ALBERT

Anmerkung: Teilweise in deutscher, englischer, französischer, russischer und spanischer Sprache

Anmerkung: Contents: A reader's guide to the Antarctic / James H. W. Hain. - Introduction: The callenge of Antarctic Science / David J. Drewry. - The Antarctic Treaty. - The Antarctic Treaty System / Lee A. Kimball. - The Antarctic Mineral Resources Negotiations / R. Tucker Scully. - The Antarctic Legal Regime and the Law of the Sea / Christopher C. Joyner. - Antarctica: Is there any oil and natural gas? / David H. Elliot. - The Southern Ocean and global climate / Arnold L. Gordon. - The Antarctic Ozone Hole / Mario J. Molina. - The Antarctic Circumpolar current / Thomas Whitworth III. - Antarctic Marine Living Resources / Kenneth Sherman, and Alan F. Ryan. - Whales / Douglas G. Chapman. - Seals / Donald B. Siniff. - The BIOMASS Program / Sayed Z. El-Sayed. - Antarctic Logistics / Alfred N. Fowler. - The Soviet Antarctic Program / Lawson W. Brigham. - The growth of Antarctic Tourism / Paul Dudley Hart. - Protecting the Antarctic Environment / Gerald S. Schatz. - Environmental Threats in Antarctica / Paul S. Bogart. - Letters. - Book reviews.

Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Table of contents = Table des matières. - Einleitung = Introduction = Introduction. - Bemerkungen zum Inhalt und zur Gestaltung des Buches = Comments on the Contents and lay-out of the book = Remarques quant au contenue et à la structure du livre. - Methode = Methods = Methode. - Oekogramm = Ecogram = Ecogramme. - Bestimmungsschlüssel = Identification key = Clé d'identification. - Charakterisierung der Makroreste = Description of the macro-remains = Description des macrorestes. - Weitere Makroreste = Further macro-remains = Autres macrorestes. - Literatur = Literature = Litterature. - Index der Arten = Index of species = Index des espèces. , Text dt., engl. u. franz.

Anmerkung: Contents Preface 1 The Hydrologic Cycle Composition of Rainwater Hydrology Nonmeteoric Types of Water Chemical Terms in Hydrology Suggested Reading 2 Chemical Background Units and Terminology Equilibrium Thermodynamics Activity-Concentration Relationships Diffusion Review Questions Suggested Reading 3 Organic Compounds in Natural Waters Structure of Natural Organic Solutes Functional Groups Humic Substances DOC in Natural Environments Review Question Suggested Reading 4 The Carbonate System and pH Control Carbonic Acid System Alkalinity and Titration Curves Calcium Carbonate Solubility Dolomite High-Magnesium Calcite Ground and Surface Waters in Carbonate Terrains Carbonate Chemistry in the Oceans Acid Waters Review Questions Suggested Reading 5 Clay Minerals and Ion Exchange Mineralogy and Composition Colloid Properties Retardation of Pollutant Cations in Ground water Review Questions Suggested Reading 6 Stability Relationships and Silicate Equilibria Solubility Equilibria (Congruent Solution) Incongruent Solution and Stability Diagrams Uncertainty in Mineral Stability Diagrams Graphical Derivation of the Topology of Stability Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 7 Kinetics Nucleation Dissolution and Growth Dissolution of Calcite in Sea water Growth of Calcite and Aragonite in Sea water Dissolution of Silicates Review Questions Suggested Reading 8 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 1. Principles Soil Formation The Mass-Balance Approach The Thermodynamic Approach The Statistical Approach Review Questions Suggested Reading 9 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 2. Examples Amazon River System Mackenzie River System, Canada Cascade Mountains, Washington Rio Tanama System, Puerto Rico Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming Adirondack Mountains, New York Mattole River, California Waters from Ultramafic Rocks Rhine River Soil Solutions in Volcanic Ash Summary Review Topic Suggested Reading 10 Acid Deposition and Surface Water Chemistry Acidity and Alkalinity Solubility of Aluminum Cation Exchange Anion Mobility and Anion Exchange Biological Processes Chemical Weathering Integrated Models Environmental Effects Review Questions Suggested Reading 11 Evaporation and Saline Waters Evaporation of Sierra Nevada Spring Water Chemical Divides and the Hardie-Eugster Model Modifications of the Hardie-Eugster Model Examples Evaporation of Seawater Saline Formation Waters Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 12 The Oceans Circulation Composition of Sea water Removal Processes for the Major Species Suggested Reading 13 Redox Equilibria The Standard Hydrogen Electrode and Thermodynamic Conventions Measurement of Eh pe-pH and Eh-pH Diagrams Partial Pressure or Fugacity-Fugacity Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 14 Redox Conditions in Natural Waters Photosynthesis Respiration and Decay Redox Buffering Lakes The Ocean Groundwater Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 15 Trace Elements Sources of Trace Elements Speciation, Equilibrium Solubility Control Adsorption and Coprecipitation Controls Uptake by Living Organisms Summary Review Question Suggested Reading 16 Mathematical and Numerical Models Speciation and Saturation Programs Reactions in a Uniform, Nonadvecting Medium Reactions in a Nonuniform and/ or Advecting Medium Suggested Reading 17 Isotopes Stable Isotopes Radioactive Isotopes Suggested Reading References Glossary of Geological Terms APPENDIXES I Standard-State Thermodynamic Data for Some Common Species II Selected Values for Equilibrium Constants at 298.15K (25°C) and Standard Enthalpies of Reaction Ill Table of Atomic Weights Answers to Problems Author Index Subject Index

Anmerkung: Contents Preface Symbols Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology 1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology 1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology Problems and Exercises Chapter 2 Energy Budget near the Surface 2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface 2.2 Energy Balance Equations 2.3 Some Examples of Energy Budget 2.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 3 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions 3.2 Shortwave Radiation 3.3 Longwave Radiation 3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.5 Radiative Flux Divergence 3.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 4 Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer 4.1 Surface Temperature 4.2 Subsurface Temperatures 4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils 4.4 Theory of Soil Heat Transfer 4.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 5 Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL 5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity 5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and Definitions 5.3 Static Stability 5.4 Mixed Layers and Inversions 5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles 5.6 Diurnal Variations 5.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 6 Wind Distribution in the PBL 6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution 6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds 6.3 The Effects of Friction 6.4 The Effects of Stability 6.5 Observed Wind Profiles 6.6 Diurnal Variations 6.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows 7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows 7.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 7.3 Equations of Motion 7.4 Plane-Parallel Flows 7.5 Ekman Layers 7.6 Developing Boundary Layers 7.7 Heat Transfer in Fluids 7.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 8 Fundamentals of Turbulence 8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence 8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence 8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence 8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables 8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes 8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion 8.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 9 Semiempirical Theories of Turbulence 9.1 Mathematical Description of Turbulent Flows 9.2 Gradient-Transport Theories 9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories 9.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 10 Neutral Boundary Layers 10.1 Velocity-Profile Laws 10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters 10.3 Surface Stress and Drag Coefficient 10.4 Turbulence 10.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 11 Momentum and Heat Exchanges with Homogeneous Surfaces 11.1 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 11.2 Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions 11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles 11.4 Drag and Heat Transfer Coefficients 11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes 11.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 12 Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces 12.1 The Process of Evaporation 12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 12.3 Modified Monin-Obukhov Similarity Relations 12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation 12.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 13 Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.1 Sea-Surface Characteristics 13.2 Momentum Transfer to the Sea Surface 13.3 Parameterization of Air-Sea Exchanges 13.4 Mean Profiles in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.5 Turbulence over Water 13.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 14 Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers 14.1 Types of Surface Inhomogeneities 14.2 Step Changes in Surface Roughness 14.3 Step Changes in Surface Temperature 14.4 Air Modifications over Water Surfaces 14.5 Air Modifications over Urban Areas 14.6 Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects 14.7 Other Topographical Effects 14.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 15 Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology 15.1 Flux-Profile Relations above Plant Canopies 15.2 Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies 15.3 Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies 15.4 Temperature and Moisture Fields 15.5 Turbulence in Plant Canopies 15.6 Applications Problems and Exercises References Index

Anmerkung: Contents: List of Figures. - List of Tables. - 1. Introduction. - a. An Overview of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). - b. Outline of the Book. - c. A Brief History of PCA. - d. Acknowledgments. - 2. Algebraic Foundations of PCA. - a. Introductory Example: Bivariate Data Sets. - Monterey, California air temperatures. - Centering and rotating the data set. - Variances in the rotated frame. - Principal angles. - Principal variances. - Principal covariance. - Principal directions. - Principal components; principal directions as basis vectors. - Matrix representation. - The PCA property. - Invariance of the total variance under rotation. - Principal variances for standardized data sets. - PCA and estimates of the statistical parameters of normal populations. - PCA and the construction of Monte Carlo experiments. - Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance and scatter matrices. - b. Principal Component Analysis: Real-valued Scalar Fields. - t-centering the data set. - The scatter probe and the scatter matrix. - The eigenstructures of PCA. - The basic data set representations; analysis and synthesis formulas. - The PCA property. - Second-order properties of PCA; the total scatter . - The singular value decomposition (SVD) of a data set. - Second-order properties of PCA; correlations. - PCA characterized by the PCA property. - The asymptotic PCA property and dynamical systems. - PCA of spatial composites of data sets. - PCA of temporal composites of data sets. - c. Principal Component Analysis: Complex-valued Scalar Fields, and Beyond. - PCA of complex-valued data sets (C-PCA). - Complex algebra conventions. - The scatter probe and scatter matrix for C-PCA. - Derivation of the eigenstructures of C-PCA. - The fundamental formulas of C-PCA. - Generalization of PCA to quaternion-valued data sets (Q-PCA). - Matrix representations of complex and quaternion numbers. - PCA of matrix-valued data sets (M-PCA). - Reduction of M-PCA to C-PCA form. - d. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Alternate interpretation of the scatter probe. - Numerical calculations of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Some elementary properties of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Sample space vs. state space: choosing the dual computation. - PCA for continuous domains. - PCA for continuous domains: the viewpoint of empirical orthogonal functions. - The sixteen possible domain pairs for PCA: abstract PCA. - 3. Dynamical Origins of PCA. - a. One-dimensional Hannonic Motion. - A spring-linked-mass model; general form. - A spring-linked-mass model; special form. - A numerical example of the asymptotic PCA property. - Further investigations of the asymptotic PCA property and of EOF's. - b. Two-dimensional Wave Motion. - Solution of a two-dimensional damped-wave model. - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction absent). - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction present). - Physical basis for eigenframe rotations. - c. Dynamical Origins of Linear Regression (LR). - From continuous to discrete solutions to the regression model. - The linear regression procedure. - Comparison of LRA and PCA. - d. Random Processes and Karhunen-Loeve Analysis. - Origins of random processes in linear settings. - Karhunen-Loeve representation of random data sets and comparison with PCA. - e. Stationary Processes and PCA. - Derivation of the PCA representation of a one-dimensional stationary process via a simple wave model. - Connections between PCA and stationary processes: the case of one dimension. - Connections between PGA and stationary processes: extension to two dimensions. - f. Bibliographic Notes. - 4. Extensions of PCA to Multivariate Fields. - a. Categories of Data and Modes of Analysis. - Examples. - Generalized notation: the concepts of "individual" and "variable" in PCA. - b. Local PCA of a General Vector Field. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - Examples. - c. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Time-Modulation Form. - The PGA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Degeneracy of global PGA to local PGA. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - d. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Space-Modulation Form. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - e. PCA of Spectral Components of a General Vector Field. - Fourier analysis of the vector field components. - The scatter matrix in the spectral setting. - Example of spectral PCA of a windfield. - f. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - The eight modes of analysis and Cattell's classifications. - Time-modulation PGA as a special case of matrix-valued PGA. - Applications to the PGA of wind fields. - Distinction between time-modulation PGA and complex PGA. - Applications to the PGA of storm tracks. - 5. Selection Rules for PCA. - a. Random Reference Data Sets. - b. Dynamical Origins of the Dominant-Variance Selection Rules. - A dynamical model. - Rationale for selection rules. - c. Rule A4. - Statistical basis and discussion. - Choice of λ0. - d. Rule N . - Statistical basis and discussion. - Adjustments for correlated data: effective sample size. - Asymptotic eigenvalues for large data sets. - e. Rule M. - f. Comments on Dominant-Variance Rules . - g. Dynamical Origins of the Time-History Selection Rules. - h. Rule KS2. - The white spectrum and the cumulative periodogram. - Statement of Rule KS2. - i. Rules AMPλ. - Fisher's test. - Siegel's test. - Statement of Rules AMPλ. - j. Rule Q. - k. Selection Rules for Vector-Valued Fields. - Local PCA rules. - Global PCA (time-modulated) rules. - Global PCA (space-modulated) rules. - I. A Space-map Selection Rule. - Canonic direction angles. - Differential relations between unit vectors and canonic direction angles. - An r-tile metric for comparing canonic direction angles. - Statistical aspects: critical values for class errors. - Statement of the selection rule. - m. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Puzzles and problems underlying Rule N; the logarithmic eigenvalue curve. - Numerical intractability of the classical formulas for the eigenvalues of a random matrix. - Monte Carlo approaches to the eigenvalue distribution problem. - Comparison of Monte Carlo methods and asymptotic formulas for eigenvalue distributions. - The problem of closely spaced eigenvalues; tests for equal eigenvalues. - The generalized basis for dominant variance selection rules. - Parallel work in atomic physics. - 6. Factor Analysis (FA) and PCA. - a. Comparison of PCA, LRA, and FA. - Similarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - Dissimilarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - The usual algebraic form of FA; its PC and LR interpretations. - b. The Central Problems of FA. - The matrix formulation of FA. - The detailed sub-problems of FA. - c. Bibliographic Notes. - The selection rule problem in FA. - The parameter estimation problem in FA. - 7. Diagnostic Procedures via PCA and FA. - a. Dual Interpretations of a Data Set: State Space and Sample Space. - b. Interpreting E-frames in PCA State Space. - Example: graphical display of eigenvectors. - Rationales for interpreting eigenmaps and time series. - PCA as a means, rather than an end. - c. Informative and Uninformative E-frames in PCA State Space. - d. Rotating E-frames in PCA State Space (varimax). - A two-dimensional example of the varimax procedure. - The general varimax procedure. - The loss of the PCA property for rotated E-frames. - e. Projections onto E-frames in PCA State Space (procrustes). - Derivation of the procrustes technique. - Some observations on the generality of the procrustes technique. - f. Interpreting A-frames in PCA Sample Space. - g. Rotating A-frames in PCA Sample Space (varimax). - h. Projections onto A-frames in PCA Sample Space (procrustes). - i. Detecting Clusters of Points in PCA State or Sample Spaces. - Minimal spanning trees. - Defining cluster pairs, and te

Anmerkung: Table of Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1. lntroduction. - Chapter 2. Basic Equations. - 2.1. Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Equations. - 2.2. Equations of the Mean Flow. - 2.3. Equations of the Eddies. - 2.4. Energy Balance. - 2.5. Vorticity and Divergence. - 2.6. Linearization. - 2.7. Eliassen-Palm Flux. - 2.8. Ertel Potential Vorticity. - 2.9. Diffusive Separation of Atmospheric Constituents. - 2.10. Spherical Harmonics. - 2.11. Hermite Functions. - Chapter 3. External Energy Sources. - 3.1. Solar Irradiance. - 3.2. Solar Heat Input into Upper Atmosphere. - 3.3. Solar Heat Input into Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 3.4. Lunar Gravitational Tidal Energy. - 3.5. Solar Wind Energy. - Chapter 4. Internal Energy Sources and Sinks. - 4.1. Eddy Viscosity. - 4.2. Eddy Heat Conduction. - 4.3. Latent Heat. - 4.4. Newtonian Cooling. - 4.5. Rayleigh Friction. - 4.6. Ion Drag. - 4.7. Feedback between Large-Scale Eddies and Mean Flow. - Chapter 5. Horizontal Modal Structure. - 5.1. Separation of Variables. - 5.2. Eigenvalues of Laplace's Equations. - 5.3. Gravity Waves. - 5.4. Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 5.5. Kelvin Waves and Yanai Waves. - 5.6. Low Frequency Waves with Positive Eigenvalues. - 5.7. Class Il Waves of Wavenumber m = 0. - 5.8. Diurnal Tides. - 5.9. Dynamo Action of Tidal Winds. - 5.10. Rossby Waves Migrating within Mean Zonal Flow. - 5.11. Influence of Zonal Mean Flow on Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 5.12. Salutions of Inhomogeneous Laplace Equations. - Chapter 6. Vertical Modal Structure. - 6.1. Characteristic Waves. - 6.2. Vertical Wavenumber. - 6.3. Particular Salutions. - 6.4. Boundary Conditions. - 6.5. Normal Modes. - 6.6. Height Structure of External Waves. - 6.7. Directly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.8. Indirectly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.9. Height Structure of Internal Waves. - 6.10. Impulsive Heat Input. - 6.11. Ray Tracing of Rossby Waves. - 6.12. Mode Conversion. - 6.13. Baroclinic Instability. - Chapter 7. Nonlinear Wave Propagation. - 7.1. Nonlinear Coupling between Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 7.2. Analytic Salutions for Weak Coupling of Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 7.3. Rossby- Haurwitz Wave Coupling in Realistic Mean Flow. - 7.4. Homogeneous and Isotropic Turbulence. - 7.5. Space-Time Analysis. - 7.6. Nonlinear Normal Mode Initialization. - 7.7. Lorenz Attractor. - 7.8. Logistic Difference Equation. - 7.9. Multiple Equilibria. - Chapter 8. Tidal Waves. - 8.1. Seasonal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere (m = 0). - 8.2. Quasi-Stationary Seasonal Waves (m 〉 0). - 8.3. Climatic Mean Flow. - 8.4. Seasonal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.5. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 8.6. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.7. Nonmigrating Solar Diurnal Tides. - 8.8. Lunar Tides. - 8.9. Electromagnetic Effects of Tidal Waves. - 8.10. Energy and Momentum Deposition of Solar Diurnal Tides. - Chapter 9. Planetary Waves. - 9.1. Extratropical Transients. - 9.2. Southern Oscillation. - 9.3. Forty-Day Oscillations. - 9.4. Transients in the Tropical Middle Atmosphere. - 9.5. Fluctuations of Atmospheric Angular Momentum. - 9.6. Sudden Stratospheric Warnings. - 9.7. Thermospheric Response to Solar EUV Fluctuations. - 9.8. Thermospheric Storms. - 9.9. Solar Activity Effects within Middle and Lower Atmosphere. - Chapter 10. Epilogue. - References. - Subject Index.

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - Foreword. - Subject sections. - General articles. - Instruments and methods. - Theory of radio echo-sounding. - Applications to land ice. - Applications to floating ice. - Ancillary methods and observations. - Popular articles. - Theses and abstracts of theses.