYSIS 4.4.3 LIPID BIOMARKER INDICES 4.4.4 STATISTICS 4.5 RESULTS 4.5.1 TOC 4.5.2 C/N RATIO 4.5.3 STABLE CARBON ISOTOPE RATIO 4.5.4 ABSOLUTE N- ALKANE CONCENTRATION 4.5.5 AVERAGE CHAIN LENGTH 4.5.6 CARBON PREFERENCE INDEX 4.5.7 HIGHER - PLANT ALCOHOL INDEX 4.5.8 STATISTICAL RESULTS 4.6 DISCUSSION 4.6.1 EFFECTS OF GRAZING INTENSITY ON BIOMARKER SIGNALS 4.6.2 EFFECTS OF GROUND THERMAL REGIME ON SOIL OM DEGRADATION 4.6.3 I MPACT OF HERBIVORY ON PERMAFROST OM STORAGE 4.7 CONCLUSION 4.8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4.9 COMPETING INTERESTS 4.10 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION 4.11 FUNDING 4.12 DATA AVAILABILITY CHAPTER 5: SYNTHESIS 5.1 ECOSYSTEM CHANGES UNDER THE IMPACT OF LARGE HERBIVORES 5.2 GRAZING EFFECTS ON SOIL ORGANIC MATTER DECOMPOSITION 5.3 F EASIBILITY OF UTILISING HERBIVORY IN THE ARCTIC 5.4 RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL PLANNING AND USE OF ARCTIC HERBIVORY REFERENCES 93 FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX I ORGANIC CARBON CHARACTERISTICS IN ICE - RICH PERMAFROST IN ALAS AND YEDOMA DEPOSITS , CENTRAL YAKUTIA, SIBERIA APPENDIX II WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF HERBIVORE DIVERSITY ON TUNDRA ECOSYSTEMS ? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (ABSTRACT) APPENDIX III SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL TO CHAPTER 2: LARGE HERBIVORES ON PERMAFROST – A PILOT STUDY OF GRAZING IMPACTS ON PERMAFROST SOIL CARBON STORAGE IN NORTHEASTERN SIBERIA APPENDIX IV SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL TO CHAPTER 3: IMPACTS OF REINDEER ON SOIL CARBON STORAGE IN THE SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND OF NORTHERN FINLAND : A PILOT STUDY APPENDIX V SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL TO CHAPTER 4: A PILOT STUDY OF LIPID BIOMARKERS TO TRACE RECENT LARGE HERBIVORE INFLUENCE ON SOIL CARBON IN PERMAFROST AND SEASONALLY ROZEN ARCTIC GROUND APPENDIX VI SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL TO APPENDIX IV: ORGANIC CARBON CHARACTERISTICS IN ICE - RICH PERMAFROST IN ALAS AND YEDOMA DEPOSITS , CENTRAL YAKUTIA, SIBERIA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - DANKSAGUNG

Note: Contents Preface Contributors PART I AN OVERVIEW OF THE DIVERSITY OF BACTERIOPHAGES 1 Structural and Genomic Diversity of Bacteriophages / Bert Ely, Jacob Lenski, and Tannaz Mohammadi 2 The Diversity of Bacteriophages in the Human Gut / Amanda Carroll-Portillo, Derek M. Lin, and Henry C. Lin 3 Breaking the Ice: A Review of Phages in Polar Ecosystems / Mara Elena Heinrichs, Gonçalo J. Piedade, Ovidiu Popa, Pacifica Sommers, Gareth Trubl, Julia Weissenbach, and Janina Rahlff 4 The Diversity of Bacteriophages in Hot Springs / Timothy J. Marks and Isabella R. Rowland PART II ISOLATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES 5 Isolation of Bacteriophages from Soil Samples in a Poorly Equipped Field Laboratory in Kruger National Park / Ayesha Hassim and Kgaugelo Edward Lekota 6 Purification and Up-Concentration of Bacteriophages and Viruses from Fecal Samples / Frej Larsen, Rasmus Riemer Jakobsen, Xiaotian Mao, Josue Castro-Mejia, Ling Deng, and Dennis S. Nielsen 7 Isolation of Enterococcus Bacteriophages from Municipal Wastewater Samples Using an Enrichment Step / Cory Schwarz and Jacques Mathieu 8 Phage DNA Extraction, Genome Assembly, and Genome Closure / Justin Boeckman, Mei Liu, Jolene Ramsey, and Jason Gill PART III ENUMERATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES 9 Enumeration of Bacteriophages by Plaque Assay / Diana Elizabeth Waturangi 10 Detection and Quantification of Bacteriophages in Wastewater Samples by Culture and Molecular Methods/ Laura Sala-Comorera, Maite Muniesa, and Lorena Rodríguez-Rubio 11 Flow Virometry: A Fluorescence-Based Approach to Enumerate Bacteriophages in Liquid Samples / Elena A. Dlusskaya and Rafik Dey 12 A Metagenomics Approach to Enumerate Bacteriophages in a Food Niche / Kelsey White, Giovanni Eraclio, Gabriele Andrea Lugli, Marco Ventura, Jennifer Mahony, Fabio Dal Bello, and Douwe van Sinderen PART IV CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES 13 Bioinformatic Analysis of Staphylococcus Phages: A Key Step for Safe Cocktail Development / Soledad Telma Carrasco and He´ctor Ricardo Morbidoni 14 Use of Localized Reconstruction to Visualize the Shigella Phage Sf6 Tail Apparatus / Chun-Feng David Hou, Fenglin Li, Stephano Iglesias, and Gino Cingolani 15 Bacteriophage–Host Interactions and Coevolution / Diana M. Álvarez-Espejo, Dácil Rivera, and Andrea I. Moreno-Switt 16 Unraveling Physical Interactions of Clostridioides difficile with Phage and Phage-Derived Proteins Using In Vitro and Whole-Cell Assays / Wichuda Phothichaisri, Tanaporn Phetruen, Surang Chankhamhaengdecha, Tavan Janvilisri, Puey Ounjai, Robert P. Fagan, and Sittinan Chanarat 17 Phage Transduction of Staphylococcus aureus / Melissa-Jane Chu Yuan Kee and John Chen PART V APPLICATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES AND BACTERIOPHAGE-DERIVED COMPONENTS 18 The Next Generation of Drug Delivery: Harnessing the Power of Bacteriophages / Alaa A. A. Aljabali, Mohammad B. M. Aljbaly, Mohammad A. Obeid, Seyed Hossein Shahcheraghi, and Murtaza M. Tambuwala 19 Construction of Nonnatural Cysteine-Cross-Linked Phage Libraries / Brittney Chau, Kristi Liivak, and Jianmin Gao 20 Application of Deep Sequencing in Phage Display / Vincent Van Deuren, Sander Plessers, Rob Lavigne, and Johan Robben 21 The Application of Bacteriophage and Photoacoustic Flow Cytometry in Bacterial Identification / Robert H. Edgar, Anie-Pier Samson, and John A. Viator 22 Propagation, Purification, and Characterization of Bacteriophages for Phage Therapy / Katarzyna Kosznik-Kwaśnicka, Gracja Topka, Jagoda Mantej, Łukasz Grabowski, Agnieszka Necel, Grzegorz Węgrzyn, and Alicja Węgrzyn 23 Overcoming Bacteriophage Resistance in Phage Therapy / Elina Laanto 24 Bacteriophage Virus-Like Particles: Platforms for Vaccine Design / Ebenezer Tumban Index

Note: Contents Preface / Minnie Aodla Freeman Foreword / Dr. William E. Taylor, Jr. PART ONE A LAND MOLDED BY ICE / Fred Bruemmer 1 The Northern Vision 2 The Circumpolar Realm Photo Essay: The Surprising Arctic 3 Trial by Ice 4 Hunters and Herders Photo Essay: Arctic Waters 5 Early Exploration 6 The Arctic Route to Cathay Photo Essay: From the Mountains to the Sea 7 Fur Empires of Siberia and Alaska 8 Arctic Knights 9 From Furs to Factories Photo Essay: Polar Animals and Birds PART TWO THE ARCTIC WILDERNESS 10 Wildlife of the Sea and Land / Dr. Thor Larsen 11 Plants of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic / Dr. Frans Wielgolaski Photo Essay: A Brief Flowering PART THREE PEOPLE OF THE FAR NORTH 12 The Ancient Arctic / Dr. Robert McGhee Photo Essay: Traditional Life 13 Polar Exploration / Academician A.F. Treshnikov 14 A Changing World / Dr. Ernest S. Burch, Jr. Photo Essay: Modern Life Index