ALBERT

Note: Contents: Figures. - Tables. - Preface. - Illustrations. - 1. Introduction. - 1.1 Background. - 1.2 Scope of the text. - 1.3 World vegetation types. - 1.3.1 Vegetation formations and zones. - 1.3.2 Zonobiomes. - 1.3.3 Exoclimates. - 1.3.4 The Canadian vegetation classification system. - 1.3.5 Ecozones. - 1.3.6 Floristic realms. - 1.3.7 Plant species nomenclature. - 1.4 Soil classification and soil systems. - 1.5 Climatic parameters. - 1.5.1 The role of climate. - 1.5.2 Moisture indices. - 1.5.3 Climate diagrams. - 1.6 Plant strategies. - 1.6.1 Competition. - 1.6.2 Hydrature and moisture regulation. - 1.6.3 Life forms. - 1.6.4 Leaf morphology and adaptation. - 1.7 Biomass and net primary productivity. - 2. Tundra 2.1 Tundra distribution. - 2.2 Climate. - 2.3 Soils. - 2.4 Tundra in North America. - 2.4.1 Ecoclimatic sub-provinces and regions. - 2.4.2 High and mid-Arctic. - 2.4.3 Low Arctic. - 2.5 Tundra in other Northern Hemisphere locations. - 2.5.1 Arctic Tundra. - 2.5.2 Typical Tundra. - 2.5.3 Southern Tundra. - 2.5.4 Tundra on Arctic Islands. - 2.6 Tundea in the Southern Hemisphere. - 2.6.1 The Antarctic Subregion. - 2.6.2 The Sub-Antarctic Subregion. - 2.7 Alpine Tundra. - 2.7.1 Temperate-latitude alpine Tundra. - 2.7.2 Low-latitude (equatorial) alpine Tundra. - 2.8 Primary production and phytomass in Tundra. - 3. Forest-Tundra or Boreal-Tundra Ecotone. - 3.1 Definitions. - 3.2 Distribution. - 3.3 Climate. - 3.4 Soils. - 3.5 Forest-Tundra in Canada. - 3.5.1 Ecoclimatic sub-provinces. - 3.5.2 The shrub subzone (Northern Forest-Tundra). - 3.5.3 The forest subzone (Southern Forest Tundra). - 3.6 Eurasian Forest-Tundra. - 3.7 Primary production and phytomass in forest-Tundra. - 4. Boreal Forest (Taiga) and Mixed Forest Transition. - 4.1 Distribution. - 4.2 Climate. - 4.3 Soils. - 4.4 Boreal forest in North America. - 4.4.1 Open Lichen Woodland. - 4.4.2 Northern Coniferous Forest. - 4.4.3 Mixed-Forest (Boreal-Broadleaf ecotone). - 4.4.4 Mixed-Forest transition to grassland (Northern Mixedwoods). - 4.5 Eurasian Boreal. - 4.5.1 The European Boreal. - 4.5.2 The Siberian Boreal. - 4.5.3 Northwest Pacific Fringe Boreal. - 4.6 Primary production and phytomass in boreal forest. - 5. Prairie (Steppe). - 5.1 Distribution. - 5.2 Climate. - 5.2.1 North America. - 5.2.2 Climate in Eurasia and elsewhere. - 5.3 Soils. - 5.4 Prairie in North America. - 5.4.1 The Canadian Prairie. - 5.4.2 Prairie in the USA. - 5.5. Eurasian Steppe. - 5.6 Southern Hemisphere Grasslands. - 5.6.1 The High Veldt. - 5.6.2 The Pampas/Campos Grasslands. - 5.7 Primary production and biomass. - 6. Cordilleran Environments in Western North America. - 6.1 Canada's Cordilleran ecoclimatic provinces. - 6.1.1 Distribution. - 6.1.2 Climate. - 6.1.3 Soils. - 6.1.4 Pacific Coastal Mesothermal Forest. - 6.1.5 Pacific Coastal Subalpine Forest. - 6.1.6 Cordilleran Forest Region. - 6.1.7 Cordilleran Cold Steppe and Savanna Forst. - 6.1.8 Canadian Cordilleran Subalpine Forest. - 6.1.9 Alpine Tundra and Boreal Forest. - 6.2 The Cordilleran Region in the USA. - 6.2.1 Distribution. - 6.2.2 Northwest Coast Conifer-Hardwood Forests. - 6.2.3 Montane Pine Forests. - 6.2.4 Sagebrush and Grasslands. - 6.2.5 Interior Hemlock-Douglas-Fir-Larch. - 6.2.6 Subalpine Forest. - 6.3 Primary Production and Phytomass. - 7. Temperate Deciduous Forests. - 7.1 Distribution. - 7.2 Climate. - 7.3 Soils. - 7.4 Temperate Deciduous Forest in North America. - 7.4.1 Canada. - 7.4.2 United States of America. - 7.4.3 Southern Mexico and South America. - 7.5 Europe. - 7.5.1 Atlantic Deciduous Forest. - 7.5.2 Central European Deciduous Forest. - 7.5.3 East European Deciduous Forest. - 7.6 Asia. - 7.7 Southern Hemisphere. - 7.8 Primary Production and Phytomass. - 8. Wetlands. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Climate. - 8.3 Soils. - 8.4 Canadian Wetland Classification. - 8.4.1 Canadian Wetland Classification System. - 8.4.2 Wetland classes. - 8.4.3 Wetland forms and types. - 8.5 Canadian Wetlands. - 8.5.1 Arctic Wetlands. - 8.5.2 Subarctic Wetlands. - 8.5.3 Boreal Wetlands. - 8.5.4 Prairie Wetlands. - 8.5.5 Temperate Wetlands. - 8.5.6 Oceanic Wetlands. - 8.5.7 Mountain Wetlands. - 8.6 Wetlands in the USA. - 8.7 Eurasian Wetlands. - 8.7.1 European Wetlands. - 8.7.2 Asian Wetlands. - 8.8 Central and South American Wetlands. - 8.9 African Wetlands. - 8.10 Austromalesian and Pacific Wetlands. - 8.11 Phytomass and Primary Production. - 9. Conclusion. - Appendix: Biomials and their local names as used in the text. - Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Contents: Foreword. - List of participants. - Aksel Christopher Wiin Nielsen / Charlotte Wiin Christensen. - 1. Numerical modelling and semi-lagrangian integration. - Developments in semi-lagrangian global atmospheric modelling at NASA/GLA / J. R. Bates. - Experiments in optimum three-dimensional truncation / F. Baer. - The HIRLAM 3 Project / E. Källén. - Initialization of cloud water content in a data assimilation system / X.-Y. Huang. - A full "particle-in-cell" numerical integration method / E. Kaas, A. Guldberg and P. Lopez. - 2 Aspects of parameterization in circulation models. - Parameterization of cloud microphysics for numerical atmospheric models / H. Sundqvist. - On the simulation and validation of the hydrological cycle in the climate system / L. Bengtsson. - Parameterization of the peripheral processes in atmospheric modeling / C.-h. Yang and D. C. Hahn. - Parameterization of gravity wave drag in atmospheric general circulation models / N. McFarlane. - The implementation of the semi-implicit scheme in cell-integrated semi-lagrangian models / B. Machenhauer and M. Olk. - 3 Regional climate variability. - Time-slice experiments and their performance in continent-scale regions / U. Cubasch and J. Waszkewitz. - Interdecadal variation of the wintertime northern-hemisphere circulation in the past four decades / T.-C. Chen. - 4 Climate and weather variability. - On the interaction between the synoptic-scale eddies and the intra-seasonal atmospheric fluctuations / J. Derome, J. Sheng, M. Klasa and H. Lin. - Studies of stationary waves and climate anomalies at the Department of Meteorology, University of Helsinki / E. Holopainen. - On the existence of summer sub-tropical anticyclones / B. Hoskins and M. Rodwell. - 5 Fluid flow and turbulence. - Orography and the breakdown of balanced flow / H. C. Davies. - Mass transport in a viscous free surface flow / A. W. Gwinn and S. J. Jacobs. - A shell model of cascade in turbulent flow / P. D. Ditlevsen. - 6 Variability and modality in the atmosphere. - Blocking and teleconnections in a three-level quasi-geostrophic global model / S. Tibaldi, S. Corti and A. Giannini. - Modelling interannual variations of the Indian summer monsoon / A. D. Vernekar. - Multiple steady states in a contour dynamics model of large-scale atmospheric flow / W. T. N. Verkley and M. H. P. Ambaum. - 7 Climate change. - Detection of anthropogenic climate change using a fingerprint method / K. Hasselmann, L. Bengtsson, U. Cubash, G. C. Hegerl, H. Rodhe, E. Roeckner, H. v. Storch, R. Voss, J. Waszkewitz.

Note: Contents: Introduction: Roald Amundsen and the Belgica expedition. - 1 The Atlantic crossing. - 2 In South America. - 3 In the straits of Tierra del Fuego. - 4 Geographic discoveries. - 5 Trapped in the ice. - 6 Polar night. - 7 Return of the sun. - 8 Summer. - 9 Escape from the ice. - 10 Return home. - Further Reading. - Appendix. , Aus dem Niederländ. übers.

Note: Contents I Review of Current Concepts 1 Introduction 1.1 Sequence Stratigraphy: A New Paradigm? 1.2 From Sloss to Vail 1.3 Problems and Research Trends: The Current Status 1.4 Stratigraphic Terminology 2 Methods for Studying Sequence Stratigraphy 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Erecting a Sequence Framework 2.2.1 The Importance of Unconformities 2.2.2 Facies Cycles 2.2.3 Stratigraphic Architecture: The Seismic Method 2.3 Methods for Assessing Regional and Global Changes in Sea Level, Other Than Seismic Stratigraphy 2.3.1 Areas and Volumes of Stratigraphic Units 2.3.2 Hypsometric Curves 2.3.3 Backstripping 2.3.4 Sea-Level Estimation from Paleoshorelines and Other Fixed Points 2.3.5 Documentation of Meter-Scale Cycles 2.4 Integrated Tectonic-Stratigraphic Analysis 3 The Four Basic Types of Stratigraphic Cycle 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Supercontinent Cycle 3.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 3.4 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 3.5 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 4 The Basic Sequence Model 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Terminology 4.3 Depositional Systems and Systems Tracts 4.4 Sequence Boundaries 4.5 Other Sequence Concepts 5 The Global Cycle Chart II The Stratigraphic Framework 6 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens to Hundreds of Millions of Years 6.1 Climate, Sedimentation, and Biogenesis 6.2 The Supercontinent Cycle 6.2.1 The Tectonic-Stratigraphic Model 6.2.2 The Phanerozoic Record 6.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 6.3.1 Intercontinental Correlations 6.3.2 Tectonostratigraphic Sequences 6.4 Main Conclusions 7 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 7.1 Extensional and Rifted Clastic Continental Margins 7.2 Foreland Basin of the North American Western Interior 7.3 Other Foreland Basins 7.4 Forearc Basins 7.5 Backarc Basins 7.6 Cyclothems and Mesothems 7;7 Carbonate Cycles of Platforms and Craton Margins 7.8 Evidence of Cyclicity in the Deep Oceans 7.9 Main Conclusions 8 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Neogene Clastic Cycles of Continental Margins 8.3 Pre-Neogene Marine Carbonate and Clastic Cycles 8.4 Late Paleozoic Cyclothems 8.5 Lacustrine elastic and Chemical Rhythms 8.6 Clastic Cycles of Foreland Basins 8.7 Main Conclusions III Mechanisms 9 Long-Term Eustasy and Epeirogeny 9.1 Mantle Processes and Dynamic Topography 9.2 Supercontinent Cycles 9.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 9.3.1 Eustasy 9.3.2 Dynamic Topography and Epeirogeny 9.4 Main Conclusions 10 Milankovitch Processes 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Nature of Milankovitch Processes 10.2.1 Components of Orbital Forcing 10.2.2 Basic Climatology 10.2.3 Variations with Time in Orbital Periodicities 10.2.4 Isostasy and Geoid Changes 10.2.5 The Nature of the Cyclostratigraphic Data Base 10.2.6 The Sensitivity of the Earth to Glaciation 10.2.7 Glacioeustasy in the Mesozoic? 10.2.8 Nonglacial Milankovitch Cyclicity 10.3 The Cenozoic Record 10.4 Late Paleozoic Cyclothems 10.5 The End-Ordovician Glaciation 10.6 Main Conclusions 11 Tectonic Mechanisms 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Rifting and Thermal Evolution of Divergent Plate Margins 11.2.1 Basic Geophysical Models and Their Implications for Sea-Level Change 11.2.2 Some Results from the Analysis of Modern Data Sets 11.3 Tectonism on Convergent Plate Margins and in Collision Zones 11.3.1 Magmatic Arcs and Subduction 11.3.2 Tectonism Versus Eustasy in Foreland Basins 11.3.2.1 The North American Western Interior Basin 11.3.2.2 The Appalachian Foreland Basin 11.3.2.3 Pyrenean and Himalayan Basins 11.3.3 Rates of Uplift and Subsidence 11.3.4 Discussion 11.4 Intraplate Stress 11.4.1 The Pattern of Global Stress 11.4.2 In-Plane Stress as a Control of Sequence Architecture 11.4.3 In-Plane Stress and Regional Histories of Sea-Level Change 11.5 Basement Control 11.6 Other Speculative Tectonic Hypotheses 11.7 Sediment Supply and the Importance of Big Rivers 11.8 Environmental Change 11.9 Main Conclusions IV Chronostratigraphy and Correlation: Why the Global Cycle Chart Should Be Abandoned 12 Time in Sequence Stratigraphy 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Hierarchies of Time and the Completeness of the Stratigraphic Record 12.3 Main Conclusions 13 Correlation, and the Potential for Error 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The New Paradigm of Geological Time? 13.3 The Dating and Correlation of Stratigraphic Events: Potential Sources of Uncertainty 13.3.1 Identification of Sequence Boundaries 13.3.2 Chronostratigraphic Meaning of Unconformities 13.3.3 Determination of the Biostratigraphic Framework 13.3.3.1 The Problem of Incomplete Biostratigraphic Recovery 13.3.3.2 Diachroneity of the Biostratigraphic Record 13.3.4 The Value of Quantitative Biostratigraphic Methods 13.3.5 Assessment of Relative Biostratigraphic Precision 13.3.6 Correlation of Biozones with the Global Stage Framework 13.3.7 Assignment of Absolute Ages 13.3.8 Implications for the Exxon Global Cycle Chart 13.4 Correlating Regional Sequence Frameworks with the Global Cycle Chart 13.4.1 Circular Reasoning from Regional Data 13.4.2 A Rigorous Test of the Global Cycle Chart 13.4.3 A Correlation Experiment 13.4.4 Discussion 13.5 Main Conclusions 14 Sea-Level Curves Compared 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Exxon Curves: Revisions, Errors, and Uncertainties 14.3 Other Sea-Level Curves 14.3.1 Cretaceous Sea-Level Curves 14.3.2 Jurassic Sea-Level Curves 14.3.3 Why Does the Exxon Global Cycle Chart Contain So Many More Events Than Other Sea-Level Curves? 14.4 Main Conclusions V Approaches to a Modern Sequence-Stratigraphic Framework 15 Elaboration of the Basic Sequence Model 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Definitions 15.2.1 The Hierarchy of Units and Bounding Surfaces 15.2.2 Systems Tracts and Sequence Boundaries 15.3 The Sequence Stratigraphy of Clastic Depositional Systems 15.3.1 Pluvial Deposits and Their Relationship to Sea-Level Change 15.3.2 The Concept of the Bayline 15.3.3 Deltas, Beach-Barrier Systems, and Estuaries 15.3.4 Shelf Systems: Sand Shoals and Condensed Sections 15.3.5 Slope and Rise Systems 15.4 The Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate Depositional Systems 15.4.1 Platform Carbonates: Catch-Up Versus Keep-Up 15.4.2 Carbonate Slopes 15.4.3 Pelagic Carbonate Environments 15.5 Main Conclusions 16 Numerical and Graphical Modeling of Sequences 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Model Design 16.3 Selected Examples of Model Results 16.4 Main Conclusions VI Discussion and Conclusions 17 Implications for Petroleum Geology 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Integrated Tectonic-Stratigraphic Analysis 17.2.1 The Basis of the Methodology 17.2.2 The Development of an Allostratigraphic Framework 17.2.3 Choice of Sequence-Stratigraphic Models 17.2.4 The Search for Mechanisms 17.2.5 Reservoir Characterization 17.3 Controversies in Practical Sequence Analysis 17.3.1 The Case of the Tocito Sandstone, New Mexico 17.3.2 The Case of Gippsland Basin, Australia 17.3.3 Conclusions: A Modified Approach to Sequence Analysis for Practicing Petroleum Geologists and Geophysicists 17.4 Main Conclusions 18 Conclusions and Recommendations 18.1 Sequences in the Stratigraphic Record 18.1.1 Long-Term Stratigraphic Cycles 18.1.2 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 18.1.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 18.2 Mechanisms 18.2.1 Long-Term Eustasy and Epeirogeny 18.2.2 Milankovitch Processes 18.2.3 Tectonic Mechanisms 18.3 Chronostratigraphy and Correlation 18.3.1 Concepts of Time 18.3.2 Correlation Problems, and the Basis of the Global Cycle Chart 18.3.3 Comparison of Sea-Level Curves 18.4 Modern Sequence Analysis 18.4.1 Elaboration of the Basic Sequence Model 18.4.2 Numerical and Graphical Modeling of Stratigraphic Sequences 18.5 Implications for Petroleum Geology 18.6 The Global-Eustasy Paradigm: Working Backwards from the Answer? 18.6.1 The Exxon Factor 18.6.2 Conclusions . 18.7 Recommendations References Author Index Subject Index

Note: Inhalt: 1 Zur Entdeckungsgeschichte der Polargebiete. - 1.1 Terra australis - ein vermuteter Südkontinent. - 1.2 Erkundungen der Arktis: Suche nach Passagen. - 1.3 Zur wissenschaftlichen Erkundung der Polargebiete. - 1.4 Deutsche Beiträge zu physisch-geographischer Polarforschung nach 1950. - 2 Abgrenzung und Flächenanteile der Polargebiete. - 2.1 Astronomische Abgrenzung und Beleuchtungsverhältnisse. - 2.2 'Geographische' Abgrenzungsmöglichkeiten gegen die Mittelbreiten. - 2.3 Allgemeine und regionale Flächenanteile der Polargebiete. - 3 Südpolargebiet (Antarktis, Antarktika) 3.1 Physisch-geographische Kennzeichen der heutigen Antarktis (Größenverhältnisse, Lagebeziehungen, Oberflächengestalt). - 3.2 Grundzüge der erdgeschichtlichen Entwicklung. - 3.3 Mineralische Rohstoffe. - 3.4 Zur Vereisungs- und Klimageschichte der Antarktis. - 3.4.1 Regionale Aspekte der Vereisungsgeschichte. - 3.4.2 Antarktische Vereisung und Klimaschwankungen im Quartär. - 3.5 Klimatische Fernwirkungen der Antarktis: Paläoklimatische und aktuelle Prozesse. - 3.5.1 Globale Abkühlung und Aridisierung. - 3.5.2 Mittelmeeraustrocknung und Vereisung der Arktis. - 3.5.3 Eiszeiten - Warmzeiten: Ursache in den Polargebieten? 4 Polarmeere: Meereis; Rolle im globalen Klimageschehen 4.1 Merkmale beider Polarmeere; Eisbildung. - 4.2 Nordpolarmeer: Meeresströme, Zirkulation. - 4.3 Südpolarmeer: Ringstrom, Zirkulation, Polynjas. - 5 Witterung und Klima des Südpolargebiets; klimatische Gliederung. - 5.1 Jahres- und Monatstemperaturen in der Antarktis. - 5.2 Niederschlagshöhe und -verteilung. - 5.3 Antarktische Windsysteme. - 5.4 Klimatische Grobgliederung der Antarktis. - 6 Vergletscherte und periglaziale Antarktis. - 6.1 Aktuelle Vergletscherung, Eisbewegung, Schelfeis. - 6.2 Periglaziale Gebiete: Ost-Antarktis / West-Antarktis. - 6.2.1 Antarktische Flora (kontinentale und maritime Antarktis). - 6.2.2 Insolations- und Frostverwitterung in der Antarktis. - 6.2.3 Biogener Gesteinszersatz. - 6.2.4 Periglaziale Ost-Antarktis. - 6.2.4.1 Physikalisch-chemische Verwitterung und Bodenbildung. - 6.2.4.2 Kennzeichen ost-antarktischer Böden und Zersatzdecken. - 6.2.4.3 Vorzeitliche Formung und rezente geomorphologische Prozesse. - 6.2.5 Maritime West-Antarktis / Antarktische Halbinsel. - 6.2.5.1 Witterung und maritimes Klima der West-Antarktis. - 6.2.5.2 Chemische Verwitterung und Bodenbildung. - 6.2.5.3 Aktuelle geomorphologische Prozesse. - 6.3 Anthropogene Eingriffe in antarktische Lebensräume. - 6.3.1 Ausbeutung mariner Ressourcen. - 6.3.2 Gefährdung durch Stationen und Tourismus. - 7 Das Nordpolargebiet (Arktis) 7.1 Physisch-geographische Kennzeichen und zonale Gliederung. - 7.2 Zur geologischen Entwicklung des Nordpolargebietes. - 7.3 Mineralische und organogene Rohstoffe; Nutzungsprobleme. - 7.4 Zur Vereisungs- und Klimageschichte der Arktis. - 7.4.1 Jungtertiärer Vereisungsbeginn in der Arktis. - 7.4.2 Jungquartäre Vereisung und Deglaziation; Klimawandel und Klimasprünge. - 7.4.3 Isostatische Landhebung: Regionale Befunde aus Kanada und Grönland. - 7.4.4 Holozäne Gletscher- und Klimaschwankungen. - 7.5 Klimatische Grundzüge des Nordpolargebietes. - 7.6 Permafrost: Verbreitung, vertikale Gliederung, Degradation. - 7.6.1 Klimatische Verbreitung, Typisierung, vertikale Gliederung. - 7.6.2 Natürliche Permafrost-Degradation. - 7.6.3 Folgen menschlicher Eingriffe; bautechnische Probleme. - 7.7 Zur aktuellen Vergletscherung des Nordpolargebietes; Vergletscherungstypen. - 7.7.1 Arktisches Inlandeis und Plateauvergletscherungen. - 7.7.2 Formen untergeordneter Vergletscherung: Eisstromnetze, Tal- und Kargletscher. - 8 Periglaziale Arktis. - 8.1 Bodenbildung und Bodentypen in der Arktis. - 8.2 Tundren - Kennzeichen arktischer Vegetation. - 8.3 Geoökologische Aspekte und ökologische Jahreszeiten. - 8.4 Periglaziale geomorphologische Prozesse und Oberflächenformen. - 8.4.1 Denudative und quasi-stationäre Prozesse. - 8.4.1.1 Formen der Materialsortierung und Kryodynamik (Kryoturbation). - 8.4.1.2 Solifluktionsprozesse / Arten der Solifluktion. - 8.4.1.3 Abluation (Abspüldenudation) und Deflation. - 8.4.1.4 Hangentwicklungsprozesse unter periglazialen Bedingungen. - 8.4.1.5 Glossar zu weiteren periglazialgeomorphologischen, hydrologischen und biotischen Formen in arktischen Tundren und Kältewüsten. - 8.4.2 Flüsse und fluviale Formung in Polargebieten. - 8.5 Arktische Völker und Naturraum; Ausbeutung der Meere. - 9 Ausblick: 'Global Change' und 'Klimakatastrophe' in den Polargebieten?. - 10 Literatur. - 11 Sachverzeichnis.

Note: Zugl.: Bonn, Univ., Diss., 1994 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: Einleitung. - Notation. - 1 Lineare Theorie. - 1.1 Das lineare Problem mit glatten Koeffizienten. - 1.1.1 Starke Lösungen. - 1.1.2 Reguläre Lösungen. - 1.2 Beispiele. - 1.3 Strikt negative Randbedingungen. - 1.4 Das lineare Problem mit Sobolev-Koeffizienten. - 1.4.1 Glatte Randbedingungen. - 1.4.2 Strikt negative Randbedingungen. - 2 Lokale quasilineare Theorie. - 2.1 Lineare Randbedingungen. - 2.2 Quasilineare Randbedingungen. - 3 Globale quasilineare Theorie spezieller Gleichungen. - 3.1 Lokaler Energieabfall. - 3.1.1 Der Ganzraumfall. - 3.1.2 Elliptische Systeme im Außengebiet. - 3.1.3 Die Abschätzung der Resolvente. - 3.1.4 Lokaler Energieabfall. - 3.2 Lp - Lq-Abschätzungen. - 3.2.1 Lp-Lq-Abschätzungen im ℝ3. - 3.2.2 Die Lp-Lq-Abschätzung in Ω. - 3.3 Globale Existenz für eine Klasse von nichtlinearen Weyl-Gleichungen. - 3.3.1 A-priori-Abschätzung der lokalen Lösung. - 3.3.2 Der Beweis von Theorem 3.60. - A Regularität von Produkten von schwach differenzierbaren Funktionen. - B Regularität zusammengesetzter Funktionen. - C Die Abschätzung des nichtlinearen Terms. - D Diverse Beweise.

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Chapter One: Causes of sea-level change 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Changes in the quantity of oceanic water 1.3 Deformation of the shape of the oceanic basin 1.4 Variations of water density and dynamic changes affecting the water masses Chapter Two: Evidence of former sea levels 2.1 Rocky shores 2.2 Sedimentary shores 2.3 Archaeological and historical sea-level indicators 2.4 Dating a sea-level indicator 2.5 How sea-level curves are constructed Chapter Three: The ice age Earth 3.1 How the last glaciation developed 3.2 The sea-level positions during the last Ice age 3.3 Low-sea-level land bridges and landscapes 3.4 Last glaciation climate and hydrology 3.5 Last glaciation biomass and CO2 exchanges Chapter Four: Deglacial sea-level changes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Modelling results 4.3 Regional case studies 4.4 A gradually rising or a fluctuating sea level? 4.5 The Younger Dryas sea-level change 4.6 Impacts of past sea-level rise on coastal systems 4.7 Palaeomonsoons Chapter Five: Relative sea-level changes in the late Holocene 5.1 Delta and coral reef development 5.2 Continuance of isostatic emergence / submergence processes 5.3 Seismo-tectonic displacements 5.4 Relative sea-level changes produced by aseismic tectonics 5.5 Transgression-regression sequences and sea-level changes 6 Present-day sea-level trends 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Instrumental measurements . 6.3 Explanation of current estimations of global sea-level rise 6.4 Coastal areas at risk from sea-level rise Conclusions References Author Index Geographical Index Subject Index

Note: Inhalt: I. Allgemeines zu den Familien mit Kanalraphen. - 1. Die taxonomisches Bewertung des Kanalraphensystems. - 2. Gemeinsame und unterschiedliche morphologische Merkmale bei den pennaten Gattungen mit Kanalraphen. - 3. Terminologie. - 3.1. Ergänzender Glossar einiger Termini. - II. Spezieller Teil. - Ordnung Pennales. - Die Familien 4-6 mit Kanalraphen (Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae). - 4. Familie Bacillariaceae Ehrenberg. - 1. Bacillaria Gmelin. - 2. Nitzschia Hassall. - 3. Hantzschia Grunow. - 4. Cymbellonitzschia Hustedt. - 5. Cylindrotheca Rabenhorst. - 6. Simonsenia Lange-Bertalot. - 5. Familie Epithemiaceae sensu Karsten. - 1. Denticula Kützing. - 2. Epithemia Brébisson. - 3. Rhopalodia O. Müller. - 6. Familie Surirellaceae Kützing. - 1. Cymatopleura W. Smith. - 2. Surirella Turpin. - 3. Stenopterobia Brébisson. - 4. Campylodiscus Ehrenberg. - Tafeln 1-182. - Ergänzungen und Korrekturen. - Namenverzeichnis.

Note: Contents Preface Part I Introduction 1 Applications and uses of diatoms: prologue / EUGENE F. STOERMER AND JOHN P. SMOL Part II Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in flowing waters and lakes 2 Assessing environmental conditions in rivers and streams with diatoms / R. JAN STEVENSON AND YANGDONG PAN 3 Diatoms as indicators of hydrologic and climatic change in saline lakes / SHERILYN C. FRITZ, BRIAN F. CUMMING, FRANQOISE GASSE, AND KATHLEEN R. LAIRD 4 Diatoms as mediators of biogeochemical silica depletion in the Laurentian Great Lakes / CLAIRE L. SCHELSKE 5 Diatoms as indicators of surface water acidity / RICHARD W. BATTARBEE, DONALD F. CHARLES, SUSHIL S. DIXIT, AND INGEMAR RENBERG 6 Diatoms as indicators of lake eutrophication / ROLAND I. HALL AND JOHN P. SMOL 7 Continental diatoms as indicators of long-term environmental change / J. PLATT BRADBURY 8 Diatoms as indicators of water level change in freshwater lakes / JULIE A. WOLIN AND HAMISH C. DUTHIE Part III Diatoms as indicators in extreme environments 9 Diatoms as indicators of environmental change near arctic and alpine treeline / ANDRE F. LOTTER, REINHARD PIENITZ, AND ROLAND SCHMIDT 10 Freshwater diatoms as indicators of environmental change in the High Arctic / MARIANNE S. V. DOUGLAS AND JOHN P. SMOL 11 Diatoms as indicators of enviromental change in antarctic freshwaters / SARAH A. SPAULDING AND DIANE M. MCKNIGHT 12 Diatoms of aerial habitats / JEFFREY R. JOHANSEN Part IV Diatoms as indicators in marine and estuarine environments 13 Diatoms as indicators of coastal paleoenvironments and relative sea-level change / LUC DENYS AND HEIN DE WOLF 14 Diatoms and environmental change in brackish waters / PAULI SNOEIJS 15 Applied diatom studies in estuaries and shallow coastal environments / MICHAEL J. SULLIVAN 16 Estuarine paleoenyironmental reconstructions using diatoms / SHERRI R. COOPER 17 Diatoms and marine paleoceanography / CONSTANCE SANCETTA PartV Other applications 18 Diatoms and archeology / STEVEN JUGGINS AND NIGEL CAMERON 19 Diatoms in oil and gas exploration / WILLIAM N. KREBS 20 Forensic science and diatoms / ANTHONY J. PEABODY 21 Toxic and harmful marine diatoms / GRETA A. FRYXELL AND MARIA C. VILLAC 22 Diatoms as markers of atmospheric transport / MARGARET A. HARPER 23 Diatomite / DAVID M. HARWOOD Part VI Conclusions 24 Epilogue: a view to the future / EUGENE F. STOERMER AND JOHN P. SMOL Glossary, and acronyms Index

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Part 1: Introduction 1 Sedimentology in the earth sciences 1.1 Introduction: sedimentology and earth cycling 1.2 Erosional drainage basins and depositional sedimentary basins 1.3 Global sediment discharge and earth recycling: the rock cycle 1.4 Comparative interplanetary sedimentology 1.5 Practical sedimentology 1.6 A brief history of sedimentology Part 2: Origin and Types of Sediment Grains 2 Water-rock interactions: chemical and physical breakdown of catchment bedrock to soil and elastic sediment grains 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Natural waters as proton donors: pH, acid hydrolysis and limestone weathering 2.3 Metallic ions, electron transfer and Eh-pH diagrams 2.4 Behaviour of silicate minerals during chemical weathering: breakdown products and newly formed minerals 2.5 Acid rain and whole-catchment studies of chemical weathering 2.6 The rates and mechanisms of chemical weathering 2.7 A simple index of chemical alteration (CIA) 2.8 Vegetation, chemical weathering and the Precambrian controversy 2.9 Physical weathering 2.10 Soils as valves and filters for the natural landscape 3 The inorganic and organic precipitation of sediment: chemical, biochemical and biological 3.1 Marine and freshwater chemical composition: chemical fluxes to and from the oceans 3.2 The carbonate system in the oceans 3.3 Advances in understanding carbonate reaction kinetics and their significance 3.4 Pre-Recent and future CaCO3 reactions 3.5 Ooids 3.6 Carbonate grains from plants and animals 3.7 Carbonate muds, oozes and chalks 3.8 Other carbonate grains of biological origins 3.9 Organic productivity, sea-level and atmospheric controls of biogenic CaCO3 deposition rates 3.10 CaCO3 dissolution in the deep ocean and the oceanic CaCO3 compensation mechanism 3.11 Evaporite salts and their inorganic precipitation 3.12 Silica and pelagic plankton 3.13 Iron minerals and biomineralizers 3.14 Phosphates Part 3: User's Guide to Sedimentological Fluid Dynamics 4 Back to basics: fluid flow in general 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Material properties of fluids 4.3 Plastic behaviour 4.4 Dimensionless numbers 4.5 Reference frames for flows 4.6 The concepts of flow steadiness and uniformity 4. 7 Visualization of flow patterns 4.8 Ideal (potential) flow 4.9 Dynamics of fluid motion 4.10 Strategies for coping with the dynamic equations 5 Flow in the real world: laminar and turbulent behaviour 5.1 Osborne Reynolds and types of flow 5.2 The distribution of velocity in viscous flows: the boundary layer 5.3 Turbulent flow 5.4 The distribution of velocity in turbulent flows 5.5 Shear velocity, bed roughness, bed shear stress and flow power 5.6 The periodic coherent structures of turbulent shear flows 5.7 Shear flow instabilities, flow separation and secondary currents 6 Sediment grains in fluids: settling, transport and feedback 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Fall of grains through stationary fluids 6.3 Natural flows carrying particulate material are complex 6.4 Fluids as transporting machines 6.5 Initiation of particle motion 6.6 Initiation of motion by air flow 6.7 Paths of grain motion 6.8 Solid transmitted stresses 6.9 A dynamic sediment suspension theory 6.10 A warning: nonequilibrium effects may dominate natural sediment transport systems 6.11 Steady state, deposition or erosion: the sediment continuity equation Part 4: Sediment Transport and Sedimentary Structures 7 Bedforms and structures formed by unidirectional water flows over granular sediment 7.1 The 'trinity' of flow, transport and bedform 7.2 Current ripples 7.3 Lower-stage plane beds and cluster bedforms 7.4 Dunoids (bars, 2D dunes) 7.5 Dunes 7.6 Upper-stage plane beds 7.7 Antidunes, transverse ribs, chutes and pools, and related forms 7.8 Bedforms and sediment transport in poorly sorted sediment 7.9 Bedform phase diagrams 7.10 Bedform 'lag' effects 7.11 Bedform theory 7.12 Measurement of palaeocurrents and problems arising from trough-shaped sets of cross- stratification 8 Bedforms and structures formed by atmospheric flows 8.1 Introduction: some contrasts between air and water flows 8.2 Aeolian bedforms in general 8.3 Ballistic ripples and ridges 8.4 Dunes in general 8.5 Flow-transverse dunes 8.6 Flow-parallel dunes 8.7 Complex flow dunes 8.8 Vegetated parabolic dunes 9 Oscillatory water waves, combined flows and tides: their bedforms and structures 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Simple wave theory 9.3 Near-bed flow and bedforms 9.4 Combined flows, wave-current ripples and hummocky cross-stratification 9.5 Tidal flows 10 Bedforms and cohesive sediment transport and erosion 10.1 The 'special' case of clays and cohesive beds 10.2 Flow erosion of cohesive beds 10.3 Erosion by 'tools' 11 Sediment gravity flows and their deposits 11.1 Introduction and static grain aggregates 11.2 Static friction and stability of granular masses 11.3 Grain flow avalanches: from cross-bedding to megabreccias 11.4 Debris flows 11.5 Turbidity flows 12 Liquefaction, liquefaction structures and other 'soft' sediment deformation structures 12.1 Liquefaction 12.2 Sedimentary structures formed by and during liquefaction 12.3 Submarine landslides, growth faults and slumps 12.4 Desiccation and synaeresis shrinkage structures Part 5: External Controls on Sediment Derivation, Transport and Deposition 13 Climate and sedimentary processes 13.1 Introduction: climate as a fundamental variable in sedimentology 13.2 Solar radiation: ultimate fuel for the climate machine 13.3 Earth's reradiation and the 'greenhouse' concept 13.4 Radiation balance, heat transfer and simple climatic models 13.5 Climate and the water cycle, 13.6 General atmospheric circulations 13.7 Global climates: a summary 13.8 Climate, mountains and plateaux 13.9 Climate change 13.10 Sedimentological evidence for palaeoclimate 14 Changing sea level and sedimentary sequences 14.1 Introduction: sea level as datum 14.2 Sea-level changes 14.3 Rates and magnitude of sea-level change 14.4 Origins of global sea-level change: slow vs. fast eustasy 14.5 Sequence stratigraphy: layers, cheesewires and bandwagons 15 Tectonics, denudation rates and sediment yields 15.1 Basic geodynamics of uplift 15.2 Elevation and gradients 15.3 Catchment processes 15.4 Erosion and denudation 15.5 Large-scale studies of denudation rates 15.6 Basinal studies of denudation and sediment flux: the inverse approach 15.7 Sediment supply, vegetation and climate change: implications for basin stratigraphy 15.8 Marine strontium isotope ratio and continental erosion rates Part 6: Sediment Deposition, Environments and Facies in Continental Environments 16 Aeolian sediments in low-latitude deserts 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Physical processes and erg formation 16.3 Modern desert bedform associations and facies 16.4 Aeolian architecture 16.5 Climate change, erg abandonment and desert-lake-river sedimentary cycles 16.6 Ancient desert facies 17 Rivers 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Channel magnitude and gradient 17.3 Channel form 17.4 Channel sediment transport processes, bedforms and internal structures 17.5 The floodplain 17.6 Channel belts, alluvial ridges, combing and avulsion 17.7 River channel changes, adjustable variables and equilibrium 17.8 The many causes of channel incision-aggradation cycles 17.9 Fluvial architecture: scale, controls and time 17.10 Fluvial deposits in the geological record 18 Alluvial fans and fan deltas 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Controls on the size (area) of fans 18.3 Physical processes on alluvial fans 18.4 Debris-flow-dominated alluvial fans 18.5 Stream-flow-dominated alluvial fans 18.6 Recognition of ancient alluvial fans 18.7 Fan deltas 19 Lakes 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Lake stratification 19.3 Clastic input by rivers and the effect of turbidity currents 19.4 Wind-forced physical processes 19.5 Chemical processes and cycles 19.6 Biological processes and cycles 19.7 Modern temperate lakes and their continental sedimentary facies 19.8 Lakes in the East African rifts 19.9 Lake Baikal 19.10 Shallow saline lakes 19.11 The succes

Note: Einleitung: Paläoklima und aktuelles Klima / Jörg F. W. Negendank. - Prozesse im rezenten Klimasystem / Ernst Augstein. - Stabile Kohlenstoffisotope und Nährsalzgehalt des Südatlantiks im Spätquartär / Andreas Mackensen, Hannes Grobe, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten. - Klimainformation aus dem grönländischen Inlandeis / Sepp Kipfstuhl. - Die Quartärfolge der Großtagebaue Mitteldeutschlands als Klima-Archiv / Frank Wolfgang Junge, Tatjana Böttger, Achim Hiller. - See-Sedimente und Paläoklimarekonstruktionen / Bernd Zolitschka. - Einflüsse solarer Aktivität auf die Sedimentation in Maarseen / Heinz Vos, Ana Sánchez, Jörg F. W. Negendank, Bert Rein, Bernd Zolitschka. - Kohlenstoffisotope von Bäumen als Klimaindikatoren / Gerd. H. Schleser, Gerd Helle, Achim Bräuning. - Klimazustände und Klimaänderungen in der Vergangenheit / Peter Trimborn, Josef Lipp. - Klimazyklen, Erdkerndynamik und Schwerefeld / Horst Jochmann, Hans Greiner-Mai. - Wärme- und Wasserdampfaustausch zwischen Atmosphäre und Erdboden / Franz Fiedler, Gerhard Adrian, Aurelia Müller. - Wirkungen des Luftverkehrs auf das Klima / Robert Sausen, Michael Ponater, Ines Köhler, Sabine Brinkop. - Die Bedeutung des Wassers in der Atmosphäre / Erhard Raschke, Ute Karstens. - Klimaveränderungen und Kohlenstoffhaushalt / Uwe Franko und Burkhard Oelschlägel.

Note: Contents: Preface. - PART I FUNDAMENTALS. - 1 Ordinary Differential Equations. - 1.1 Ordinary Differential Equations (definitions; introductory examples). - 1.2 Initial-Value and Boundary-Value Problems (definitions; comparison of local and global analysis; examples of initialvalue problems). - 1.3 Theory of Homogeneous Linear Equations (linear dependence and independence; Wronskians; well-posed and ill-posed initial-value and boundary-value problems). - 1.4 Solutions of Homogeneous Linear Equations (how to solve constant-coefficient, equidimensional, and exact equations; reduction of order). - 1.5 Inhomogeneous Linear Equations (first-order equations; Variation of Parameters; Green's functions; delta function; reduction of order; method of undetermined coefficients). - 1.6 First-Order Nonlinear Differential Equations (methods for solving Bernoulli, Riccati, and exact equations; factoring; integrating factors; substitutions). - 1.7 Higher-Order Nonlinear Differential Equations (methods to reduce the order of autonomous, equidimensional, and scale-invariant equations). - 1.8 Eigenvalue Problems (examples of eigenvalue problems on finite and infinite domains). - 1.9 Differential Equations in the Complex Plane (comparison of real and complex differential equations). - Problems for Chapter 1. - 2 Difference Equations. - 2.1 The Calculus of Differences (definitions; parallels between derivatives and differences, integrals, and sums). - 2.2 Elementary Difference Equations (examples of simple linear and nonlinear difference equations; gamma function; general first-order linear homogeneous and inhomogeneous equations). - 2.3 Homogeneous Linear Difference Equations (constant-coefficient equations; linear dependence and independence; Wronskians; initial-value and boundary-value problems; reduction of order; Euler equations; generating functions; eigenvalue problems). - 2.4 Inhomogeneous Linear Difference Equations (Variation of parameters; reduction of order; method of undetermined coefficients). - 2.5 Nonlinear Difference Equations (elementary examples). - Problems for Chapter 2. - PART II LOCAL ANALYSIS. - 3 Approximate Solution of Linear Differential Equations. - 3.1 Classification of Singular Points of Homogeneous Linear Equations (ordinary, regulär singular, and irregulär singular points; survey of the possible kinds of behaviors of Solutions). - 3.2 Local Behavior Near Ordinary Points of Homogeneous Linear Equations (Taylor series Solution of first- and second-order equations; Airy equation). - 3.3 Local Series Expansions About Regulär Singular Points of Homogeneous Linear Equations (methods of Fuchs and Frobenius; modified Bessel equation). - 3.4 Local Behavior at Irregulär Singular Points of Homogeneous Linear Equations (failure of Taylor and Frobenius series; asymptotic relations; Controlling factor and leading behavior; method of dominant balance; asymptotic series expansion of Solutions at irregular singular points). - 3.5 Irregulär Singular Point at Infinity (theory of asymptotic power series; optimal asymptotic approximation; behavior of modified Bessel, parabolic cylinder, and Airy functions for large positive x). - 3.6 Local Analysis of Inhomogeneous Linear Equations (illustrative examples). - 3.7 Asymptotic Relations (asymptotic relations for oscillatory functions; Airy functions and Bessel functions; asymptotic relations in the complex plane; Stokes phenomenon; subdominance). - 3.8 Asymptotic Series (formal theory of asymptotic power series; Stieltjes series and integrals; optimal asymptotic approximations; error estimates; outline of a rigorous theory of the asymptotic behavior of Solutions to differential equations). - Problems for Chapter 3. - 4 Approximate Solution of Noniinear Differential Equations. - 4.1 Spontaneous Singularities (comparison of the behaviors of Solutions to linear and nonlinear equations). - 4.2 Approximate Solutions of First-Order Nonlinear Differential Equations (several examples analyzed in depth). - 4.3 Approximate Solutions to Higher-Order Nonlinear Differential Equations (Thomas-Fermi equation; first Painleve transcendent; other examples). - 4.4 Nonlinear Autonomous Systems (phase-space interpretation; Classification of critical points; one- and two-dimensional phase space). - 4.5 Higher-Order Nonlinear Autonomous Systems (brief, nontechnical survey of properties of higher-order Systems; periodic, almost periodic, and random behavior; Toda lattice, Lorenz model, and other Systems). - Problems for Chapter 4. - 5 Approximate Solution of Difference Equations. - 5.1 Introductory Comments (comparison of the behavior of differential and difference equations). - 5.2 Ordinary and Regular Singular Points of Linear Difference Equations (Classification of n = ∞ as an ordinary, a regular Singular, or an irregular singular point; Taylor and Frobenius series at ∞). - 5.3 Local Behavior Near an Irregulär Singular Point at Infinity: Determination of Controlling Factors (three general methods). - 5.4 Asymptotic Behavior of n! as n → ∞: The Stirling Series [asymptotic behavior of the gamma function Γ(x) as x → ∞ obtained from the difference equations Γ(x + 1) = xΓ(x)]. - 5.5 Local Behavior Near an Irregular Singular Point at Infinity: Full Asymptotic Series (Bessel functions of large order; Legendre polynomials of large degree). - 5.6 Local Behavior of Nonlinear Difference Equations / (Newton's method and other nonlinear difference equations; Statistical analysis of an unstable difference equation). - Problems for Chapter 5. - 6 Asymptotic Expansion of Integrals. - 6.1 Introduction (integral representations of Solutions to difference and differential equations). - 6.2 Elementary Examples (incomplete gamma function; exponential integral; other examples). - 6.3 Integration by Parts (many examples including some where the method fails). - 6.4 Laplace's Method and Watson's Lemma (modified Bessel, parabolic cylinder, and gamma functions; many other illustrative examples). - 6.5 Method of Stationary Phase (leading behavior of integrals with rapidly oscillating integrands). - 6.6 Method of Steepest Descents (steepest ascent and descent paths in the complex plane; saddle points; Stokes phenomenon). - 6.7 Asymptotic Evaluation of Sums (approximation of sums by integrals; Laplace's method for sums; Euler-Maclaurin sum formula). - Problems for Chapter 6. - PART III PERTURBATION METHODS. - 7 Perturbation Series. - 7.1 Perturbation Theory (elementary introduction; application to polynomial equations and initialvalue problems for differential equations). - 7.2 Regular and Singular Perturbation Theory (Classification of perturbation problems as regulär or Singular; introductory examples of boundary-layer, WKB, and multiple-scale problems). - 7.3 Perturbation Methods for Linear Eigenvalue Problems (Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation theory). - 7.4 Asymptotic Matching (matched asymptotic expansions; applications to differential equations, eigenvalue problems and integrals). - 7.5 Mathematical Structure of Perturbative Eigenvalue Problems (singularity structure of eigenvalues as functions of complex perturbing Parameter; level crossing). - Problems for Chapter 7. - 8 Summation of Series. - 8.1 Improvement of Convergence (Shanks transformation; Richardson extrapolation; Riemann zeta function). - 8.2 Summation of Divergent Series (Euler, Borel, and generalized Borel summation). - 8.3 Pade Summation (one- and two-point Pade summation; generalized Shanks transformation; many numerical examples). - 8.4 Continued Fractions and Pade Approximants (efficient methods for obtaining and evaluating Pade approximants). - 8.5 Convergence of Pade Approximants (asymptotic analysis of the rate of convergence of Pade approximants). - 8.6 Pade Sequences for Stieltjes Functions (monotonicity; convergence theory; moment problem; Carleman's condition). - Problems for Chapter 8. - PART IV GLOBAL ANALYSIS. - 9 Boundary Layer Theory. - 9.1 Introduction to Boundary-Layer Theo

Note: Contents: Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - 1. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. - History. - The Discovery of X-Rays. - The Discovery of X-Ray Diffraction. - History of Clay Mineralogy. - The Importance of Clay Mineralogy. - Box 1.1 Clay Minerals as Catalysts. - The Literature of Clay Mineralogy. - Summary. - References. - 2. NATURE AND PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS. - Box 2.1 Other Methods. - Safety and Protection. - Box 2.2 Defining a Dose of Radiation. - The Nature or X-Rays. - Continuous or White Radiation. - Characteristic Radiation. - General Absorption of X-Rays. - Characteristic Absorption. - Equipment for Producing and Recording X-Rays. - Stabilizing the Voltage. - Generating X-Rays. - The Diffractometer. - Step-Scanning with Automated Diffractometers. - The Single-Crystal Monochromator. - The Detector. - Signal Processing Circuitry. - The Strip-Chart Recorder. - An Example of a Checklist for Operating XRD Equipment. - Summary. - References. - 3. X-RAY DIFFRACTION. - Scattering. - Interference. - Scattering from a Row of Atoms. - Scattering from a Three-Dimensional Array of Atoms. - Bragg's Law. - Box 3.1 Diffraction and Reflection. - The Arithmetic of Scattering. - The Summation of Scattering Amplitudes. - The Structure Factor F. - Information from Intensity. - The Reciprocal Lattice. - Real versus Idealized Peaks on XRD Tracings. - The Interference Function F: Diffraction from a Crystal. - Whose Unit Cell Has a Unitary Scattering Factor. - The Lorentz-Polarization Factors. - Putting It All Together—Building an 001 Diffraction Pattern. - Exercise: Calculation of the Intensity from d(001) for Illite. - Points to Remember. - References. - 4. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES: GENERAL TREATMENT. - General Structural Features. - Tetrahedral Sheets. - Octahedral Sheets. - Dioctahedral and Trioctahedral. - Joining the Sheets. - Stacking the Layers. - Properties. - Total Charge, Layer or Permanent Charge, and Variable Charge. - Electric Double Layer. - Exchangeable Ions or Cation-Exchange Capacity. - Interaction of Water with Clay Mineral Surfaces. - Interaction with Organic Compounds. - Classification. - Box 4.1 Nomenclature. - References. - 5. STRUCTURE, NOMENCLATURE, AND OCCURRENCES OF CLAY MINERALS. - The Individual Clay Minerals. - The 1:1 Layer Type. - Serpentine minerals. - Berthierine. - Odinite. - Kaolin minerals. - Box 5.1 Uses of Kaolinite. - Allophane and imogolite. - The 2:1 Layer Type, x = 0. - The 2:1 Layer Type, x ~ 1. - The trioctahedral subgroup. - The dioctahedral subgroup. - The 2:1 Layer Types with x 〈 1. - Illite. - Glauconite. - Smectite. - Box 5.2 Alteration of Ash-Fall Layers. - Vermiculite. - Chlorite. - Mixed-Layered Clay Minerals. - Mixed-layering, interlayering, and interstratification. - Illite/smectite (I/S). - Box 5.3 Reichweite or Ordering. - Models for smectite-to-illite transition. - MacEwan crystallite model. - Fundamental particle model. - Two-solid-solution model. - Chlorite/smectite (C/S). - Serpentine/chlorite. - Kaolinite/expandables (K/E). - Sepiolite and Palygorskite. - The Origin of Clay Minerals. - Summary. - Exercise: Calculating Structural Formulas. - Exercise: Making Structural Models of Layer Silicates. - References. - 6. SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR CLAY MINERALS. - Evaluating the Sample. - Disaggregating the Rock. - Separating Clay Minerals from Clastic Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Carbonate Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Sulfate Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Unconsolidated Materials. - Box 6.1 Glacial Deposits, North American Interior. - Chemical Pretreatments. - Removal of Iron Oxides. - Removal of Organic Materials. - Saturating the Clay Minerals with Different Cations. - Particle-Size Separation. - Preparing the Oriented Clay Mineral Aggregates. - The Glass Slide Method. - The Smear Mount Method. - The Millipore® Filter Transfer Method. - The Centrifuged Porous Plate Method. - Dealing with Curlers or Peelers. - Making the Random Powder Mount. - Everyday random powder packs. - Freeze-dried random powder packs. - Ethylene Glycol Solvation. - Final Note. - References. - IDENTIFICATION OF CLAY MINERALS AND ASSOCIATED MINERALS. - Clay Mineral Identification—General Principles. - Illite and Glauconite. - Chlorite and Kaolinite. - Vermiculite. - Smectite. - Sepiolite, Palygorskite, and Halloysite. - 060 Reflections. - The Use of hkl Reflections for the Determination of Polytypes. - Chlorite Polytypes. - The Kaolin Polytypes. - The Micas, Illite, and Glauconite. - Nonclay Minerals. - Silica Minerals. - Feldspar. - Zeolites. - Carbonates. - Apatite, Pyrite, and Jarosite. - Gypsum, Anhydrite, Celestite, and Barite. - Lepidocrocite, Goethite, Gibbsite, and Anatase. - Summary. - References. - 8. IDENTIFICATION OF MIXED-LAYERED CLAY MINERALS. - Méring's Principles and Mixed-Layered Nomenclature. - The Q Rule, a Broadening Descriptor. - Mixed-Layered Clay Minerals. - Illite/Smectite. - Chlorite/Smectite and Chlorite/Vermiculite. - Kaolinite/Smectite. - Serpentine/Chlorite. - Mica/Vermiculite. - Summary. - References. - 9. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS. - Required Sample Characteristics. - Sample Length. - Sample Thickness. - Sample Position. - Homogeneity of the Sample. - Equations for Quantitative Analysis. - Basic Quantitative Diffraction Equation. - Derivation of a Working Form of the Equation for Analysis. - The Method of the Orienting Internal Standard. - Mineral Reference Intensities. - General Comments. - Calculated Mineral Reference Intensities. - Practical Examples of the Application of Reference. - Intensities. - Measurement of Peak Intensity. - Comments and Summary. - References. - 10. DISORDER IN SMECTITE, ILLITE/SMECTITE, AND ILLITE. - Small Crystals in Reciprocal Space. - Turbostratic Disorder. - Theory. - Smectite. - Illite/Smectite. - Rotational Disorder in Illite and Illite/Smectite. - Cis-Vacant Elite and Interstratified Cis- and Trans-Vacant. - Illite/Smectite. - Conclusions. - References. - APPENDIX: MODELING ONE-DIMENSIONAL X-RAY PATTERNS. - The Input Variables. - Simulating the Instrument. - Describing the Clay Mineral. - Theory. - Structures of the Component Layers. - Advanced Techniques. - Pure Minerals. - Compositional Superstructures. - Layer Types Not Specifically Included. - Atom Types Not Incorporated in the Model. - Defect Broadening. - References. - INDEX.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1 A global view. - Chapter 2 Thermodynamics of gases. - Chapter 3 The second law and its implications. - Chapter 4 Heterogeneous systems. - Chapter 5 Transformations of moist air. - Chapter 6 Hydrostatic equilibrium. - Chapter 7 Hydrostatic stability. - Chapter 8 Atmospheric radiation. - Chapter 9 Aerosol and clouds. - Chapter 10 Atmospheric motion. - Chapter 11 Atmospheric equations of motion. - Chapter 12 Large-scale motion. - Chapter 13 The planetary boundary layer. - Chapter 14 Atmospheric waves. - Chapter 15 The general circulation. - Chapter 16 Hydrodynamic instability. - Chapter 17 The middle atmosphere.

Note: Contents: Preface. - List of Symbols. - 1 Groundwater flow. - 1.1 Darcy's law. - 1.1.1 The limits of Darcy's law. - 1.1.2 Driving forces for groundwater flow. - 1.2 Crustal permeability. - 1.2.1 Permeability versus porosity. - 1.2.2 Heterogeneity and anisotropy. - 1.2.3 Scale dependence. - 1.2.4 Depth dependence. - 1.2.5 Time dependence. - 1.2.6 Some limiting values. - 1.3 Conceptualizing groundwater systems. - 1.4 The continuum approach. - 1.5 The groundwater flow equation. - 1.5.1 Conservation of mass. - 1.5.2 The storage term. - 1.5.3 Various forms of the groundwater flow equation Problems. - 2 Solute transport. - 2.1 Governing equations. - 2.1.1 Molecular diffusion. - 2.1.2 Advection. - 2.1.3 Mechanical dispersion. - 2.1.4 Mass balance equation. - 2.1.5 Chemical reactions. - 2.1.6 Initial and boundary conditions. - 2.2 Numerical solution techniques. - 2.3 Density-driven flow. - 2.4 Multicomponent diffusion. - 2.5 Multicomponent reactive transport. - 2.5.1 Rate-based reactions. - 2.5.2 Surface reactions. - 2.5.3 Homogeneous reactions. - 2.5.4 Heterogeneous reactions. - 2.5.5 Solution algorithms Problems. - 3 Heat transport. - 3.1 Governing equations. - 3.1.1 Choice of dependent variables. - 3.1.2 Statements of mass and energy conservation. - 3.1.3 A form of Darcy's law for two-phase flow of compressible fluids. - 3.1.4 Conductive heat flux. - 3.1.5 One-dimensional forms of the governing equations. - 3.1.6 Extending the governing equations to three dimensions. - 3.1.7 Assumptions. - 3.1.8 Fluid properties. - 3.1.9 Numerical solution. - 3.2 Initial and boundary conditions. - 3.3 Temperature-based formulations. - 3.4 One-dimensional groundwater flow. - 3.4.1 Steady vertical flow. - 3.4.2 Flow in a confined aquifer or fault zone. - 3.5 Dimensionless numbers. - 3.5.1 Nusselt number. - 3.5.2 Peclet number. - 3.5.3 Rayleigh number. - 3.6 Buoyancy-driven flow. - 3.7 Heatpipes Problems. - 4Regional-scale flow and transport. - 4.1Sources and sinks of fluid. - 4.1.1 Geologic forcing. - 4.1.2 Anomalous fluid pressures. - 4.1.3 Hydraulic fracturing. - 4.1.4 The Gulf Coast. - 4.1.5 Accretionary prisms. - 4.2 Regional-scale solute transport. - 4.2.1 Groundwater age. - 4.2.2 Large-scale dispersion. - 4.2.3 Evolution of regional groundwater chemistry. - 4.3 Regional-scale heat transfer. - 4.3.1 The conductive regime in sedimentary basins. - 4.3.2 Thermal effects of groundwater flow in sedimentary basins. - 4.3.3 Some case studies of sedimentary basins. - 4.3.4 An example from volcanic terrane. - 4.3.5 The stress-heat flow paradox of the San Andreas fault Problems. - 5 Ore deposits. - 5.1Mississippi Valley-type deposits. - 5.1.1 Evidence for regional-scale brine migration. - 5.1.2 The salt problem. - 5.1.3 Controls on ore deposition. - 5.1.4 Driving forces for fluid flow. - 5.1.5 The Irish MVTs. - 5.2 Sediment-hosted uranium. - 5.2.1 Redox control of uranium solubility. - 5.2.2 Tabular uranium deposits. - 5.2.3 Unconformity-type uranium deposits. - 5.3 Supergene enrichment of porphyry copper. - 5.4 Colombian emeralds. - Problems. - 6 Hydrocarbons. - 6.1 Maturation. - 6.1.1 The oil window. - 6.1.2 Groundwater flow and the thermal regime. - 6.2 Migration. - 6.2.1 Capillary effects. - 6.2.2 Primary migration. - 6.2.3 Secondary migration. - 6.3 Entrapment. - 6.4 Governing equations for immiscible multiphase flow. - 6.5 Case studies. - 6.5.1 The Uinta basin. - 6.5.2 The Los Angeles basin. - Problems. - 7 Geothermal processes. - 7.1 Crustal heat flow. - 7.1.1 Measurement. - 7.1.2 Lateral and vertical variations. - 7.1.3 Perturbations due to groundwater flow. - 7.2 Magmatic-hydrothermal systems. - 7.2.1 Magmatic heat sources. - 7.2.2 Heat transfer from magma to groundwater. - 7.2.3 Fluid circulation near magma bodies. - 7.2.4 Permeabilities in near-magma environments. - 7.3 Fluid flow and heat transport near the critical point. - 7.3.1 One-dimensional pressure-enthalpy paths. - 7.3.2 Two-dimensional convection. - 7.4 Multiphase processes. - 7.4.1 Phase separation. - 7.4.2 Vapor-dominated zones. - 7.4.3 Pressure transmission. - 7.4.4 Boiling point-depth curves. - 7.5 Hotsprings. - 7.6 Geysers. - 7.7 Geothermal resources. - 7.8 Ore deposits. - 7.9 Subsea hydrothermal systems. - 7.9.1 Importance to the Earth's thermal budget. - 7.9.2 Influence on ocean chemistry. - 7.9.3 Quantitative description. - Problems. - 8 Earthquakes. - 8.1 Effective stress. - 8.2 Coulomb's law of failure. - 8.3 Induced seismicity. - 8.3.1 The Rocky Mountain arsenal. - 8.3.2 Rangely,Colorado. - 8.4 Fluid pressures at seismogenic depths. - 8.4.1 Hubbert and Rubey. - 8.4.2 Irwin and Barnes model for the San Andreas. - 8.4.3 Byerlee and Rice models for the San Andreas. - 8.5 Earthquake-induced hydrologic phenomena. - 8.5.1 Stream flow and springs. - 8.5.2 Well behavior. - 8.5.3 Geysering. - 8.6 Effect of earthquakes on crustal permeability. - 8.6.1 Analysis of the Loma Prietacase. - 8.6.2 State-of-stress and the orientation of conductive fractures. - Problems. - 9 Evaporites. - 9.1 Evaporite formation. - 9.1.1 The marine evaporite problem. - 9.1.2 Groundwater inflow. - 9.1.3 CaCl2 brines. - 9.1.4 Magnesium depletion. - 9.1.5 Continental evaporites. - 9.1.6 Groundwater outflow. - 9.2 Bedded evaporites. - 9.3 Saltdomes. - 9.3.1 Variable-density convection. - 9.3.2 Caprock formation. - Problems. - 10 Diagenesis and metamorphism. - 10.1 Reaction-Flow coupling. - 10.2 Diagenesis of siliciclastic sequences. - 10.2.1 Diagenesis in sedimentary basins. - 10.2.2 Silica cementation by thermal convection. - 10.3 Diagenesis of carbonate platforms. - 10.3.1 Dolomitization. - 10.3.2 Mixing-zone dissolution. - 10.4Local-scale diagenetic features. - 10.4.1 Mechanochemical coupling. - 10.4.2 Geochemical banding. - 10.5 Metamorphism. - 10.5.1 The evidence for voluminous fluid fluxes. - 10.5.2 The nature of permeability in metamorphic environments. - 10.5.3 Contact metamorphism at Skaergaard. - 10.5.4 Low-pressure metamorphic belts. - Problems. - References. - Index.

Note: INHALT: Chronologische Übersicht. - Herrscher und Parteiführer. - Vorwort. - ERSTER TEIL: DIE GEOGRAPHIE RUßLANDS. - Das Land und seine Bewohner. - Die Vegetationszonen. - Das russische Volk. - Die slawischen Sprachen. - Das Gold der Skythen. - Die Steppenvölker. - ZWEITER TEIL: DIE HISTORISCHE ENTWICKLUNG. - Die Staatsbildung. - Die frühen Stämme. - Die Ankunft der Wikinger . - Quellen zur Entwicklung des Kiewer Reichs. - Literarische Quellen. - Die Kiewer Rus. - Die Übernahme des Christentums. - Wladimir und Nowgorod. - Die Sophien-Kathedrale in Kiew. - Die Moskauer Periode. - Der Einfall der Tataren. - Alexander Newskij und das Kiewer Vermächtnis. - Kirchliches Leben und monastische Bewegung. - Die Tatarenherrschaft. - Die Kunst in der frühen Moskauer Periode. - Iwan III. und der Triumph Moskaus. - Orthodoxie und Häresie. - Iwan IV., der Schreckliche. - Die Zeit der Wirren. - Das Dre{faltigkeits-Sergios-Kloster in Sagorsk. - Nowgorod. - Die große Zeit der russischen Ikonenmalerei. - Das letzte Jahrhundert Altrusslands. - Das Moskauer Reich unter den frühen Romanows. - Expansion und Diplomatie. - Innere Krisen und Kirchenschisma. - Die politischen Strukturen. - Dynastische Wirren. - Kultur und Künste im Übergang. - Die Architektur des späten Moskauer Reiches. - Zar Alexej: der letzte Byzantiner?. - Holzarchitektur im Norden Rußlands. - Peter der Grosse. - Rußlands neues Zeitalter. - Die »Große Gesandtschaft«. - Peters Rückkehr. - Der Nordische Krieg. - Das Nachfolgedrama. - Das petrinische Erbe. - Das russische Barock. - Das Reich nach Peter. - Die Mäuse und die Katze. - Anna und der deutsche Einfluß. - Elisabeth. - Der Dienstadel des 18. Jahrhunderts. - Die Leibeigenen. - Die Ereignisse von 1762. - Die Blütezeit des kaiserlichen Russlands. - Katharina II., die Große. - Kirche und Regierung unter Katharina II. - Innere und äußere Kriegführung. - Die Kaiserin und die Aufklärung. - Die Regierung Pauls. - Alexander I. - Napoleons Rußlandfeldzug. - Dekabristen und Anarchisten. - Die Dekabristen. - Die vier letzten Zahren. - Reaktion und Unterdrückung. - Die Slawophilen und die Kultur in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. - Puschkin und Gogol. - Der Krimkrieg. - Die Reformen Alexanders II. - Leo Tolstoj. - Populismus und revolutionäre Bewegung. - Die Künste im späten 19. Jahrhundert. - Soziale und ökonomische Veränderungen im späten 19. Jahrhundert. - Der Einfluß des Symbolismus. - Bäuerliches Leben vor der Revolution. - 1905. - Die Revolution und der Aufbau des kommunistischen Staates. - Der Russisch-Japanische Krieg und die Revolution von 1905. - Die Konsequenzen von 1905. - Tschechow und das Moskauer Künstler-Theater. - Das Zarenreich vor dem Untergang. - Rußland im Ersten Weltkrieg. - Die Februarrevolution und die Provisorische Regierung. - Die Oktoberrevolution und der Bürgerkrieg. - Der Aufbau des kommunistischen Staates unter Lenin. - Der Stalinismus. - Die Kunst der revolutionären Periode. - Der Kommunismus. - Djaghilew und Strawinskij. - Zwei Wege zur modernen Kunst: Malewitsch und Tatlin. - Religiöses Leben in der Sowjetunion. - Die Kunst der Propaganda. - Von Stalin bis Gorbatschow. - Kollektivierung, Hungerterror und die großen Säuberungen. - Der Zweite Weltkrieg. - Der Gulag: Konzentrationslager und Zwangsarbeit. - Die Chruschtschow-Ära und das »Tauwetter«. - Politik und Gesellschaft in der Breschnew-Ära. - Die 80er Jahre: vom Konservatismus zu Glasnost und Perestrojka. - Die Kunst vom Sozialistischen Realismus bis zu den 80er Jahren. - DRITTER TEIL: DIE REGIONEN RUßLANDS. - Weissrussland, Moldau und die Ukraine. - Die baltischen Republiken. - Transkaukasien. - Die russische Föderation. - Moskau. - St. Petersburg. - Die zentralasiatischen Republiken. - Bibliographie. - Fachbegriffe. - Bildquellenverzeichnis. - Register geographischer Namen. - Register. , Aus d. Engl. übers.

Note: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 1999 , Table of Contents: Acknowledgements. - Table of Contents. - Abstract. - Kurzfassung. - List of figures. - List of tables. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Study area. - 2.1. Late Pleistocene history and Holocene transition. - 2.2. Present climate and vegetation. - 2.3. Studied lakes. - 2.3.1. Basaltsø. - 2.3.2. Lake B1. - 2.3.3. Noa Sø. - 2.3.4. Lake N1. - 2.3.5. Raffles Sø. - 3. Methods. - 4. Holocene climate history of geographical Society Ø, East Greenland - evidence from lake sediments. - 4.1. Abstract. - 4.2. Introduction. - 4.3. Geographical setting. - 4.4. Material and methods. - 4.4.1. Subbottom profiling, coring and physical properties. - 4.4.2. Grain-size and biogeochemical analyses. - 4.4.3. Palynological and analyses and radiocarbon dating. - 4.5. Lithofacies classification and interpretation. - 4.6. Climate history. - 4.6.1. Pleistocene / Holocene transition. - 4.6.2. Early Holocene. - 4.6.3. Middle Holocene. - 4.6.4. Late Holocene. - 4.7. Conclusions. - 5. Holocene climatic and oceanic changes at East Greenland - evidences from seabird affected lake sediments on Raffles Ø. - 5.1. Abstract. - 5.2. Introduction. - 5.3. Geographical setting. - 5.4. Material and methods. - 5.5. Results and discussion. - 5.5.1. Lithology and chronology. - 5.5.2. Vegetation. - 5.5.3. Biogeochemistry. - 5.5.4. Ecology of seabirds. - 5.5.5. Climatic and oceanic implications. - 5.6. Conclusions. - 6. Deglaciation and Holocene marine transgression on western Ymer Ø, East Greenland. - 6.1. Abstract. - 6.2. Introduction. - 6.3. Study area. - 6.4. Material and methods. - 6.5. Results and discussion. - 6.5.1. History of Noa Sø. - 6.5.2. History of lake N1. - 6.5.3. Holocene marine transgression. - 6.6. Conclusions. - 7. Synthesis. - 7.1 The need of a multi-disciplinary approach for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. - 7.2. Reconstruction of the Holocene environmental history of East Greenland. - References.

Note: Inhalt: 1 Die Strömungen in der Atmosphäre und ihre Ursachen. - 1.1 Strahlungsenergie von der Sonne. - 1.2 Der Stockwerkbau der Atmosphäre. - 1.3 Die allgemeine Zirkulation der Atmosphäre. - 1.3.1 Die ablenkende Kraft der Erdrotation - die Corioliskraft. - 1.3.2 Die Ursache des Windes - die Luftdruckgradientkraft. - 1.3.3 Bremse und Beschleunigerin des Windes - die Zentrifugalkraft. - 1.4 Die Luftbewegungen der gemäßigten Breiten. - 1.4.1 Die Entstehung der Polarfront. - 1.4.2 Der Strahlstrom und die Westwinddrift. - 1.4.3 Die Entstehung und Entwicklung von Zyklonen in der Westwindzone. - 1.4.4 Die Zyklonenbahnen über Europa. - 1.4.5 Luftmassen, die unser Wetter bestimmen. - 2 Die Schichtung der Atmosphäre. - 2.1 Die Luftdruckabnahme mit der Höhe. - 2.2 Die Temperaturänderungen mit zunehmender Höhe. - 2.2.1 Der trockenadiabatische Temperaturgradient - trockenstabile und trockenlabile Schichtung. - 2.2.2 Der feuchtadiabatische Temperaturgradient - feuchtstabile und feuchtlabile Schichtung. - 2.3 Die Auswirkungen der Schichtung auf das Wetter. - 3 Von der Kondensation zum Niederschlag. - 3.1 Kondensationsprozesse. - 3.2 Die Formen der kondensierten Luftfeuchtigkeit. - 3.2.1 Die Entstehung von Nebel. - 3.2.2 Wolkenstockwerke und Wolkenarten. - 3.2.3 Beschreibung der Wolkenarten. - 3.2.4 Die Entstehung der Wolkenarten. - 3.2.5 Die Niederschlagsarten. - 4 Das Wetter bei Tief- und Hochdruckgebieten. - 4.1 Durchzug einer Zyklone. - 4.1.1 Eine Warmfront zieht durch. - 4.1.2 Die Kaltfront holt auf. - 4.1.3 Die Okklusion - die Fronten überlagern sich. - 4.2 Die Antizyklone - nicht immer herrscht schönes Wetter. - 5 Wolken und Barographenkurven künden den Wetterablauf an. - 5.1 Die Wolken und ihre möglichen Wetterbedeutungen. - 5.1.1 Cirren. - 5.1.2 Cirrostratu. - 5.1.3 Cirrocumulus. - 5.1.4 Altocumulus. - 5.1.5 Altostratus. - 5.1.6 Stratocumulus. - 5.1.7 Stratus. - 5.1.8 Cumulus. - 5.1.9 Cumulonimbus. - 5.1.10 Nimbostratus. - 5.2 Die Bedeutung der Barographenkurven. - 5.2.1 Windiges Hochdruckwetter. - 5.2.2 Zu Ende gehende Hochdrucklage. - 5.2.3 Kurzzeitiges Hoch mit gutem Wetter. - 5.2.4 Die Barographenkurve einer Zyklone. - 5.2.5 Die Barographenkurve bei Durchzug einer Kaltfront. - 5.2.6 Eine zu Ende gehende Westlage. - 5.2.7 Gewitterlage. - 6 Häufige Wetterlagen. - 6.1 In Mitteleuropa bestimmende Großwetterlagen. - 6.2 Einige Wetterlagen in ihren Entwicklungen - Frühjahr und Sommer. - 6.2.1 Heranziehendes Tief aus Westen - Sturm über der Nordsee - Mistral in Südfrankreich. - 6.2.2 Zu Ende gehendes sommerliches Hochdruckwetter. - 6.2.3 Kaltluftvorstoß im Frühjahr - Mistral und Bildung eines Genuatiefs. - 6.2.4 Abziehendes Tief über Italien - Mistral und Bora. - 6.2.5 Warmluftvorstoß aus Nordafrika - Scirocco. - 6.3 Wetterregelfälle oder Singularitäten - jahreszeitlich häufig wiederkehrende Wetterlagen. - 6.4 Die Windstärken - Windvorhersage nach der Wetterkarte. - 6.5 Die eigene Wetterkarte - einige Wettertips. - 7 Besondere Wetterverhältnisse. - 7.1 Bekannte Windsysteme. - 7.1.1 Der Föhn - die Pein der Wetterfühligen. - 7.1.2 Die Bora - ein kalter Fallwind. - 7.1.3 Der Mistral - stürmischer Nordwind im Rhonetal. - 7.1.4 Der Meltemi - Geißel der Ägäis. - 7.1.5 Der Scirocco - Warmluft aus der Sahara. - 7.2 Kleinräumige Windsysteme. - 7.2.1 Land- und Seewind - Windsystem an der Küste. - 7.2.2 Berg- und Talwind. - 7.3 Gewitter. - 7.4 Der Monsun in Indien. - 7.5 Wirbelstürme. - 7.5.1 Hurricanes oder Taifune. - 7.5.2 Tromben. - 8 Weiterführende Literatur. - 9 Sachregister.

Note: Contents: Selaginellaceae, Equisetaceae, Pteridaceae, Sinopteridaceae, Adiataceae, Hemionidaceae, Athyriaceae, Aspleniaceae, Onocleaceae, Woodsiaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Polypodiaceae, Drynariaceae, Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Ephedraceae, Utricaceae / Mei Li-juan. - Salicaceae / Ding Tuo-ya. - Juglandaceae, Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Ulmaceae, Moraceae, Santalaceae, Loranthaceae, Polygonaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Cruciferae / Huang Rong-fu. - Caryophyllaceae, Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae, Lauraceae, Papaveraceae / Zhou Li-hua. - Delineatores / Wang Ying, Yan Cui-lan, Liu Jin-jun, Zhang Gui-zhi, Feng Jin-huan, Zhou Qing-jun. , In chines. Schr. - Nomenklatur in lat. Schr.

Note: Contents: Typhaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Juncaginaceae, Scheuchzeriaceae, Alismataceae, Araceae, Lemnaceae, Juncaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Iridaceae / DengDe-shan. - Gramineae / Lu Sheng-lian. - Gramineae (Triticeae Dumort) / Cai Lian-bing. - Cyperaceae / Liang Song-jun, Dai Lun-kai, Zhang Shu-ren. - Liliaceae / Liu Shang-wu. - Orchidaceae / Lang, Kai-yong. - Delineatores / Yan Cui-lan, Wang Ying, Liu Jin-jun, Wang Jin-feng, Ji Chao-zhen, Wu Zhang-hua, Zhang Tai-li. , In chines. Schr. - Nomenklatur in lat. Schr.

Note: Contents: Crassulaceae / Pan Jin-tang, Chen Shi-long (Sedum). - Saxifragaceae / Pan Jin-tang. - Rosaceae / Wu Zhen-Ian. - Leguminosae / Wu Yu-hu, Xia Zhen-dai (Vicieae). - Geraniaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Linaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Rutaceae, Simaroubaceae, Meliaceae, Polygalaceae / Wu Zhen-Ian. - Euphorbiaceae / Pan Jin-tang. - Callitrichaceae, Anacardiaceae, Celastraceae, Aceraceae, Sapindaceae, Balsaminaceae, ·Rhamnaceae, Vitaceae, Tiliaceae, Malvaceae, Actinidiaceae, Cuttiferae / Wu Zhen-Ian. - Tamaricaceae / Zhang-Zhi-he. - Violaceae / Pan Jin-tang. - Thymelaeaceae, Elaeagnaceae / Zhang Zhi-he. - Onagraceae, Haloragidiceae, Hippuridaceae, Cynomoriaceae / Pan Jin-tang. - Araliaceae / Wu Zhen-Ian. - Umbelliferae, Cornaceae / Pan Jin-tang. - Delineatores / Wang Ying, Yan Cui-lan, Liu Jin-jun, Pan Jin-tang. , In chines. Schr. - Nomenklatur in lat. Schr.

Note: Table of Contents: NYCTAGINACEAE. - 1. Pisonia L. - 1. P. aculeata L.. - 2. Ceodes J. et G. Forst. - 1. C. grandis (R. Br.) D. Q. Lu. - 2. C. umbellifera J. et G. Forst. - 3. Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss. - 1. B. glabra Choisy. - 2. spectabilis Willd. - 4. Mirabilis L. - 1. M. jalapa L. - 5. Oxybaphus L' Her. ex Willd. - 1. O. himalaicus Edgew. - 6. Boerhavia L. - 1. B. diffusa L. - 2. B. erecta L.. - 3. B. crispa Heyne. - 7. Commicarpus Standl. - 1. C. chinensis (L. ) Heim. - 2. C. lantsangensis D. Q. Lu. - PHYTOLACCACEAE. - 1. Phytolacca L. - 1. Ph. acinosa Roxb. - 2. Ph. polyandra Batalin. - 3. Ph. japonica Makino. - 4. Ph. americana L. - 2. Rivina L. - 1. R. humilis L. - AIZOACEAE. - 1. Gisekia L. - 1. G. pharnaceoides L. - 2. Glinus L. - 1. Gl. lotoides L. - 2. Gl. oppositifolius (L.) A. DC. - 3. Mollugo L. - 1. M. nudicaulis Lam. - 2. M. cerviana (L.) Ser. - 3. M. stricta L. - 4. M. verticillata L. - 4. Sesuvium L. - 1. S. portulacastrum (L.) L. - 5. Trianthema L. - 1. Tr. portulacastrum L. - 6. Mesembryanthemum L. - 1. M. cordifolium L. f. - 2. M. crystallinum L. - 3. M. uncatum Salm-Dyck. - 4. M. edule L.. - 5. M. spectabile Haw. - 7. Tetragonia L. - 1. T . tetragonioides (Pall. ) Kuntze. - PORTULACACEAE. - 1. Portulaca L. - 1. P. oleracea L. - 2. P. pilosa L. - 3. P. grandiflora Hook - 4. P. quadrifida L. - 5. P. psammotropha Hance. - 6. P. insularis Hosokawa. - 2. Talinum Adans. - 1. T. paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. - BASELLACEAE. - 1. Basella L. - 1. B. alba L. - 2. Anredera Juss. - 1. A. scandens (L.) Moq. - 2. A. cordifolia (Tenore) Steenis. - CARYOPHYLLACEAE. - I. Subfam. PARONYCHIOIDEAE Vierh. - 1. Trib. PARONYCHIEAE Pax. - 1. Gymnocarpos Forssk. - 1. G. przewalskii Maxim. - 2. Herniaria L. - 1. H. glabra L. - 2. H. polygama J. Gay. - 3. H. caucasica Rupr. - 2. Trib. SPERGULEAE Vierh. - 3. Spergula L. - 1. Sp. arvensis L. - 4. Spergularia (Pers.) J. et C. Presl. - 1. Sp. rubra (L.) J. et C. Presl. - 2. Sp. diandra (Guss.) Heldr. et Sart. - 3. Sp. media (L.) C. Presl. - 4. Sp. salina J. et C. Presl. - 3. Trib. POLYCARPEAE Pax. - 5. Drymaria Willd. ex Roem. et Schult. - 1. Dr. villosa Cham. et Schlecht. - 2. Dr. diandra Bl. - 6. Polycarpon Loefl. ex L. - 1. P. prostratum (Forssk.) Aschers. et Schweinw. - 7. Polycarpaea Lam. - 1. P. corymbosa (L.) Lam. - 2. P. gaudichaudii Gagnep. - ll. Subfam. ALSINOIDEAE Vierh. - 1. Subtrib. STELLARIINAE Aschers. et Graebn. - 8. Pseudostellaria Pax. - 1. Ps. sylvatica (Maxim.) Pax. - 2. Ps. heterophylla (Miq.) Pax. - 3. Ps. japonica (Korsh.) Pax. - 4. Ps. davidii (Franch.) Pax. - 5. Ps. rupestris (Turcz.) Pax. - 6. Ps. heterantha (Maxim.) Pax. - 7. Ps. himalaica (Franch.) Pax. - 8. Ps. maximowicziana (Franch. et Sav.) Pax. - 9. Myosoton Moench. - 1. M. aquaticum (L.) Moench. - 10. Cerastium L. - 1. C. cerastoides (L.) Britt. - 2. C. pauciflorum Stev. ex Ser. - 3. C. falcatum Bge. - 4. C. maximum L. - 5. C. lithospermifolium Fisch. - 6. C. dahuricum Fisch. - 7. C. perfoliaturn L. - 8. C. glomeratum Thuill. - 9. C. furcatum Cham. et Schlecht. - 10. C. fontanum Baumg. - 11. C. tianschanicum Schischk. - 12. C. limprichtii Pax et Hoffm. - 13. C. szechuense Williams. - 14. C. wilsonii Takeda. - 15. C. pusillum Ser. - 16. C. baischanense Y. C. Chu. - 17. C. arvense L. - 18. C. subpilosum Hayata. - 11. Stellaria L. - 1. Sect. Stellaria. - 1. Subsect. Stellaria. - 1. Ser. Petiolares Fenzl. - 1. St. bungeana Fenzl. - 2. St. nemorum L. - 3. St. nepalensis Majumdar et Vartak. - 4. St. arisanensis (Hayata) Hayata. - 5. St. wushanensis Williams. - 6. St. neglecta Weihe ex Bluff et Fingerh. - 7. St. media (L.) Cyr. - 8. St. apetala Ucria ex Roem. - 9. St. vestita Kurz. - 10. St. chinensis Regel. - 11. St. pilosa Franch. - 12. St. petiolaris Hand. -Mazz. - 13. St. lanipes C. Y. Wu et H. Chuang. - 2. Ser. Sessilifoliae Y. W. Tsui ex P. Ke. - 14. St. omeiensis C. Y. Wu et Y. W. Tsui ex P. Ke. - 15. St. reticulivena Hayata. - 16. St. infracta Maxim. - 17. St. gyirongensis L. H. Zhou. - 18. St. zangnanensis L. H. Zhou. - 19. St. tibetica Kurz. - 20. St. lanata Hook. f. ex Edgew. et Hook. f. - 21. St. patens D. Don. - 3. Ser. Dichotomae Roshev. - 22. St. dichotoma L. - 23. St. amblyosepala Schrenk. - 4. Ser. Holosteae Fenzl. - 24. St. henryi Williams. - 2. Subsect. Larbraea (St. Hil.) Fenzl. - 1. Ser. Foliaceo-bracteatae Schischk. - 25. St. ebracteata Korn. - 26. St. winkleri (Briq.) Schischk. - 27. St. crassifolia Ehrh. - 2. Ser. Discolares Schischk. - 28. St. discolor Turcz. - 29. St. gyangtseensis Williams. - 3. Ser. Uliginosae Schischk. - 30. St. pusilla E. Schmid. - 31. St. mainlingensis L. H. Zhou. - 32. St. depressa E. Schmid. - 33. St. uliginosa Murr. - 4. Ser. Gramineae Roshev. - 34. St. graminea L. - 35. St. brachypetala Bge. - 36. St. yunnanensis Franch. - 37. St. palustris Ehrh. ex Retz. - 38. St. salicifolia Y. W. Tsui ex P. Ke. - 39. St. dianthifolia Williams. - 40. St. longifolia Muehl. ex Willd. - 41. St. imbricata Bge. - 42. St. nipponica Ohwi. - 43. St. filicaulis Makino. - 5. Ser. Parviflorae Schischk. - 44. St. alaschanica Y. Z. Zhao. - 45. St. oxycoccoides Korn. - 46. St. uda Williams. - 47. St. souliei Williams. - 6. Ser. Pedunculares Schischk. - 48. St. soongorica Roshev. - 7. Ser. Umbellatae Schischk. - 49. St. irrigua Bge. - 50. St. parvi-umbellata Y. Z. Zhao. - 51. St. umbellata Turcz. - 52. St. suburnbellata Edgew.. - 2. Sect. Adenonerna (Bge.) Pax. - 53. St. arenaria Maxim.. - 54. St. cherleriae (Fisch. ex Ser.) Williams. - 55. St. petraea Bge. - 56. St. decumbens Edgew. - 57. St. congestiflora Hara. - 3. Sect. Fimbripetalurn Turcz. - 58. St. radians L. - 4. Sect. Leucostemma (Benth. ex G. Don f.) Pax. - 59. St. rnartjanovii Krylov. - 5. Sect. Schizothecium Fenzl. - 60. St. monosperma Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don. - 61. St. ovatifolia (Mizushima) Mizushima. - 62. St. delavayi Franch. - 6. Sect. Oligosperma Boiss. - 63. St. bistyla Y. Z. Zhao. - 64. St. strongylosepala Hand.-Mazz. - 12. Holosteum L. - 1. H. umbellatum L. - 13. Arenaria L. - 1. Subgen. Arenaria. - 1. Sect. Arenaria. - 1. A. serpyllifolia L. - 2. Sect. Rotundifoliae McNeill. - 2. A. orbiculata Royle ex. Edgew. et Hook f. - 3. A. neelgerrensis Wight et Arn. - 3. Sect. Rariflorae Williams. - 4. A. monosperma Williams. - 5. A. puranensis L. H. Zhou. - 4. Sect. Compressae McNeill. - 6. A. compressa McNeill. - 2. Subgen. Eremogone (Fenzl) Fenzl. - 1. Sect. Monogone Maxim. - 7. A. potaninii Schischk. - 2. Sect. Capillares McNeill. - 8. A. juncea M. Bieb. - 9. A. capillaris Poir. - 10. A. acicularis Williams ex Keissler. - 11. A. grüningiana Pax et Hoffm. - 12. A. formosa Fisch. ex Ser. - 13. A. haitzeshanensis Y. W. Tsui. - 3. Sect. Sclerophyllae (Boiss.) McNeill. - 14. A. griffithii Boiss. - 15. A. androsacea Grub. - 3. Subgen. Eremogoneastrum Williams. - 16. A. brevipetala Y. W. Tsui et L. H. Zhou. - 17. A. baxoiensis L. H. Zhou. - 18. A. kumaonensis Maxim. - 19. A. kansuensis Maxim. - 20. A. ischnophylla Williams. - 21. A. roborowskii Maxim. - 22. A. lancangensis L. H. Zhou. - 23. A. gerzeensis L. H. Zhou. - 24. A. qinghaiensis Y. W. Tsui et L. H. Zhou. - 25. A. aksayqingensis L. H. Zhou. - 26. A. pulvinata Edgew. - 27. A. shannanensis L. H. Zhou. - 28. A. edgeworthiana Majumdar. - 29. A. bryophylla Fernald. - 30. A. zadoiensis L. H. Zhou. - 31. A. taibaishanensis L. H. Zhou. - 32. A. festucoides Benth. - 4. Subgen. Dolophragma (Fenzl) McNeill. - 33. A. przewalskii Maxim. - 34. A. smithiana Mattf. - 35. A. oreophila Hook. f. ex Edgew. et Hook. f. - 36. A. densissima Wall. ex Edgew. et Hook. f. - 37. A. polytrichoides Edgew. ex. Edgew. et Hook f. - 5. Subgen. Solitaria McNeill. - 38. A. ciliolata Edgew. - 39. A. ramellata Williams. - 40. A. stracheyi Edgew. - 41. A. rhodantha Pax et Ho , Text in chinesischer Schrift , Überschriften in lateinischer Sprache

Note: Table of Contents: Climate and American People. - Earth's climate: A dynamic system. - Why does earth's climate change?. - Can we change the climate?. - The Greenhouse Effect. - Why are Greenhouse gas amounts increasing?. - Aerosols: Sunscreen for the planet?. - How has climate changed in the past century?. - Can we predict climate change?. - What do climate models tell us about our future?. - Where do we go from here?

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Organe der Stiftung Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar-und Meeresforschung 1. Das Alfred-Wegener-Institut und sein Beitrag zur Polar-und Meeresforschung in Deutschland 2. Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen Rekonstruktion eines Asteroideneinschlages in das Südpolarmeer (Gersonde, Abelmann, Diekmann, Kuhn) Jahreszeitliche Veränderungen einer Permafrostlandschaft in Sibirien (Boike, Hagedorn, Friedrich) Sedimentbohrungen im Baikalsee (Eckert, Müller, Schwab, Demske) Auf den Spuren eines uralten Gebirges (Schlindwein, Meyer) Reaktionen benthischer Tiefsee-Lebensgemeinschaften auf mechanische Störungen der Sedimente (Thiel, Ahnert, Bluhm, Borowski, Vopel) Die Ruderfußkrebse im Arktischen Ozean (Scherzinger, Hirche, Kattner) Diatomeenblüten an Fronten im Antarktischen Zirkumpolarstrom (Bathmann, Hense, Rutgers van der Loeff, Strass, Smetacek) Besiedlungsverhältnisse am Lomonossowrücken (Deubel, Rachor) Organischer Kohlenstoff in der Laptewsee und auf dem Lomonossowrücken (Fahl, Nöthig, Stein) Sterole und ihr Schicksal im Weddellmeer (Mühlebach, Weber) Schwierige Spurensuche (Bijma, Zeebe, Wolf-Gladrow) Die Nordgrönlandtraverse (Kipfstuhl, Schwager) Ein Reinluft-Meßlabor in der Antarktis (Minikin, Weller) Spurengase in der Atmosphäre der Polargebiete (Notholt, Lehmann) Erwärmt sich das Bodenwasser in der Grönlandsee? (Budeus, Schneider) Die JoJo-Sonde (Budeus, Ohm) Offene Wasserflächen beeinflussen die Windverhältnisse über den Polarmeeren (Birnbaum) Eistransport im Weddellmeer (Strass, Fahrbach) Die Meereisverteilung in einem gekoppelten Eis-Ozean-Modell des Südlichen Ozeans (Timmermann, Beckmann, Hellmer) Hochleistungscomputer am AWI (Hiller, Rakowsky, Beckmann) 3. Berichte der wissenschaftlichen Arbeitsgruppen 3.1 Ozeanische und atmosphärische Prozesse in den Polargebieten 3.2 Modeliierung von Prozessen und Zirkulationssystemen im Ozean 3.3 Meeresphysikalische Messungen und Instrumentenentwicklung 3.4 Physik und Chemie der polaren Atmosphäre 3.5 Der Untergrund der polaren Teile des Atlantik und seiner kontinentalen Umrandung 3.6 Glaziologie 3.7 Meeresgeologie 3.8 Geowissenschaftliche Studien in Eisrandgebieten 3.9 Ökologie und Ökophysiologie 3.10 Biologische Meereskunde 3.11 Tiefseeforschung 3.12 Meereisforschung 3.13 Der Kohlenstoffkreislauf 4. Großgeräte, Expeditionen und Landstationen 4.1 "Polarstern" 4.2 "Victor Hensen" 4.3 Polarflugzeuge 4.4 Landexpeditionen 4.5 Landstationen 5. Logistik 6. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit 7. Zentrale Einrichtungen 7.1 Rechenzentrum 7.2 Bibliothek 7.3 Presse-und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit 8. Personeller Aufbau und Haushaltsentwicklung 8.1 Personal 8. 2 Haushalt 8.3 Bericht der Frauenbeauftragten 9. Veröffentlichungen Anhang I. Personal II. Wissenschaftliche Veranstaltungen III. Abgeschlossene Examensarbeiten

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Inhalt Vorwort Foreword 1. Allgemeiner Teil 1.1 Einleitung 1.2 Methodik 1.2.1 Terminologie 1.2.2 Material 1.2.3 Bemerkungen zur Darstellung 1.2.4 Bemerkungen zur REM-Technik 1.2.5 Statistik in der taxonomischen Methodik 1.2.6 Taxonomisches Konzept 1.2.7 Bemerkungen zur Bestimmungstechnik 1.3 Merkmale und ihre Bewertung 1.3.1 Allgemeines 1.3.2 Schalenlänge 1.3.3 Schalenbreite 1.3.4 Relation Schalenlänge/Schalenbreite, Umriß, Schalenenden 1.3.5 Alveolen/Transapikalstreifen 1.3.6 Areolen/Punkte, Zahl und Form im LM und REM 1.3.7 Raphe 1.3.8 Stigmata und Stigmoide 1.3.9 Zellgürtel 1.3.10 Sonstige Merkmale, Habitus 1.3.11 Konvergenzen und Parallelitäten 1.4 Teilungszyklen, Verteilungen 1.4.1 Theoretische und tatsächliche Verteilungen 1.4.2 Variabilität von Erstlingszellen 1.4.3 Assoziationen mit ähnlichen syntopen und synchronen Arten 1.5 Ökologie 1.6 Die Gattung Cymbella sensu lato 2. Spezieller Teil 2.1 Encyonema Kützing 1833 2.1.1 Bemerkungen zu den folgenden Beschreibungen 2.1.2 Beschreibungen der Taxa 3. Lateinische Beschreibungen der neuen Taxa 3.1 Neue Gattungen 3.2 Neue Encyonema-Arten und -Varietäten Bildbeschriftungen der Taxa Index

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusammenfassung Résumé Summary 1 Einführung 1.1 Hydrologie des Gebirgswaldes im Winter 1.2 Arbeitshypothesen 1.3 Methodischer Ansatz 2 Standorte und Methoden 2.1 Standortwahl 2.2 Untersuchungsstandorte und deren Instrumentierung 2.2.1 Testfläche Davos 2.2.2 Testfläche Alptal 2.3 Verarbeitung der Bilder zur Schneeinterzeption 2.4 Modellierung des Wasser- und Wärmehaushaltes 2.4.1 Modellbeschrieb 2.4.2 Modellanwendung und Klimaszenarien 3 Ergebnisse der Feldmessungen 3.1 Winterverläufe in Davos und im Alptal 3.1.1 Davos 1993/94 3.1.2 Davos 1992/93 3.1.3 Alptal 1993/94 3.1.4 Standort vergleich des Interzeptionsverhaltens 3.1.5 Standortvergleich des Abflussverhaltens 3.2 Einzelereignisse im Alptal und in Davos 3.2.1 Testfläche Alptal 3.2.2 Testfläche Davos 3.3 Wassertransport in der Waldschneedecke 3.4 Zusammenfassung der Feldbeobachtungen 4 Ergebnisse der Modellsimulationen 4.1 Modellkalibrierung 4.1.1 Baumfläche Davos - Winter 1992/93 95 4.1.2 Baumfläche Alptal - Winter 1993/94 und Sommer 1994 4.2 Modelltest 4.2.1 Baurnfläche Davos - Winter 1993/94 4.2.2 Lichtungsfläche Davos - Winter 1993/94 4.3 Simulationen mit heutigen und veränderten Klimabedingungen 4.3.1 Vergleich des gemessenen und stochastisch simulierten Wetters 4.3.2 Auswirkungen einer Klimaänderung in Davos 4.3.3 Auswirkungen einer Klimaänderung im Alptal 4.4 Zusammenfassung der Modellergebnisse 5 Schlussbemerkungen Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis , Zusammenfassung in französischer und englischer Sprache