ALBERT

Description: The administration of morphine to hypophysectomized rats potentiated the steroidogenic response of the adrenal cortex to exogenous adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in a dose-dependent fashion. Conversely, the opiate antagonist naloxone inhibited the adrenal response to ACTH. Naloxone pretreatment also antagonized the potentiating effect of morphine on ACTH-induced steroidogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Neither morphine nor naloxone, administered to hypophysectomized rats, had any direct effect on adrenal steroidogenesis. These adrenal actions were stereospecific since neither the (+)-stereoisomer of morphine, nor that or naloxone, had any effect on the adrenal response to ACTH. The administration of human beta-endorphin to hypophysectomized rats had no effect on the adrenal corticosterone concentration nor did it alter the response of the adrenal gland to ACTH. These results indicate that morphine can potentiate the action of ACTH on the adrenal by a direct, stereospecific, dose-dependent mechanism that is prevented by naloxone pretreatment and which may involve competition for ACTH receptors on the corticosterone-secreting cells of the adrenal cortex.

Description: The test capabilities of the Stability Wind Tunnel of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University are described, and calibrations for curved and rolling flow techniques are given. Oscillatory snaking tests to determine pure yawing derivatives are considered. Representative aerodynamic data obtained for a current fighter configuration using the curved and rolling flow techniques are presented. The application of dynamic derivatives obtained in such tests to the analysis of airplane motions in general, and to high angle of attack flight conditions in particular, is discussed.

Description: The discovery of concentrations of meteorites in Antarctica by Japanese field parties in 1969, and subsequently by joint U.S.-Japanese and U.S. field parties since 1976 has provided a significant new resource for understanding the origin and evolution of the solar system. The number of meteorites as well as the variety of meteorites has increased dramatically, and substantial amounts of data derived from their study has begun to appear in the scientific literature. The U.S. program of investigation has drawn on curatorial experience derived from the lunar program to: (1) develop specific collection and preliminary examination protocols; (2) provide documented samples for scientific investigations in response to specific requests; and (3) coordinate research by scientific consortia. The productivity of scientific research is significantly enhanced by these management approaches. Some of the results of the curatorial program for Antarctic meteorites carried out over the past three years are described.

Description: Simple physical arguments are used to estimate the time scale for fragmentation of a collapsing, rotating, isothermal, interstellar cloud. This time scale is compared with a similarly estimated time scale for the collapse upon itself of a transitory ring structure. It is shown to be plausible for a cloud with a given ratio of rotational to gravitational energy (beta) that as the ratio of thermal to gravitational energy (alpha) is varied, there is an intermediate range of alpha where a ring forms and collapses on itself, prior to fragmentation. For higher or lower alpha however, the cloud fragments prior to ring self-collapse. The analysis is compared with the results of numerical multidimensional, gravitational, hydrodynamical collapse and shown to be in good agreement with them.

Description: Ab initio self-consistent-field plus configuration-interaction calculations are reported for the X(sup 1)Sigma(sup +), A(sup 1)Sigma(sup +), and B(sup 1)Pi states of LiH using a 22(sugma)12(pi)7(delta) function Slater basis set. The resulting dissociation energies, with the experimental values in parentheses, are D(sub e)(X(sup 1)Sigma(sup +)) = 19 972 (20288)/ cm, and D(sub e)(A(sup 1)Sigma(sup +)) = 9042 (8682)/ cm, and D(sup e)(B(sup 1)Pi) = 284 (288) /cm. This is the first ab initio treatment to quantitatively account for the binding in the B(sup 1)Pi state. Calculated dipole moments and electronic transition moments for the X(sup 1)Sigma(sup+)-A(sup 1)Sigma(sup +), X(sup 1)Sigma(sup +)-B((sup 1)Pi, and A(sup 1)Sigma(sup +)- B(sup 1)PI band systems are in excellent agreement with existing theoretical and experimental data. Radiative transition probabilities and lifetimes, including both the bound-bound and bound-free contributions, are computed for all vibrational levels of the A(sup 1)Sigma(sup+) and B(sup 1)Pi states. Comparison with previous results using experimentally based potentials provides insight into the sensitivity of the radiative lifetimes to the detailed nature of the uppermost region of the potentials. Our calculated lifetimes for the lower vibrational levels of the A(sup 1)Sigma(sup +) state are within the experimental uncertainty. Our calculated lifetimes for the three vibrational levels of the B(sup 1)Pi state are in excellent agreement with those of Zemke and Stwalley (values in parentheses), increasing with (upsilon)' from 11.3 (11.3) nsec at (upsilon)' = 0, to 17.0 (17.0) nsec at (upsilon)' = 1, and then to 23.5 (24.0) nsec at (upsilon)' = 2.

Description: The interaction of heat, mass, and momentum transport in the floating zone method for growing single crystals from the melt is examined. Methods for detailed numerical simulation of the transport phenomena in a floating zone are developed. Results of the calculations are combined with experiments to determine the effects of solidification induced, surface tension driven, and buoyancy driven convection in establishing dopant redistribution in the melt and the roles of heat transfer in crystal and melt and melt/solid interface shape in determining crystal quality. State of the art finite element techniques were developed for calculating the influence of natural convection in the melt on the shape of a melt/crystal interface and dopant segregation in the crystal. These techniques are demonstrated for solidification by the Bridgman technique. Numerical techniques are developed that calculate the shapes of both the melt/solid and melt/gas interfaces simultaneously with the thermal fields in melt and solid. Models for the fluid flows due to the rotation of the feed and crystal rods are completed and the effects of these flows on dopant segregation are studied, especially in the case of zones longer than can be achieved on Earth.

Description: The understanding of the surface tension of liquid metals and alloys from as close to first principles as possible is discussed. The two ingredients which are combined in these calculations are: the electron theory of metals, and the classical theory of liquids, as worked out within the framework of statistical mechanics. The results are a new theory of surface tensions and surface density profiles from knowledge purely of the bulk properties of the coexisting liquid and vapor phases. It is found that the method works well for the pure liquid metals on which it was tested; work is extended to mixtures of liquid metals, interfaces between immiscible liquid metals, and to the temperature derivative of the surface tension.

Description: The preparation of building flight hardware and carrying out experiments in space was investigated. The ground based investigation phase A/B of the experimental float zoning of silicon is outlined. The overall program goals, leading to recommending experiments to be done in phase C/D are spelled out. Thermophysical properties which must be accurately known to compare thermophysical models to experimental zoning of silicon are listed.

Description: The growth technology of Silicon-germanium (Si-Ge) alloys and the possible advantages of growth in microgravity is reviewed. The Si-Ge alloys have a continuous variation of bandgap energy from the germanium bandgap to the silicon bandgap. The unusual two slope behavior of Eg versus composition is due to the differences in the conduction band structure between Si and Ge. Below 17% (atomic), the germanium band structure dominates; and above it, the bands are "silicon like". It is found that the growth of Si-Ge alloys in microgravity is very attractive. In particular, the float zone method, in which a liquid zone of controlled starting composition, used to grow a large amount of useful alloy crystal. Large temperature gradients and relatively flat growth interfaces are necessary to obtain homogeneous crystal growth.

Description: Measurements of the surface tension of molten silicon are reported. For marangoni flow, the important parameter is the variation of surface tension with temperature, not the absolute value of the surface tension. It is not possible to calculate temperature coefficients using surface tension measurements from different experiments because the systematic errors are usually larger than the changes in surface tension because of temperature variations. The lack of good surface tension data for liquid silicon is probably due to its extreme chemical reactivity. A material which resists attack by molten silicon is not found. It is suggested that all of the sessile drip surface tension measurements are probably for silicon which is contaminated by the substrate materials.

Description: The power needed to zone silicon crystals by radio frequency heating was analyzed. The heat loss mechanisms are examined. Curves are presented for power as a function of crystal diameter for commercial silicon zoning.

Description: The power requirements for specific float zone experiments in space are presented. Power figures for the Space Shuttle and projected available power for advanced vehicles are given. The following power related trends are derived: (1) float zone processing of up to 5 cm diameter silicon and 16.0 cm diameter cadmium telluride can be conducted on a Shuttle pallet mission; (2) float zone processing of up to 8.5 cm diameter silicon for 70% total heating efficiency can be conducted on the initial MEC/space platform; (3) projected available host vehicle power for float zone sample heating; (4) induction heating is found to be the most promising heating method; (5) process control and ease of equipment integration into the host vehicle influence heating method selection.

Description: The need for power to grow silicon of a size suitable to make into devices is addressed. The expected results are tied to available power. The projection of the size of float zone crystals as a function of time is discussed. An accompanying graph shows that 4 in. will be the normally used diameter by 1985 and 5 in. by 1990. Material to be tested in device lines in this time frame should be 4 in. or more. The various power losses, 25 kW with a 50% power efficiency, which is much improved over present RF heating efficiencies.

Description: The development of silicon and gallium arsenide crystal growth for the production of large diameter substrates are discussed. Large area substrates of significantly improved compositional purity, dopant distribution and structural perfection on a microscopic as well as macroscopic scale are important requirements. The exploratory use of magnetic fields to suppress convection effects in Czochralski crystal growth is addressed. The growth of large crystals in space appears impractical at present however the efforts to improve substrate quality could benefit from the experiences gained in smaller scale growth experiments conducted in the zero gravity environment of space.

Description: The trend of the device fabrication industry requirement for larger crystals is reviewed. The ranges of properties and uniformities measurement standards needed for resistivity (four-point probe and spreading resistance) and for the chemical composition of oxygen and carbon impurities are presented.

Description: Technical requirements for silicon-based bulk materials are presented, and related work on other materials and on thin layer silicon is summarized. Programs supported by the Wright-Patterson materials laboratory and the capabilities of the materials laboratory in house characterization facility are listed.

Description: The process of vertical zone melting of CdTe and InP is illustrated, and the growth of Cd sub x Hg sub (1 - x)Te and InP sub y As sub (1-y) is considered.

Description: The technical concerns of NASA in the area of space grade solar cells are summarized. Solar power needs are projected through 1987. The degradation of solar cell performance due to the effects of radiation on impurities and crystal defects and the improved performance of float zone silicon are illustrated. The reduction of oxygen and carbon in float zone silicon allows for much faster low temperature annealing of the defects. The effects of improved crystal purity on cell performance are summarized.

Description: The role of float zone silicon in integrated circuits is surveyed. The problem of oxygen thermal donors and their inhomogeneous distribution is predicted to be a critical issue.

Description: Payoffs of crystal growth in space in the areas of understanding growth and melt flow mechanisms, the growth of more uniform crystals with fewer defects, and the growth of crystals difficult or impossible to grow on Earth are summarized. The advantages of various heating methods are summarized. Critical devices requiring the uniformity and lower defect density of crystals grown in space are listed.

Description: The effects on melt impurities of the lack of buoyancy-driven convection in melts and the gas phase are outlined. Probable effects noted are: retardation of convective flow by a thin adsorbed impurity layer because of surface tension gradients (Marangoni flow); changes in the transport of volatile impurities to the melt surface and the consequent reduction of evaporation; and the change in dependence of evaporation rates on pressure due to the absence of convective flow in the gas next to the melt.

Description: Materials processing experiments performed in space since 1973 are listed. Experiments carried out in Skylab, the Apollo Soyuz mission, and on SPAR sounding rockets are included.

Description: The purposes of the float zone working group are summarized. Present and proposed U.S. and European research programs are listed, and power needs for float zoning surveyed. A 1981 to 1991 schedule for development efforts is presented.

Description: The proposed method for the treatment of two dimensional solidification problems is based on quasilinearization of the transformed heat conduction equation and latent heat condition at the interface and an iterative sequence in which these are solved simultaneously. Modern algorithms for solving such sparse systems mean that most of the storage advantage of other methods are reduced and the speed of solution can be improved.

Description: As a part of the EET aerodynamics program an out-of-house program was developed and monitored to provide theoretical procedures useful in the design of transport aircraft. The focus of the effort was to provide tools valid in the nonlinear transonic speed range. The effort was divided into two basic areas, inviscid configuration analysis and design procedures and viscous correction procedures.

Description: Improvements in cruise efficiency on the order of 15 to 40% are obtained by increasing the extent of laminar flow over lifting surfaces. Two methods of achieving laminar flow are being considered, natural laminar flow and laminar flow control. Natural laminar flow (NLF) relies primarily on airfoil shape while laminar flow control involves boundary layer suction or blowing with mechanical devices. The extent of natural laminar flow that could be achieved with consistency in a real flight environment at chord Reynolds numbers in the range of 30 x 10(6) power was evaluated. Nineteen flights were conducted on the F-111 TACT airplane having a NLF airfoil glove section. The section consists of a supercritical airfoil providing favorable pressure gradients over extensive portions of the upper and lower surfaces of the wing. Boundary layer measurements were obtained over a range of wing leading edge sweep angles at Mach numbers from 0.80 to 0.85. Data were obtained for natural transition and for a range of forced transition locations over the test airfoil.

Description: Advanced turboprop-powered aircraft have the potential to reduce fuel consumption by 15 to 30 percent as compared with an equivalent technology turbofan-powered aircraft. An important obstacle to the use of advanced design propellers is the cabin noise generated at Mach numbers up to .8 and at altitudes up to 35,000 feet. As part of the NASA Aircraft Energy Efficiency Program, the near-field acoustic characteristics on a series of advanced design propellers are investigated. Currently, Dryden Flight Research Center is flight testing a series of propellers on a JetStar airplane. The propellers used in the flight test were previously tested in wind tunnels at the Lewis Research Center. Data are presented showing the narrow band spectra, acoustic wave form, and acoustic contours on the fuselage surface. Additional flights with the SR-3 propeller and other advanced propellers are planned in the future.

Description: The pattern of current collection by a biased strip of stainless steel placed in the plasma environment produced by a 30 cm Kaufman ion thruster is studied. Two positions of the collector relative to the ion source were used. Edge on, in which case currents were measured on both sides of the collector, and face on, in which case currents were again measured on both sides of the collector. In the latter case, the surface of the collector that faces the ion thruster is referred to as the front face, the other side as the back face. A qualitative summary of the experimental results is presented.

Description: Anchorage dependent cell cultures in fluidized beds are tested. Feasibility calculations indicate the allowed parameters and estimate the shear stresses therein. In addition, the diffusion equation with first order reaction is solved for the spherical shell (double bubble) reactor with various constraints.

Description: Anorthosite massifs developed approximately 1.4 to 1.5 billion years ago along an arch which developed parallel to a zone of continental separation as a block which included North America, Europe, and probably Asia separated from a block which included parts of South America, Africa, India, and Australia. Anorthosite massifs also developed at the same time along a belt which runs through the continents which comprise Gondwanaland (South America), Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica. This was a zone of continental separation which subsequently became a zone of continental collision about 1.2 billion years ago. The northern anorthosite belt also parallels an orogenic belt which was active between 1.8 and 1.7 billion years ago. Heat generated during this mountain building period helped in the formation of the anorthosites.

Description: Rainfall characteristics using data from dense recording raingage networks is reviewed. Data from such networks have quantified temporal and spatial rainfall distributions, and have supplied specialized information about local and orographic effects. The natural variability, temporally and spatially, for annual, seasonal, monthly, and individual events is treated. Especially important are the spatial variations of precipitation as a function of synoptic type, precipitation type, amount, and duration. Results from dense raingage networks in Illinois, and some data from other climatic regions is also treated.

Description: A 10 channel scanning radiometer, built as a prototype for the coastal zone color scanner on the Nimbus 7 satellite, was flown on a high altitude aircraft during a Gymnodium breve bloom along the west coast of Florida. The remotely measured ocean color imagery shows what is probably the patchy structure of a G. breve bloom extending over a 60 km by 100 km area. This conclusion is based on visual inspection of bathymetry to infer bottom reflection trends and on a single growth truth measurement of B G. breve obtained the previous day. The image shows coherent blooms which extend scales up to 60 km in length.

Description: A large scale numerical time-dependent model of sea ice that takes into account the heat fluxes in and out of the ice, the seasonal occurrence of snow, and ice motions was used in an experiment to determine the response of the Arctic Ocean ice pack to a warming of the atmosphere. The degree of warming specified is that expected for a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide with its associated greenhouse effect, a condition that could occur before the middle of the next century. The results of three 5-year simulations with a warmer atmosphere and varied boundary conditions were: (1) that in the face of a 5 K surface atmospheric temperature increase the ice pack disappeared completely in August and September but reformed in the central Arctic Ocean in mid fall; (2) that the simulations were moderately dependence on assumptions concerning cloud cover; and (3) that even when atmospheric temperature increases of 6-9 K were combined with an order-of-magnitude increase in the upward heat flux from the ocean, the ice still appeared in winter. It should be noted that a year-round ice-free Arctic Ocean has apparently not existed for a million years or more.

Description: During the summer of 1977, fire totaled 44 sq km of tundra vegetation according to measurements using LANDSAT imagery. Based on the experience gained from analysis of this fire using ground observations, satellite imagery, and topographic maps, it appears that natural drainages form effective fire breaks on the subdued relief of the Arctic coastal plain and northern foothills. It is confirmed that the intensity of the fire is related to vegetation type and to the moisture content of the organic rich soils.

Description: Presumably caused by lightning, a large fire occurred due east of Point Lay several kilometers southwest of the Kokolik River, the farthest north a fire was ever fought by Bureau of Land Management personnel in Alaska. The progress and area extent of the fire were determined by analysis of LANDSAT MSS band 5 and 7 imagery. Low altitude observations from helicopter showed the fire burned a range of vegetation and relief types which included low polygonized and upland tussock tundras. The burned area appeared wetter on the surface than the unburned area, due to a lack of moisture absorbing organic matter and the possible release of moisture from the deeper thawed zone. Suggestions for future investigations of the effects of fire on tundra and permafrost terrains are discussed.

Description: The Advanced Biostack Experiment is described. The objectives are: (1) to confirm, complement, and enlarge the information obtained from the previous experiments by applying improved and advanced methods of localization and physical and biological evaluation, performing advanced experiments based on these data, and including additional biological specimens and additional radiation detectors; (2) to determine the biological importance of nuclear disintegration stars; (3) to determine the interference of HZE particle induced effects with those of other space flight factors (e.g., weightlessness); and (4) to determine the distribution of HZE particles and of disintegration stars at different locations inside the module and on the pallet.

Description: An experimental set up to map the cosmic radiation field inside the Spacelab vehicle to determine the potential biological hazards present is described. In addition to the integral linear energy transfer (LET) spectrum for protons and HZE particles, the parameters to be determined include the total radiation dose; fluence of neutrons, protons, and high charge and energy (HZE) particles. These results are to be derived from measurements made in passive dosimeters.

Description: Microorganisms and biomolecules exposed to space vacuum and to different intensities of selected wavelengths of solar ultraviolet radiation is studied. The influence of these factors, applied singly or simultaneously, on the integrity of microbial systems and biomolecules is measured. Specifically, this experiment will study in Bacillus subtilis spores (1) disturbances in subsequent germination, outgrowth, and colony formation; (2) photochemical reactions of the DNA and protein in vivo and in vitro and their role in biological injury; and (3) the efficiency of repair processes in these events.

Description: The effects of the Spacelab environment on the circadian rhythms in microorganisms are investigated. Neurospora is chosen because of its well characterized circadian rhythm of growth. Growth rate, banding patterns, and circadian period and phase information are studied.

Description: An experiment to gather evidence to decide between the Darwinian concept of endogenously motivated nutation and the more mechanistic concept of gravity dependent nutation is described. If nutation persists in weightlessness, parameters describing the motion will be measured by recording in time lapse mode the video images of a population of seedlings that were grown at 1-g, but which will be observed at virtual zero gravity. Later, the plant images will be displayed on a video monitor in a laboratory, photographed on 16 millimeter film, and analyzed frame by frame to determine the kinetics of nutation for each specimen tested.

Description: An experiment concerned with the ability of astronauts to discriminate between the mass of objects when both the objects and the astronauts are in weightless states is described. The main object of the experiment is to compare the threshold for weight-discrimination on Earth with that for mass-discrimination in orbit. Tests will be conducted premission and postmission and early and late during the mission while the crew is experiencing weightlessness. A comparison of early and late tests inflight and postflight will reveal the rate of adaptation to zero-gravity and 1-g. The mass discrimination box holds 24 balls which the astronaut will compare to one another in a random routine.

Description: The set of experiments comprising the Spacelab 1ES201 package designed to investigate the human vestibular system and equilibratory function in weightlessness are described. The specific objectives of the experiments include: (1) the determination of the threshold of perception of linear oscillatory motion; (2) measurement of physiological and subjective responses to supra threshold, linear and angular motion stimuli; (3) study of the postural adjustments, eye movements, and illusions of attitude and motion evoked by optokinetic stimuli, (i.e., moving visual patterns) in order to assess visual/vestibular interactions; (4) examination of the effect of thermal stimulations of the vestibular apparatus to determine if the eye movements elicited by the 'caloric test' are used by a density gradient in the semicircular canal; and (5) investigation of the pathogenesis of space motion sickness by recording signs and symptoms during the course of vestibular stimulation and, specifically, when the test subject is exposed to sustained, linear oscillatory motion.

Description: The absolute value of the solar constant and the long term variations that exist in the absolute value of the solar constant were measured. The solar constant is the total irradiance of the Sun at a distance of one astronomical unit. An absolute radiometer removed from the effects of the atmosphere with its calibration tested in situ was used to measure the solar constant. The importance of an accurate knowledge of the solar constant is emphasized.

Description: The spectral irradiance of the Sun between 170 and 3200 nanometers was measured to determine accurately the solar constant, its possible variation with the solar cycle, and the wavelength range responsible for the observed variations. It is pointed out that measurements over very long time periods (10 years) involving flights of the same instrument on future Spacelab missions will be required. Few spectral solar irradiation measurements ranging from the near ultraviolet to the near infrared have been performed yet. The most extensive solar irradiation measurements were obtained by a spectrometer onboard an aircraft or from high altitude observatories. The full disk irradiation flux was measured, corrections for atmospheric absorption are applied in all of the measurements.

Description: The active cavity radiometer (ACR) experiment on the Spacelab 1 mission to measure the total solar irradiance is discussed. Short and long term variations in the total solar output of optical energy are studied. Solar total irradiance observation provides information on the solar cycle and other long term trends in solar output that are of climatological significance as well as short term solar physics phenomena. The interaction of solar radiation with the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land masses provides the primary driving forces for the formation of weather systems and the determination of climate. Astrophysical measurements determine the total energy flux. The principal role of the ACR observations support extended solar irradiance experiments on free flying satellites. Solar irradiance measurements are important in the establishment of the radiation scale at the solar total flux level in the international system of units (SI).

Description: Detailed features in cosmic X-ray sources and their associated temporal variation over a wide energy range were studied. Excess emission and absorption at approximately 6 to 7 kiloelectron volts in the spectra of supernova remnants, binary X-ray sources, and clusters of galaxies were observed. A gas scintillation proportional counter (GSPC) will be used as the detector system. In the gas scintillator the principal limitation is due to the statistics of the initial ionization process only.

Description: The study of galactic and faint extragalactic extended sources and peculiar ultraviolet objects by a very wide field of view camera, operated in the ultraviolet photometric and spectrometric modes is discussed. The photometric mode is direct photography through filters for observation of the following sources: (1) large scale distribution of ultraviolet radiation in the Milky Way; (2) diffusion of the galactic light above the galactic plane and in front of the large absorbing clouds; (3) the optical emission of the interstellar matter; (4) stars, and starlike objects with diameters less than 3 arc minutes. In the spectrometric mode (nebular spectrograph) the light from the center of the photometric field is concentrated on a slit covering 10 degrees by 10 arc minutes on the sky.

Description: The first Spacelab space processing payload includes the following categories of hardware: (1) multiuser facilities, (2) common-support equipment, and (3) six autonomous experiments. All the hardware, with the exception of two elements (covering three experiments), will be integrated in a Spacelab double rack called the materials science double rack. The payload experimental facilities are intended to perform, during the first Spacelab mission, a number of significant pilot experiments in the fields of crystal growth, fluid physics and metallurgy, and, at the same time, to flight-verify the materials science hardware items developed (e.g., various furnaces, process chambers, etc.).

Description: The Far Ultraviolet Space Telescope (FAUST) a compact, wide field-of-view, far ultraviolet instrument designed for astronomical observations of extended and point sources is discussed. The design and application of the instrument are described. The prime objective is to observe faint astronomical sources with sensitivities higher than previously available. Scientific programs will include: (1) a search for ultraviolet stars which are predicted to exist at the stage of evolution prior to the final death of a star; (2) observations of galaxies and quasars; and (3) joint programs with other Spacelab 1 experiments. The secondary objective is to verify the suitability of the Spacelab as a platform for far ultraviolet astronomy: data will be provided on the ultraviolet background levels due to astronomical, terrestrial, and spacecraft generated sources; the levels of contaminants which affect ultraviolet instruments; and the capability of the Orbiter for stable pointing at celestial sources for useful periods of time.

Description: Heavy cosmic ray nuclei with nuclear charge, Z, equal to or greater than 3 are to be measured using an isotopic stack consisting of passive visual track detectors which remain sensitive throughout the entire mission. The scientific data are stored in latent tracks which are produced by heavy ions and which can be revealed in the investigator's laboratory after recovery. During the mission, only housekeeping data have to be collected. The exposure onboard Spacelab 1 allows the study of the chemical composition and energy spectrum of articles which have energies in the range 20 to 100 million electron volts per atomic mass unit, as well as the isotopic composition of heavy galactic cosmic rays with energies in the range 100 to 1000 million electron volts per atomic mass unit.

Description: An instrument capable of observing the natural electron flux in the energy range from 0.1 to 12.0 kiloelectron volts is discussed for use in an experiment intended as a forerunner of a method that will utilize artificially accelerated electrons as tracer particles for electron fields parallel to the magnetic field. Effects that are of importance either as means of detecting the echo beam or as causes of beam perturbations (e.g., spacecraft charging effects and electron background) are to be studied. The use of electron accelerators as a tool to probe magnetospheric processes rather than to modify them is planned.

Description: A dual-channel video system mounted on a stabilized two-axis gimbal system (mounted on the pallet) with associated optics and data handling electronics described the low light flux observations are required for: (1) investigating ionospheric transport processes by observing Mg+ ions; (2) supporting magnetospheric electron bounce experiments; (3) measuring electron cross sections for selected atmospheric species; (4) detecting small particle contamination; and (5) studying natural auroras.

Description: A magnetometer experiment was designed to determine the local magnetic field by measuring the total of the Earth's magnetic field and that of an unknown spacecraft. The measured field vector components are available to all onboard experiments via the Spacelab command and data management system. The experiment consists of two parts, an electronic box and the magnetic field sensor. The sensor includes three independent measuring flux-gate magnetometers, each measuring one component. The physical background is the nonlinearity of the B-H curve of a ferrite material. Two coils wound around a ferrite rod are necessary. One of them, a tank coil, pumps the ferrite rod at approximately 20 kilohertz. As a consequence of the nonlinearity, many harmonics can be produced. The second coil (i.e., the detection coil) resonates to the first harmonic. If an unknown dc or low-frequency magnetic field exists, the amplitude of the first harmonic is a measure for the unknown magnetic field. The voltages detected by the sensors are to be digitized and transferred to the command and data management system.

Description: The injection of energetic particles along the Earth's magnetic field lines is a possible remote sensing method for measuring the electric fields parallel to the magnetic field with good time resolution over the entire magnetic field. Neutralization processes, return-current effects, dynamics of the beams, triggered instabilities, and waves must be investigated before the fundamental question about proper experimental conditions, such as energy, intensity and divergence of the beams, pitch-angle injection, ion species, proper probes and detectors and their location, and rendezvous conditions, can be resolved. An experiment designed to provide a better understanding of these special physical processes and to provide some answers to questions concerning beam injection techniques is described.

Description: The use of a personal miniature electrophysiological tape recorder to measure the physiological reactions of space flight personnel to space flight stress and weightlessness is described. The Oxford Instruments Medilog recorder, a battery-powered, four-channel cassette tape recorder with 24 hour endurance is carried on the person and will record EKG, EOG, EEG, and timing and event markers. The data will give information about heart rate and morphology changes, and document adaptation to zero gravity on the part of subjects who, unlike highly trained astronauts, are more representative of the normal population than were the subjects of previous space flight studies.

Description: An experiment is described the aim of which is to record a three dimensional ballistocardiogram under the condition of weightlessness and to compare it with tracings recorded on the same subject on the ground as a means of clarifying the meaning of ballistocardiogram waves in different physiological and perphaps pathological conditions. Another purpose is to investigate cardiovascular and possibly fluid adaptations to weightlessness from data collected almost simultaneously on the same subjects during the other cardiovascular during the other cardiovascular and metabolic experiments.

Description: An experiment to study the effect of weightlessness on lymphocyte proliferation to detect possible alteration of the cells responsible for the immune response during long-duration space flights is described. Human lymphocytes in culture medium will be delivered shortly before launch in an incubator which will be kept at 37C. Mitogen will be added to the culture. A control without mitogen will be run in parallel. After 70 hours of incubation, radioactive thymidine will be added. After two hours, cellular activity will be stopped by fixation and incubator power switched off. Later, the amount of incorporated thymidine will be determined and the cell morphology and the distribution of cell organelles will be investigated.

Description: An experiment to examine the possible interrelationship of various classes of immunoglobulins by utilizing the effect of weightlessness as a stress factor and subsequently measuring inhibitory, compensatory, or enhancing interrelationships. A second objective of the experiment is to investigate the state of immune competency under conditions of sustained weightlessness.

Description: A Spacelab experiment is described which proposes to obtain data on the degree of engorgement of the cephalad circulation during weightlessness by recording central venous pressure. Of practical importance is the question of how close the astronauts are to pulmonary edema and whether the pressure falls toward normal during the time of the mission. Another experiment to investigate deviations from normal fluid and mineral metabolism, possibly initiated by the central engorgement of the low pressure system, is discussed. Hormones responsible for the control of water and mineral balance (vasopressin, catecholamines, renin, aldosterone, corticosteroids, and prostaglandin E1) will be analyzed from blood samples.

Description: An experiment is described the purpose of which is to measure specific factors relative to the control of erythrokinetics in man which might be altered during the first seven days of exposure to the weightless environment of space flight. It is anticipated that these data will provide information relative to the mechanism by which the red cell mass is reduced during space flight. Specifically, the experiment is designed to establish: (1) if there is a significant change in red cell mass and plasma volume during the initial period of exposure to weightlessness; (2) if the plasma concentration of erythropoietin is reduced; (3) if there is an increase in the plasma concentration of erythropoietin inhibitors; (4) if there is a change in the effectiveness of erythropoiesis; and (5) if the number and age distribution of reticulocytes are altered.

Description: The specific objectives of experiments designed to investigate postural reflex behavior during sustained weightlessness are discussed. The first is to investigate, during prolonged weightlessness with Hoffmann response (H-reflex) measurement procedures, vestibulo-spinal reflexes associated with vestibular (otolith) responses evoked during an applied linear acceleration. This objective includes not only an evaluation of otolith-induced changes in a major postural muscle but also an investigation with this technique of the adaptive process of the vestibular system and spinal reflex mechanisms to this unique environment. The second objective is to relate space motion sickness to the results of this investigation. Finally, a return to the vestibulo-spinal and postural reflexes to normal values following the flight will be examined. The flight experiment involves activation of nerve tissue (tibial N) with electrical shock and the recording of resulting muscle activity (soleus) with surface electrodes. Soleus/spinal H-reflex testing procedures will be used in conjuction with linear acceleration through the subject's X-axis.

Description: Spacelab experiments designed to investigate space motion sickness, any associated changes in otolith-mediated responses occurring during weightlessness, and the carryover of any such changes to postflight conditions are described. The experiments aimed at assessing otolithic responses in space are intended to clarify presumed alterations in vestibular function during weightlessness. Vestibular function will be investigated at several levels: vestibulo-ocular reflexes, vestibulo-spinal pathways, cortical functions involving perception of motion and spatial orientation, visual vestibular interaction, and motion sickness susceptibility. A second major objective relates to space motion sickness and man's well-being and productivity in space.

Description: Operation of the microwave instrument as a two frequency scatterometer, a synthetic aperture radar, and a passive microwave radiometer is planned. Operation of the instrument in each of its three modes is discussed and the antenna system described.

Description: A test of the mapping capabilities of high resolution space photography taken at the resolution limit of image motion on large film format is planned. The metric camera system and its planned operation are described.

Description: Study of sources of Lyman-alpha emission in the atmosphere, in the interplanetary medium, and perhaps in the galactic medium is planned. Sources of Lyman-alpha emission are described and a schematic of the instrument presented.

Description: The purpose of space experiments with particle accelerators (SEPAC) is to carry out active and interactive experiments on and in the Earth's ionosphere and magnetosphere. It is also intended to make an initial performance test for an overall program of Spacelab/SEPAC experiments. The instruments to be used are an electron beam accelerator, magnetoplasma dynamic arcjet, and associated diagnostic equipment. The accelerators are installed on the pallet, with monitoring and diagnostic observations being made by the gas plume release, beam-monitor TV, and particle-wave measuring instruments also mounted on the pallet. Command and display systems are installed in the module. Three major classes of investigations to be performed are vehicle charge neutralization, beam plasma physics, and beam atmosphere interactions. The first two are mainly onboard plasma physics experiments to measure the effect of phenomena in the vicinity of Spacelab. The last one is concerned with atmospheric modification and is supported by other Spacelab 1 investigations as well as by ground-based, remote sensing observations.

Description: Photography and measurement of cloud-like structures of bright parallel bands observed in near infrared photography of the night sky is planned. The instrument is described and the purpose of the experiment summarized.

Description: Measurement of the airglow spectrum from the extreme ultraviolet to the infrared using five identical imaging scanning spectrometers is planned. Functions and operation of the instrument are described.

Description: High resolution infrared spectroscopic observations of the Earth's limb in the wavelength range characteristic of the vibrational-rotational lines of trace atmospheric constituents is planned. The instrument and its operation and the purpose of the experiments are summarized.

Description: Technical improvements of a long life heat rejection system, suitable for long duration high power missions, that can be constructed and deployed in orbit is discussed. A mathematical model is formulated and a computer program developed which describes the transient priming characteristics of a dual passage heat pipe. An experimental test package is described for flight in the KC-135 Zero-g Aircraft, to be used to verify the modeling predictions.

Description: A simple numerical algorithm was developed for use in computer simulations of systems which are both stiff and stable. The method is implemented in subroutine form and applied to the simulation of physiological systems.

Description: A more general understanding of Langmuir probe theory by going beyond particular coordinate systems as far as possible was studied. To delineate the role of initial velocities in the problem and to characterize the interaction between the velocity flow field and the electrostatic potential field both of which enter into the determination of particle trajectories are desired. The probe is supposed to be negatively charged throughout and the ensuing region of positive space charge about it differs fundamentally from the plasma region beyond in the sense that the former represents a region in which deterministic trajectories dominate while the lattice is a region dominated by statistical interactions largely controlled by the collisionless stationary Boltzmann equation. A general solution of this Boltzmann equation is given and its relationship to the problem of saturation current density in 3D is elucidated.

Description: The cabin ozone problem is discussed. Cabin ozone in terms of health effects, the characteristics of ozone encounters by aircraft, a brief history of studies to define the problem, corrective actions taken, and possible future courses of action are examined. It is suggested that such actions include avoiding high ozone concentrations by applying ozone forecasting in flight planning procedures.

Description: Radio frequency scaled models of the microwave radiometer spacecraft suspended feed concept were tested to determine the effects of aperture blockage on the antenna radiation pattern. Contributors to the uncertainty of the test measurements were evaluated, and an estimate of the blockage effects was made for comparison with the test measurements. The gain loss budget associated with reflector performance characteristics (aperture blockage, surface reflectivity, reflector roughness, and defocus) was determined.

Description: Systems design and analysis data were generated for microwave radiometer spacecraft concept using the Large Advanced Space Systems (LASS) computer aided design and analysis program. Parametric analyses were conducted for perturbations off the nominal-orbital-altitude/antenna-reflector-size and for control/propulsion system options. Optimized spacecraft mass, structural element design, and on-orbit loading data are presented. Propulsion and rigid-body control systems sensitivities to current and advanced technology are established. Spacecraft-induced and environmental effects on antenna performance (surface accuracy, defocus, and boresight off-set) are quantified and structured material frequencies and modal shapes are defined.

Description: The counter is a static thermal diffusion chamber which has been modified to include an optical system for the determination of droplet concentration by the measurement of scattered light. The determination of concentration is made by measurement of the peak scattered light signal from the cloud of growing droplets which is a function of both the droplet concentration and chamber supersaturation. Because the formation of the peak is related to the rate of growth of the droplets and sedimentation, both of which are determined by supersaturation, the system calibration can be uniquely determined by comparison with an absolute counter such as a static diffusion chamber with a photographic recording system.

Description: Unlike typical CCN counters, this device counts the numbers of water droplets condensed on aerosol particles sampled on a microcover glass at various different relative humidities. The relative humidities ranged from 75 percent to a calculated value of 110 percent. A schematic of the apparatus is shown. The individual CCN can be identified in an optical micrograph and scanning electron micrograph and may be inspected for their chemical composition later.

Description: In performing the data analysis of the measurements achieved during the Workshop with the device, a global approach was preferred rather than an individual analysis, in order to illustrate some main characteristics in the behavior of the device with respect to a mean behavior resulting from a general survey of all the equipments involved in each experiment. The device tends generally to overestimate the CCN concentrations measured near the high supersaturations and sometimes underestimates the concentrations close to 0.1% or 0.2% of supersaturation. Despite the fact that it belongs to a type of static diffusion chamber, it shows, however, similar spectra to those obtained with other types of chambers (continuous flow diffusion chamber and haze chamber).

Description: Prediction methods and related propagation results for the evaluation of Earth-space communication paths operating above 10 GHz are presented. Gaseous attenuation, rain, cloud, fog, sand, and dust attenuation, path diversity, signal fluctuations and low angle fading, depolarization effects, bandwidth coherence, and sky noise are considered.

Description: The group's CCN counter is described. It is a static, horizontal, parallel plate thermal gradient diffusion chamber. Examples of the application of the CCN are presented and include the CCN spectra measured during the winter of 1978-79 near Elk Mountain, Wyoming. Comparisons of droplet concentrations derived from upwind CCN spectra are covered.

Description: The description and measurement of the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of rain and rain systems are discussed. The statistical relationships of these characteristics and their effect on polarization and attenuation are considered. Macroscopic characteristics include the size, distribution, and movements of rain cells, the height of melting layers, and the presence of ice crystals. Microscopic characteristics include the size distribution, density, and oblateness of rain drops and ice crystals. The estimation of a major propagation effect, specific attenuation, is described.

Description: Spacecraft acceleration resulting from firings of vernier control system thrusters is an important consideration in the design, planning, execution and post-flight analysis of laboratory experiments in space. In particular, scientists and technologists involved with the development of experiments to be performed in space in many instances required statistical information on the magnitude and rate of occurrence of spacecraft accelerations. Typically, these accelerations are stochastic in nature, so that it is useful to characterize these accelerations in statistical terms. Statistics of spacecraft accelerations are summarized.

Description: Orbital mechanics as a discipline is principally concerned with solving the set of equations for analyzing the motion of a satellite under various conditions. This activity on the surface may not seem crucial to conducting experiments in space, but it provides insights into the way in which forces may influence these experiments. More directly, for experiments concerned with external targets, it provides predictions of the satellites's position and velcoity verus time, enabling extensive preflight planning and resulting in optimum use of on-orbit time.

Description: Zero-gravity conditions in Earth orbit cannot be obtained in the Shuttle Orbiter, however, through careful planning, the dynamic environment and its effects on experiments can be minimized. Futhermore, although the dynamic environment of the Shuttle Orbiter is to a large degree stochastics, it is possible to predict characteristics of this environments so that scientists and technologists can plan their experiments and mission managers can plan missions with a view toward minimizing the effects of spacecraft dynamics on experiments. Characteristics of the dynamic environment that might be predicted include typical and "worst case" values of vehicle acceleration for the anticipated acceleration sources, typical number of acceleration event, duration times of disctete acceleration events, bandwidth of acceleration time history, etc.

Description: Pivotal areas for needed combustion observations (available through space shuttle experimentation) include: (1) single- and two-phase premixed flame propagation and extinction limits; (2) noncoherent flame propagation and extinction; (3) autoignition of premixed single-phase and two-phase combustible reactants; (4) upper pressure limit combustion phenomena and ignition, propagation, and extinction processes in the neighborhood of such limits; (5) oscillatory combustion associated with the hydrocarbon-oxygen and with the carbon monoxide-oxygen systems; (6) two-phase flame spread and extinction involving lage liquid-gas or solid-gas interfaces; (7) radiative ignition of solids and liquids; (8) pool burning; (9) smoldering of solid combustibles and the associated transition to flaming or extinction; (10) laminar gas jet combustion; and (11) transient responses of combustible systems to time variation in gravitational field strengths. A number of these may be impacted by undesirably high g-jitter effects.

Description: The drop dynamics module is a Spacelab-compatible acoustic positioning and control system for conducting drop dynamics experiments in space. It consists basically of a chamber, a drop injector system, an acoustic positioning system, and a data collection system. The principal means of collecting data is by a cinegraphic camera. The drop is positioned in the center of the chamber by forces created by standing acoustic waves generated in the nearly cubical chamber (about 12 cm on a side). The drop can be spun or oscillated up to fission by varying the phse and amplitude of the acoustic waves. The system is designed to perform its experiments unattended, except for start-up and shutdown events and other unique events that require the attention of the Spacelab payload specialist.

Description: A block diagram of the joint airport weather studies program is presented. Background leading to the development of the program is reviewed. Basic studies, aircraft performance, and detection and warning techniques used to develop fine scale structure of thunderstorm dynamics and kinematics in the vicinity of a major airport; effect of thunderstorm low level wind shear on aircraft performance; and development of real time testing of flow level wind shear detection and warning techniques and displays are described.

Description: A summary on heavy rain effects on aircraft aerodynamics validation of research and some wind shear accidents in which heavy rain were an important factor. Frost formation and what frost does to the lift and drag curves for an airfoil was examined. If frost could cause severe aerodynamic problems for both general aviation and transport aircraft due to its roughness, then heavy rain produce a similar result. The influencing parameters of heavy rain on an aircraft are studied. Sources of aerodynamic roughness due to rain and wind shear and heavy rain accidents are outlined.

Description: Meteorology impact on future aircraft design is discussed. Upcoming changes in both design and operations that will be influenced by the meteorological environment are outlined. Future and more nonconventional designs and meteorological impact brought about by operational changes over the next few years are examined.

Description: A preliminary design of the microwave radiometer spacecraft (MRS) using the bootlace catenary shaping concept was developed. The application of this radically different design for shape control of the antenna membrane was assessed and possible sources of inaccuracies and errors were investigated.

Description: A dual momentum vector control concept, consisting of two counterrotating rings (each designated as an annular momentum control device), was studied for pointing and slewing control of large spacecraft. In a disturbance free space environment, the concept provides for three axis pointing and slewing capabilities while requiring no expendables. The approach utilizes two large diameter counterrotating rings or wheels suspended magnetically in many race supports distributed around the antenna structure. When the magnets are energized, attracting the two wheels, the resulting gyroscopic torque produces a rate along the appropriate axis. Roll control is provided by alternating the radiative rotational velocity of the two wheels. Wheels with diameters of 500 to 800 m and with sufficient momentum storage capability require rims only a few centimeters thick. The wheels are extremely flexible; therefore, it is necessary to account for the distributed nature of the rings in the design of the bearing controllers. Also, ring behavior is unpredictably sensitive to ring temperature, spin rate, manufacturing imperfections, and other variables. An adaptive control system designed to handle these problems is described.

Description: Estimates of total spacecraft weight and packaging options were made for three conceptual designs of a microwave radiometer spacecraft. Erectable structures were found to be slightly lighter than deployable structures but could be packaged in one-tenth the volume. The tension rim concept, an unconventional design approach, was found to be the lightest and transportable to orbit in the least number of shuttle flights.

Description: A conceptual design was developed for a microwave radiometer spacecraft (MRS) using a large passive reflector, microwave radiometer, and advanced control concepts soil moisture mapping from microwave sensing for global crop forecasting. Mission requirements and tradeoffs were defined, and major subsystems (structural, electromagnetic surface, and attitude control) conceptually designed. An overview of the mission and a summary of the study results are presented.

Description: The size distribution was measured in the size range between 0.0057 and 0.57 micrometer radius. A description of the instrumentation and data analysis is given, together with the measured size distributions calculated for 23 experiments.

Description: The experiments performed at the Workshop were undertaken to confirm the calculated sample volume, determine the usable range of supersaturation, and minimum detectable size. Comparison of absolute CCN concentrations with other state-of-the-art continuous flow diffusion chambers at supersaturations near 1 percent indicated that the volume used produced CCN concentrations well within the range of CCN concentrations determined at the workshop. This agreement is interpreted to mean the sample volume was correct. Direct measurements of the beam geometry done in the laboratory indicated a factor of 4-5 error. This error is apparently due to the larger apparent visible beam diameter versus the actual usable beam diameter given the droplet illumination, chamber optical geometry, microscope optics and film characteristics.

Description: The prototype regional observation and forecast system (PROFS) outputs are demonstrated, functional design specifications to be used to procure and implement operational systems are outlined. Advanced candidate technologies are evaluated as an integral part of the process that leads to these outputs. Evaluation insures that future weather service systems will contain the optimum mix of technologies to be most cost effective in reducing the annual losses and deaths that are directly attributed to severe weather.

Description: The icing environment at altitudes below 10,000 feet were studied. The following questions are asked, are: (1) existing aircraft certification criteria applicable; (2) too stringent on icing for helos; (3) based on accurate data; (4) appropriate for low (10,000 ft) altitudes? The research plan is outlined: review historical icing data, obtain new measurements, collect modern icing data from other groups, and recommend LWC, OAT, and MVD criteria for helicopters. Estimated accuracies and known sources of error are included. It is concluded that the net effect of possible sources of error of both signs is uncertain.

Description: Severe weather impact on both safety and the economics of all types of aviation, and reduction of elimination are discussed. The functions and responsibilities of the dispatcher are outlined. All surface weather reports showing inclement weather, SIGMET REPORTS, forecasting turbulence or icing, convective SIGMETS: (1) tornadoes; (2) hail 3/4 of an inch or greater; (3) imbedded thunderstorms; (4) squall lines or (5) an area of level four or greater thunderstorms. This information along with PIREPs of severe weather are relayed to affected flights. It is concluded that operational procedures must be timely and well conceived to assure the least amount of impact on airline operations.

Description: Weather simulation as it is currently implemented and some suggestions and questions considered in future simulator developments are described. Flight simulators represent weather in a considerably broader sense and with an almost limitless capability for future expansion. Realistic weather is important in pilot training simulators. It offers promising opportunity to provide training because it permits an element of environmental control not available in the real world.

Description: The basic parameters of random noise and vibration are described, and typical environments for the launch phase and orbital operations are presented. For the latter, both acoustically induced and structure-borne, thruster-included vibration are addressed, using data obtained during the Skylab and Titan programs.