ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Estimation of the method of the amount of ecological fee calculation in the system of extended producer responsibility -- Regional component in the design and research activities of the university -- Improvement of time-management methods in healthcare institutions in the conditions of digital technologies diffusion -- Improved methods of selection of the private partner at implementation of projects of public-private partnership -- Application of the prohibition of certain actions as a preventive measure on the basis of international experience.

Description / Table of Contents: Preface -- Part 1 Landscapes -- Mountain Landscapes and Watersheds of the Hindu-Kush Himalaya (HKH) and their Biogeography: A descriptive overview and introduction for 18 nations in the Anthropocene -- HKH in the global and climate context: Major weather systems, monsoon, Asian Brown Cloud (ABC) and global connections -- From the mountains and glaciers down to the rivers to the estuaries and oceans: A tale of 18 rivers -- HKH in the global and marine context: Major estuaries, 2 billion people and global food security -- A view from space on Poyang Lake: What we can already see and what it means -- Poyang Lake: A local view downstream from the Hindu Kush Himalaya. The Future of Biodiversity in the Changing Watersheds of Kashmir Himalaya, Pakistan: Conservation Challenges and Opportunities -- Towards a Landscape Perspective of Diseases in Plants: An Overview and Review of a Critical but Overlooked Ecology Issue in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region -- Change of Hindu Kush Himalaya region through photo monitoring -- Paper parks in the Hindu Kush Himalaya region -- Forestry Management in Nepal: An example and a review of growth & yield -- Part 2 Concepts, Cultures, Religions and the Mind -- What it is like to be a land-locked nation: Examples from Nepal and Bhutan -- Ethnobiology and indigenous regimes in the conservation of species, watersheds, and landscapes: Experiences and evidences from the Hindu Kush-Himalayan nations for a global application -- Spirituality beats it all: A quick overview, self-organization and great value of (indigenous) religions: 2,000 years later -- The terror of your mind: Fear, Anxiety, inherent Chaos and Self-doubt in Himalaya expeditions and research -- Part 3 Real-world Policy, Conservation Management of Wildlife, Habitat, and Biodiversity Data -- The relevance and role of Mid-elevation for conservation in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: A Nepal example -- Nature and landscape governance in royal times: Experiences from the Shah and Rana regimes in Nepal re-assembled from literature and interview data -- Urban Ecology in shops and housing: An example of culture, religion and how (nesting) Barn Swallows, House and Tree Swallows create for a lively human-wildlife link at the commercial interface -- Pallas’s Cat in Annapurna, Nepal: What we know thus far and what is to come -- Status of otters in Nepal: A link with ancient waterways and people -- Wildlife Diplomacy and Gifting in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region: A chronological history and opinion of Nepalese literates -- Birds of Nepal: their status and conservation especially with regards to watershed perspectives -- A governance analysis of the snow leopard, its habitat and data: Who owns charismatic animals and who drives and uses the agenda for what?- The Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP): Towards a success story in landscape feature and watershed conservation management -- The forgotten species and their data: Museums in Nepal and examples -- A rather short story of the GIS data layers in HKH -- A pollination, insect and IUCN view: Ecological Services matter the most -- Sarus Cranes and Stork species hotspots from geo-referenced rapid assessments in Lumbini: Holy species and religious attitudes drive entire ecological communities and services for the benefit of a nation -- Part 4 Very Serious Problems in the HKH nations -- A ‘global change’ eulogy, sermons and obituaries: Everest, the models, the reality, the governmental mis-behavior, associated institutional terror and the global abuse of the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region -- The gods are angry: A first-hand account and an experience of the earthquake in hindsight -- Hydrodams: Death by over 500 cuts and blockages virtually build without Impact Assessment -- Hydrodams again: Lost Dolphins, expensive Gharials, cut Fish migration, and energy for non-sustainable mining and societies abroad fueling non-democratric governance and industry -- Persistent evidence for a dramatic decline in Langurs in Nepal, and likely elsewhere, too -- Snow Leopards in 2100?- The fate of the great woodpeckers and hornbills in Nepal: No big trees, no life -- Poaching and illegal Trade of Wildlife: What do the media say for the Nepali-Chinese and Nepali-Indian border?- Looking at Road and Railroad Development Data in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya: Rock-solid impacts created by Globalization, The World Bank and its affiliates, as well as by the Great Himalaya Trail -- Why do some many Nepalis, medical doctors, CEOs and Hedge Fund Managers get sick or die on Everest (Sagarmatha, Chomolungma) ? A review and indicators that capitalism went awful while searching human dignity and itself -- Part 5 A fresh look and successful templates for HKH: Business as usual is dead -- Small and effective NGOs as a role model for bigger success: The Global Primate Network (now ‘Third Pole Conservancy’) -- When Micro drives the Macro: A fresh look at disease and their massive contributions in the Himalaya -- What Mining has in stock down river for Mongolia and beyond: A personal assessment of watersheds and rivers -- Good Citizen Science experience downstream of Everest: The Koshi Birding Club -- Citizen Science experience: Green Youth Club promoting Cranes in Lumbini region -- When governments cannot do it anymore and capitalism, neoliberal policies and globalization get imposed without democracy: Self-organization beyond E. Ostrom -- Quo Vadis the Hindu Kush-Himalaya Realistic Sustainable Development horror scenarios while climate change, human increase and global conservation decay rise further?- Index. .

Description / Table of Contents: The Physical Template of Landscapes -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Gradient Analysis -- 1.2.1. Gradient Complexes -- 1.3. The Water Balance -- 1.3.1. A Simple Model: PET = AET + Deficit -- 1.4. Estimating Elements of the Template -- 1.4.1. Temperature -- 1.4.2. Radiation -- 1.4.3. Precipitation -- 1.4.4. Soils -- 1.5. Case Study: the Sierra Nevada -- 1.5.1. The Physical Template of the Sierra Nevada -- 1.6. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Biotic Processes as Agents of Pattern -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. The “Pattern and Process” Paradigm -- 2.3. Coupling of Demographic Processes -- 2.4. Interaction with the Physical Template -- 2.4.1. Coupling Demography and the Physical Template -- 2.4.2. Competition along Environmental Gradients -- 2.4.3. Illustration: Gradient Response in the Sierra Nevada -- 2.4.4. The Unit Pattern Revisited -- 2.5. Dispersal as an Agent of Pattern -- 2.6. Animals, Pests, and Pathogens -- 2.6.1. Animals, Pests and Pathogens as Subtle Agents -- 2.6.2. Animals as Dramatic Agents -- 2.7. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Disturbances and Disturbance Regimes -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.1.1 Context and Definitions -- 3.2. Perspectives and Lessons -- 3.2.1. Are Disturbances “Part of the System”? -- 3.2.2. Interactions, Synergies, and Indirect Effects -- 3.2.3. Disturbances and Positive Feedbacks -- 3.2.4. Overlapping Disturbances and Legacies -- 3.2.5. Heterogeneity in Disturbance and Response -- 3.3. Disaggregating Disturbance toward Generality. 3.3.1 A Not-too-General Model -- 3.3.2. The Fire Regime in the Sierra Nevada -- 3.4. Characteristic Dynamics -- 3.5. Humans and Disturbance Regimes -- 3.5.1. Human Impacts on Natural Disturbances - 3.5.2. Novel Disturbance Regimes -- 3.5.3 Human Perception and Landscape Change -- 3.6. Agents of Pattern: Reprise -- 3.7. Summary and Conclusions -- References 78 -- 4. Scale and Scaling - 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. The Importance of Scale in Ecology -- 4.2.1. Observational Scale as a Filter on Nature -- 4.2.2. Characteristic Scaling -- 4.2.3. Sampling Grain and Extent, and Statistical Behavior -- 4.3. Scaling Techniques -- 4.3.1. Scaling Techniques for Geostatistical Data -- 4.3.2. Illustration: Scaling of the Sierran Physical Template -- 4.4. Tactical Scaling -- 4.4.1. Tactical Targeting of Sampling Scale(s) -- 4.4.2. Avoid or Embrace Space? -- 4.5. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 5. Inferences on Landscape Pattern -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Patchiness and Patches -- 5.2.1. Patch Definition -- 5.3. Landscape Pattern Metrics -- 5.3.1. Levels of Analysis -- 5.3.2. Components of Pattern -- 5.3.2 Correlation and Redundancy -- 5.3.4. Alternative Framings for Landscape Pattern -- 5.4. Interpreting Landscape Metrics -- 5.4.1. Neutral Models and Neutral Landscapes -- 5.4.2. Neutral Templates for Landscape Processes -- 5.4.3. Extending Neutral Models: Agents of Pattern -- 5.5. Explanatory Models and Inferences -- 5.5.1. Approaches to Inferences on Pattern -- 5.5.2. Illustrations -- 5.5. Explanatory Models and Inferences -- -- 5.5.1. Approaches to Inferences on Pattern -- 5.5.2. Illustrations -- 5.5.3. Inferences on Pattern: Area versus Configuration -- 5.5.4 Inferences on Pattern: the State-of-the-Art -- 5.6. Summary and Conclusions. References -- Implications of Pattern: Metapopulations -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Metapopulations in Theory -- 6.2.1. The Levins Model -- 6.2.2. The Spreading-of-Risk Model -- 6.2.3. The Source-Sink Model -- 6.2.4. The Incidence Function Model -- 6.2.5. Commonalities among Metapopulation Models -- 6.2.6. Characteristic Behaviors of (Model) Metapopulations -- 6.3. Metapopulations in Practice -- 6.3.1. Are there Real Metapopulations in Nature? -- 6.3.2. Macroscopic Approaches to Metapopulations -- 6.4. Network Models of Metapopulations -- 6.4.1. Graphs and Metapopulations -- 6.5. Metapopulations and Connectivity Conservation -- 6.5.1. Structural and Functional Connectivity -- 6.5.2. Metapopulations and Landscape Genetics -- 6.6. A Model Template for Applications -- 6.7. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Supplement 6.1. Details on the Metapopulation Models -- S6.1.1. The Levins Model -- S6.1.2. The Spreading-of-Risk Model -- S6.2.3. The Source-Sink Model -- S6.2.4. The Incidence Function Model -- S6.2.5. Notes on the Individual-based Simulators Metapop1 -- Communities and Patterns of Biodiversity -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Island Biogeography and Landscapes -- 7.2.1. Area and Isolation Effects -- 7.2.2. Island Biogeographic Theory and the SLOSS Debate -- 7.2.3. A Diversity of Diversities -- 7.3. Perspectives on Metacommunities -- 7.3.1. A General Framing -- 7.3.2. Inferences and Limits to Inference -- 7.4. Approaches and Lines of Evidence -- 7.4.1. The Incidence Matrix and Community Assembly -- 7.4.2. Metacommunity Models: Variations on a Theme -- 7.4.3. Species Distribution Models -- 7.4.4. Multvariate Approaches to Partitioning Beta-diversity -- 7.4.5. Lines of Evidence and Complementary Analyses -- 7.5. Illustration: Sierran Forests -- 7.5.1. The Perspective of Ordination and Gradient Analysis -- 7.5.2. Partitioning Beta-diversity -- 7.6. Managing Metacommunities -- 7.7. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Supplement 7.1. Disciplinary Approaches (Details) -- S7.1.1. Incidence Matrices and Community Assembly -- S7.1.2. Metacommunity Models: Variations -- S7.1.3. Species Distribution Models -- S7.1.4. Ordination Techniques -- IImplications of Pattern for Ecosystems -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Spatial Heterogeneity and Ecosystems -- 8.2.1. Spatial Heterogeneity in the Physical Template -- 8.2.2. Lateral Fluxes on Landscapes -- 8.2.3. Landform and Landscape Processes -- 8.2.4. Ecosystem Processes and Positive Feedbacks -- 8.2.5. Ecosystems are both Fast and Slow -- 8.3. Ecosystems and Landscape Legacies -- 8.4. Patch Juxtaposition and Edge Effects -- 8.4.1. Edge Effects, Revisited -- 8.4.2. Edges and Ecosystem Processes: Forest Carbon -- 8.5. Ecosystems and Meta-ecosystems -- 8.5.1. Couplings between Systems -- 8.5.2. Meta-ecosystems, Revisited -- 8.5.3. Implications of Meta-ecosystem Structure -- 8.6. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Urban Landscapes -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Social-Environmental Systems -- 9.2.1. Approaches to Studying Cities -- 9.3. Agents and Implications of Pattern -- 9.3.1. Agents of Pattern -- 9.3.2. Scale and Pattern -- 9.3.3. Implications of Pattern -- 9.3.4. Revisiting the Agents-and-Implications Framing -- 9.4. Urban Landscapes as Laboratories -- 9.4.1. The Urban Stream Syndrome -- 9.4.2. Cities as Mesocosms for Global Change -- 9.5. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 10. Climate Change: Adapting for Resilience -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2. Framing Adaptation -- 10.2.1. Components of Climate Change -- 10.2.2. The Perspective of Risk Management -- 10.2.3. Options for Response and Adaptation -- 10.2.4. Resilience Planning: the Tasks at Hand -- 10.3. Approaches to Adaptation Planning -- 10.3.1. Levels of Activity and Currency of Assessments -- 10.3.2. Elements of Adaptation -- 10.3.3. A Template for Applications -- 10.4. Illustrations of Approaches -- 10.4.1. NatureServe’s HCCVI -- 10.4.2. Species Range Shifts implied by Climate Change -- 10.4.3. TNC’s Resilient Landscapes Initiative -- 10.4.4. The ACT Framework -- 10.4.5. Complementarity of Approaches -- 10.5. Collateral Benefits and Leverage -- 10.5.1. Adaptation Planning and Conservation Practice -- 10.5.2. Collateral Benefits -- 10.5.3. Adaptation and Mitigation -- 10.6. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Index.. .

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1-Human impact on the Biosphere: A biological genocide?- Chapter 2-Strategies to address the biodiversity crisis -- Chapter 3-Protected areas -- Chapter 4-Protected area effectiveness: What is it and how to assess it? Chapter 5-A review of protected area effectiveness around the World: Methodological approach -- Chapter 6-Results on protected area effectiveness in developed countries -- Chapter 7-Results on protected area effectiveness in developing countries -- Chapter 8-Main methodological approaches to assessing effectiveness around the globe -- Chapter 9-Successes and failures: Lessons learned -- Chapter 10-Conclusions: The future of protected areas and biodiversity.

Description / Table of Contents: Part I. Introduction -- Part II. Philosophy and Concepts of Experimentation -- Part III. Approaches to Experimentation -- Part IV. Conclusion -- Part V. Resources. .

Description / Table of Contents: Part I - Tropical and Subtropical Brazilian Coastal Zone -- 1. Brazilian Coastal Zone: Mangroves and Salt Marshes -- 2. Zonation and succession of mangrove and salt marsh ecosystems: typical and associated vegetation species -- Part II - The Mangrove Ecosystem -- 3. Variability of Mangroves along the Brazilian Coast -- 4. Ecophysiological and phenology aspects of mangrove species on the Brazilian coast -- 5. Genetic and epigenetic diversity of mangrove plants: markers of adaptation in a changing environment -- 6. A Review on litterfall in Brazilian mangroves -- Part III - The Salt Marsh Ecosystem -- 7. Brazilian salt marshes -- Part IV - The Mangroves and Salt Marshes Associates -- 8. Microbial diversity and microbial food chain -- 9. Brazilian mangrove and salt marsh macroalgal communities -- 10. Invertebrates: Ecology macro and meiofauna associated with mangroves and marshes Brazilian -- 11. Biodiversity, ecology and socioeconomic importance of brachyuran crabs from Brazilian mangroves and salt marshes -- 12. Fish composition in mangroves and salt marshes along the Brazilian coast -- 13. Birds associated with mangroves and salt marshes in Brazil -- 14. Marine mammals and mangroves and mangroves and salt marshes in Brazil: past, present and potencial scenarios -- Part V - Conservation Strategies -- 15. Historical ecology of mangroves: investigating the past to conserve the future -- 16. Economic valuation as a tool for conservation of the Brazilian marine biodiversity of mangrove and salt marsh ecosystems -- 17. Mangrove protected areas in Brazil: controversies and perspectives -- 18. Contributions of environmental education to mangrove conservation -- 19. Magrove and salt marsh ecosystems: what to expect from climate changes -- 20. Coastal zone adaptive management -- Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Preface 1. A Grateful appreciation of Joan Martinez-Alier (Herman Daly) -- Preface 2. Memories concerning the career of Joan Martinez-Alier (Laurence Whitehead) -- Preface 3. Conversations with a Catalan polymath (Ramachandra Guha) -- Preface 4. Joan Martinez-Alier and the crisis of civilization, knowledge, and the human species (Victor Toledo) -- Part I. Introduction -- Chapter 1. Justification and scope of the book (Roldan Muradian and Sergio Villamayor-Tomas) -- Chapter 2. A Barcelona school of ecological economics and political ecology (Joan Martinez-Alier) -- Chapter 3. The Barcelona School of ecological economics and political ecology: Building bridges between moving shores (Sergio Villamayor-Tomas, Brototi Roy and Roldan Muradian) -- Part II. Epistemological foundations -- Chapter 4. Metaphysical midwifery and the living legacy of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (Katharine N. Farrell) -- Chapter 5. Languages of valuation (Christos Zografos) -- Chapter 6. Post-development: From the critique of development to a pluriverse of alternatives (Federico Demaria, Ashish Kothari, Ariel Salleh, Arturo Escobar and Alberto Acosta) -- Chapter 7. Indigenous and local knowledge and social-ecological systems (Victoria Reyes-García) -- Chapter 8. Degrowth and the Barcelona school (Giorgos Kallis) -- Part III. Social metabolism -- Chapter 9. Agrarian metabolism and socio-ecological Transitions to agroecology Landscapes (Enric Tello and Manuel González de Molina) -- Chapter 10. Multi-scale integrated analysis of societal and ecosystem metabolism (Mario Giampietro) -- Chapter 11. Materials flow analysis in Latin America (Mario Alejandro Pérez-Rincón) -- Chapter 12. Biophysical approaches to food system analysis in Latin America (Jesus Ramos-Martin and Fander Falconí) -- Chapter 13. Ecologically unequal exchange: the renewed interpretation of Latin American debates by the Barcelona School (Beatriz Macchione Saes) -- Chapter 14. Flow/Fund Theory and Rural Livelihoods (Jose Carlos Silva-Macher) -- Chapter 15. Deceitful decoupling: misconceptions of a persistent myth (Alevgul H. Sorman) -- Part IV. Environmental justice conflicts and alternatives -- Chapter 16. Does the social metabolism drive environmental conflicts? (Arnim Scheidel) -- Chapter 17. A critical mapping for researching and acting upon environmental conflicts - the case of the EJAtlas (Daniela Del Bene and Sofia Ávila) -- Chapter 18. The EJAtlas: an unexpected pedagogical tool to teach and learn about environmental social sciences (Mariana Walter, Lena Weber, Leah Temper) -- Chapter 19. Commons regimes at the crossroads: environmental justice movements and commoning (Sergio Villamayor-Tomas, Gustavo García-López and Giacomo D’Alisa) -- Chapter 20. (In)justice in urban greening and green gentrification (Isabelle Anguelovski) -- Chapter 21. From the soil to the soul: Fragments of a theory of economic conflicts (Julien-François Gerber) -- Part V. Science and self-reflected activism -- Chapter 22. Activism Mobilising Science Revisited (Marta Conde and Martí Orta-Martínez) -- Chapter 23. Iberian Anarchism in Environmental History (Santiago Gorostiza) -- Chapter 24. The Barcelona School of ecological economics and social movements for alternative livelihoods (Claudio Cattaneo) -- Chapter 25. The ups and downs of feminist activist research: positional reflections (Sara Mingorria, Rosa Binimelis, Iliana Monterroso, Federica Ravera) -- Chapter 26. From the environmentalism of the poor and the indigenous towards decolonial environmental justice (Brototi Roy and Ksenija Hanaček) -- Part IV. Public policy applications -- Chapter 27. Agrobiodiversity in Mexican Environmental Policy (Nancy Arizpe and Dario Escobar-Moreno) -- Chapter 28. Conventional climate change economics: a way to define the optimal policy? (Jordi Roca and Emilio Padilla) -- Chapter 29. Contribution of global cities to climate-change mitigation overrated (Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh) -- Chapter 30. Reconciling Waste Management and ecological economics (Ignasi Puig Ventosa) -- Chapter 31. Work and needs in a finite planet: Reflections from ecological economics (Erik Gómez-Baggethun) -- Chapter 32. Collective action in Ecuadorian Amazonia (Fander Falconía and Julio Oleas) -- Chapter 33. The environmentalism of the paid (Esteve Corbera and Santiago Izquierdo-Tort) -- Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. Convention on Biological Diversity, Lessons from its Three Decades Journey -- Chapter 2. Implementation of the Nagoya Protocol in India: Experiences, Challenges and Learning’s -- Chapter 3. Achievements in India’s ABS Mechanism -- Chapter 4. Statutory and Obligatory Responsibilities of State Biodiversity Boards for the Conservation of Indigenous Biodiversity and ABS -- Chapter 5. ABS of Biological Resources and associated Traditional knowledge: A Multi -tiered Responsibility" -- Chapter 6. Intellectual Property Right (IPR) and ABS: Need for Universal Accountability and Monitoring -- Chapter 7. Traditional Knowledge (TK) and ABS in the context of Himalayan States -- Chapter 8. ABS in Indigenous knowledge Stewardship and Sustainable Development -- Chapter 9. Access and Benefit Sharing; Agro-biodiversity and Farmers rights on seeds- The case of indigenous rice varieties of Wayanad, Kerala, India -- Chapter 10. Insects and ABS -- Chapter 11. Access and Benefit Sharing, Marine Genetic Resources and Aquaculture:The Indian Scenario in Blue Economy Paradigms -- Chapter 12. A revisit to Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) with reference to Aquatic Bio-resources -- Chapter 13. Strengthening ABS Implementation in India -- Chapter 14. Biological Diversity Act and Enforcement Challenges in India -- Chapter 15. Is ABS an Innovative Financial Mechanism for Biodiversity Conservation -- Chapter 16. The Economics of Ecosystem and Biodiversity (TEEB) in ABS perspective -- Chapter 17. Institutions and incentives to facilitate Indigenous and local people participation in the ABS regime in India -- Chapter 18. ABS; Scope of Indian Medicinal Plants -- Chapter 19. Biological Diversity Act versus other Environmental laws in India -- Chapter 20. The Need for a Nagoya Protocol ‘Plus’.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction -- 2. Anthropogenic impact on plant biodiversity -- 3. Single large or several small (sloss) -- 4. Ecological connectivity -- 5. Ecological restoration -- 6. Pollination and dispersal in fragmented landscape -- 7. Plant biodiversity conservation and lost opportunities in ethiopia -- 8. The concept of potential natural vegetation (pnv) -- 9. Forests, woodlands, grasslands -- 10. Strategic conservation planning (scp) approach.

Description / Table of Contents: 1 -- Introduction to landscape ecology -- 2. Theories and models incorporated in the landscape ecology framework -- 3 Scaling patterns and processes across landscapes -- 4 Emerging processes in the landscape -- 5 Emerging patterns in the landscape -- 6 Principles of landscape dynamics -- 7 Principles for landscape conservation, management and design -- 8 Principles of soundscape ecology. - 9 Landscape economics and ecosystem services -- 10 Social dimension of the landscape -- 11 Sustainable landscapes -- 12 Climate changes across landscapes -- 13 Methods in landscape ecology. - 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Metrics in landscape ecology -- 13.3 The fractal geometry approach -- 13.4 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) -- 13.5 Remote sensing in landscape ecology -- 13.6 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) -- 13.7 Spatially Explicit Population Models (SEPM) to describe population patterns in a landscape.