ALBERT

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Introduction -- Sulfur chemistry in aqueous solutions -- Sedimentary iron biogeochemistry -- Aqueous metal-sulfide chemistry: complexes, clusters and nanoparticles -- Metastable sedimentary iron sulfides -- Sedimentary pyrite -- Metal sequestration by sedimentary iron sulfides -- Microbial sulfate reduction in sediments -- Microbial sulfide oxidation in sediments -- Microbial ecology of sulfidic sediments -- Sedimentary sulfur isotope biogeochemistry -- Iron isotope fractionation in sedimentary sulfides -- Euxinic systems -- Sedimentary sulfides -- The geochemistry of sulfidic sedimentary rocks -- Fossil bacteria: evidence for the evolution of the sulfur biome -- The evolution of the sedimentary sulfur cycle..

Note: Contents Foreword / Jim Rose Preface / Alan R. Gillespie, Stephen C. Porter and Brian F. Atwater The southern Laurentide Ice Sheet / David M. Mickelson and Patrick M. Colgan The Cordilleran Ice Sheet / Derek B. Booth, Kathy Goetz Troost, John J. Clague and Richard B. Waitt Controls, history, outbursts, and impact of large late-Quaternary proglacial lakes in North America / James T. Teller Pleistocene glaciations of the Rocky Mountains / Kenneth L. Pierce Quaternary alpine glaciation in Alaska, the Pacific Northwest, Sierra Nevada, and Hawaii / Darrell S. Kaufman, Stephen C. Porter and Alan R. Gillespie Coupling ice-sheet and climate models for simulation of former ice sheets / Shawn J. Marshall, David Pollard, Steven Hostetler and Peter U. Clark Permafrost process research in the United States since 1960 / Bernard Hallet, Jaakko Putkonen, Ronald S. Sletten and Noel Potter Jr. Quaternary sea-level history of the United States / Daniel R. Muhs, John F. Wehmiller, Kathleen R. Simmons, and Linda L. York Western lakes / Larry Benson Isotopic records from ground-water and cave speleothem calcite in North America / Jay Quade Rivers and riverine landscapes / David R. Montgomery and Ellen E. Wohl Landscape evolution models / Frank J. Pazzaglia Eolian sediments / Alan J. Busacca, James E. Beget, Helaine W. Markewich, Daniel R. Muhs, Nicholas Lancaster and Mark R. Sweeney Soils and the Quaternary climate system / Milan J. Pavich and Oliver A. Chadwick Earthquake recurrence inferred from paleoseismology / Brian F. Atwater, Martitia P. Tuttle, Eugene S. Schweig, Charles M. Rubin, David K. Yamaguchi and Eileen Hemphill-Haley Quaternary volcanism in the United States / William E. Scott Late-Quaternary vegetation history of the eastern United States / Eric C. Grimm and George L. Jacobson Jr. Quaternary vegetation and climate change in the western United States: Developments, perspectives, and prospects / Robert S. Thompson, Sarah L. Shafer, Laura E. Strickland, Peter K. Van de Water and Katherine H. Anderson Results and paleoclimate implications of 35 years of paleoecological research in Alaska / Patricia M. Anderson, Mary E. Edwards and Linda B. Brubaker Quaternary history from the U.S. tropics / Sara Hotchkiss Climatically forced vegetation dynamics in eastern North America during the late Quaternary Period / Thompson Webb III, Bryan Shuman and John W. Williams Holocene fire activity as a record of past environmental change / Cathy Whitlock and Patrick J. Bartlein Interannual to decadal climate and streamflow variability estimated from tree rings / David W. Stahle, Falko K. Fye and Matthew D. Therrell Quaternary Coleoptera of the United States and Canada / Allan C. Ashworth Vertebrate paleontology / S. David Webb, Russell W. Graham, Anthony D. Barnosky, Christopher J. Bell, Richard Franz, Elizabeth A. Hadly, Ernest L. Lundelius Jr., H. Gregory McDonald, Robert A. Martin, Holmes A. Semken Jr. and David W. Steadman Peopling of North America / David J. Meltzer Modeling paleoclimates / Patrick J. Bartlein and Steven W. Hostetle

Note: Contents: Organizers. - Lecturers. - Seminar Speakers. - Participants. - Préface (French). - Preface (English). - MAIN COURSES. - Course 1. The Observed Climate of the 20th Century / by E.M. Rasmusson, M. Chelliah and C.F. Ropelewski. - 1. Climatology: From statistics to science. - 1.1. The evolution of climate science. - 1.2. Characteristics and limitations of the instrumental data bases. - 1.3. Interannual to interdecadal variability. - 1.4. Modern climate diagnostics. - 2. The atmospheric general circulation. - 2.1. From Hadley to the mid-20th century: Theory underconstrained by Observations. - 2.2. Post-World War II: Resolving the controversies. - 2.3. Quantifying the balance requirements. - 2.3.1. Angular momentum balance. - 2.3.2. Atmospheric energy cycle. - 2.3.3. Planetary heat balance. - 2.3.4. Hydrologic cycle. - 3. The annual cycle. - 3.1. Basic controls. - 3.2. Focus on the tropics. - 3.3. A monsoon system perspective. - 3.4. Focus on the extratropics. - 4. Interannual variability. - 4. 1. Atmospheric teleconnections. - 4.2. The ENSO phenomenon: Early investigations. - 4.3. ENSO cycle time series. - 4.4. ENSO warm episode evolution. - 4.5. ENSO global response. - 4.5.1. Tropical anomalies. - 4.5.2. Extratropical anomalies. - 5. Decadal/interdecadal variability. - 5.1. Focus on the tropical oceans. - 5.1.1. Pacific sector. - 5.1.2. Atlantic sector. - 5.2. Focus on the extratropics. - 5.2.1. Northem Hemisphere wintertime temperatures: relattonship to the SO and the NAO. - 5.2.2. North Atlantic and North Pacific. - 5.3. Continental precipitation variability. - 5.3.1 . Sahel rainfall. - 5.3.2. North American drought. - 5.3.3. Indian rainfall. - 5.4. Concluding remarks. - References. - Course 2. Numerical Modelling of the Earth's Climate / by L. Bengtsson. - 1. A strategic approach to climate modelling. - 1.1. Introduction. - 1.2. Dynamics of climate. - 1.2.1. Phillips' experiment. - 1.2.2. The key scientific issues in 1955. - 1.3. Climate modelling for different time-scales. - 2. Climate modelling. - 2.1. lntroduction. - 2.2. The climate model as a mathematical system. - 2.3. Overall design of an atmospheric climate model. - 2.4. Numerical solution. - 2.5. Physical parameterization. - 2.6. Climate model performance. - 3. An atmospheric model for climate simulation and prediction studies. - 3.1. lntroduction. - 3.2. Horizontal diffusion. - 3.3. Surface fluxes and vertical diffusion. - 3.4. Land surface processes. - 3.5. Gravity wave drag. - 3.6. Cumulus convection. - 3.6.1. Adjustment closure. - 3. 7. Stratiform clouds. - 3.8. Radiation. - 3.8.1. Longwave radiation. - 3.8.2. Shortwave radiation. - 3.8.3. Shortwave cloud optical properties. - 3.8.4. Longwave cloud optical properties. - 3.8.5. Effective radii of cloud droplets and icc crystals. - 3.8.6. Surface albedo. - 3.8.7. Solar zenith angle. - 3.9. Model validation. - 3.9.1. Radiation and clouds. - 3.9.2. The hydrological cycle. - 3.9.3. The large scale extra-tropical circulation. - 4. Climate response to greenhouse gas forcing. - 4.1. Introduction. - 4.2. Climate feedback processes. - 4.3. The Wonderland climate model. - 4.4. Forcing experiments with the Wonderland model. - 4.4.1. Response to 2 X CO2 and 2% solar forcing. - 4.4.2. Response to the horizontal and vertical distribution of the forcing. - 4.5. Forcing experiments with more realistic climate models. - 5. Climate change prediction. - 5 .1. Introduction. - 5.2. Mechanisms behind climate change. - 5.2.1. How can climate change?. - 5.2.2. Changes in the solar radiation. - 5.2.3. Changes in the greenhouse gases. - 5.2.4. Changes in atrnospheric aerosols. - 5.2.5. Internal, natural variations. - 5.3. Coupled models. - 5.4. Coupled model experiments. - 5.4.1. Transient greenhouse gas experiment. - 5.4.2. Changes in the energy cycle. - 5.4.3. The hydrological cycle. - 5.4.4. Temperature changes. - References. - Course 3. Ocean Modelling and the Role of the Ocean in the Climate System / by P. Delecluse and G. Madec. - 1. Physical properties of the ocean. - 1.1. General structure. - 1.2. Why does the ocean move?. - 1.2.1. Radiative forcing. - 1.2.2. Momentum flux. - 1.2.3. Turbulent fluxes. - 1.2.4. Freshwater flux. - 1.3. Mean vertical structure. - 1.3.1. Seasonal cycle of the mixed layer. - 1.3.2. Midlatitude thermocline ventilation. - 1.3.3. Equatorial thermocline. - 1.3.4. Deep convection and sea ice. - 1.4. Turbulence of the ocean. - 2. Equations of motion. - 2.1. The physical equations. - 2.1.1. Basic assumptions (refer to Pedlosky, 1987). - 2.1.2. The Primitive Equations. - 2.1.3. The boundary conditions. - 2.2. Horizontal pressure gradient formulation. - 2.2.1. Pressure formulation. - 2.2.2. Diagnosing the surface pressure gradient. - 2.2.3. Boundary conditions. - 3. Modelling approach. - 3.1. System of coordinates. - 3.2. Model equations. - 3.3. Vertical system of coordinates. - 3.4. Meridian convergence at the pole. - 3.5. Discretization in space. - 3.5.1. Arrangement of variables for the C grid. - 3.5.2. Discrete operators. - 3.5.3. Conservation properties for the dynamics. - 3.5.4. Conservation properties for the thermodynamics. - 3.6. Discretization in time. - 3.7. Robust diagnostic modelling. - 3.8. Aceeleration of convergence. - 3.9. Surface boundary conditions. - 3.10. Subgrid scale parameterisations. - 3.10. 1. Vertical mixing. - 3.10.2. Convection. - 3.10.3. Lateral mixing. - 4. The global coupled system. - 4.1. Ocean-only models. - 4.1.1. Space or time?. - 4.1.2. Oceanic observations. - 4.1.3. Atmospheric forcing. - 4.1.4. Sensitivity to parameterisation. - 4.2. Coupled models. - 4.2.1. General description of the problem. - 4.2.2. Illustration of drift. - 4.2.3. Flux correction. - 4.2.4. Sensitivity. - 5. The equatorial coupled system. - 5.1. Oceanic equatorial waves. - 5.1.1. Vertical eigenvectors. - 5.1.2. Meridional normal modes. - 5.1.3. Inertia-gravity and Rossby waves. - 5.1.4. Mixed Rossby-gravity wave. - 5.1.5. Equatorial Kelvin wave. - 5.2. Equatorial waves and EI Niiio. - 5.3. Response of forced simulations. - 5.4. Coupled models. - 5.5. Prediction. - 5.6. Some new features to study EI Nino. - 5.6.1. Meridional coupling. - 5.6.2. Barrier layer and freshwater flux. - 6. Conclusion. - References. - Course 4. Past Climatic Changes / by J.-C. Duplessy. - 1. Paleoclimatic and Paleoceanographic tools. - 1.1. Introduction. - 1.2. Transfer functions. - 1.2.1. The Imbrie and Kipp (I&K) technique. - 1.2.2. The Modem Analog Technique (MAT). - 1.2.3. Improving or validating transfer functions. - 1.3. Stable isotope ratio variations. - 1.3.1. Oxygen isotope fractionation during the water cycle. - 1.3.2. Oxygen isotope fractionation during carbonate precipitation. - 1.3.3. Isotope fractionation during the carbon cycle. - 1.4. Dating. - 1.4.1. Radiocarbon. - 1.4.2. Uranium series disequilibria. - 1.4.3. Longer time scales. - 2. The climatic record of the Plio-Pleistocene and the evidence for the Astronomical Theory of paleoclimates. - 2.1. Historical introduction. - 2.2. The Astronomical Theory of glaciations. - 2.3. Extension of the climatic record over the last 6 million years. - 2.4. The last climatic cycle. - 2.5. The last glacial maximum. - 2.6. The last climatic optimum. - 3. Rapid variations within the climate system. - 3.1. Introduction. - 3.2. Evidence of rapid climatic change during the deglaciation. - 3.3. Evidence of rapid climatic change during the glaciation. - 3.4. Mechanisms of rapid climatic change under glacial conditions. - 3.5. A case for the Younger Dryas. - 3.6. Evidence of rapid climatic change during the Eemian. - 3.7. Evidence of rapid climatic change during the Holocene. - 3.8. Modeling of abrupt climatic changes and implications for future climates. - References. - Course 5. Paleomyths I Have Known / by T. J. Crowley. - 1. lntroduction. - 2. General Features of past climate change. - 3. Some significant misconceptions about past climate change. - 4. Discussion of the "paleo-paradigms". - 4.1. "Th