ALBERT

Description: Males of Eledone cirrhosa grow to a size little over 600 g and normally have well-developed, and presumably active, reproductive organs from about 200 g upwards. Total weight of the genital bag is well correlated with total body weight (r= 0·906). Growth of the testis precedes that of the spermatophoric sac, and the size of neither of these reproductive components is predictable from body weight. The sizes of these organs and the estimated number and length of stored spermatophores are given for 100 g intervals of total body weight. No evidence was obtained for a seasonal trend in male maturity.

Description: Sonic transmitters coupled to depth-sensitive strain gauges and attached to shells of Nautilus belauensis in Palau, Western Caroline Islands, established net vertical movement between 85 and 467 m, and lateral movement of about 3km over a period of 7 days and nights. Generally, the animals were found in deep water during daytime and moved to shallower water at night.

Description: We present chemical data on magmatically heterogeneous pyroclastic deposits of late Quaternary age erupted from zoned magma systems underlying Tenerife (Canary Islands), Sao Miguel and Faial (Azores), and Vesuvius. The most fractionated magmas present at each centre are respectively Na-rich phonolite, trachyte, and K-rich phonolite. Within any one deposit, chemical variation is either accompanied by changes in the phenocryst assemblage (petrographic zonation) or is largely manifested in trace element abundances, unaccompanied by any petrographic change (occult zonation). Zoning is analogous to that in calc-alkaline systems where the most fractionated products are high-silica rhyolites. When a range of magma types are considered, a correlation emerges between roofward depletion of trace elements (especially REE) in the zoned system and compatability of those same trace elements in the accessory phenocryst phases present. Thus, allanite- or chevkinite-bearing rhyolitic systems are light-REE depleted roofwards, the sphene-bearing Tenerife system is middle-REE depleted roofwards, the melanite-bearing Vesuvius system is heavy-REE depleted roofwards, while the Azores systems, which lack these phases, display roofward REE enrichment. Therefore, the behaviour of trace elements may in each case be explained by fractionation of observed phenocryst assemblages. The resemblance between features of zoned magma systems and published work on the dynamic consequences of cooling saturated aqueous solutions prompts us to suggest that sidewall crystallization and consequent boundary-layer uprise to form a capping layer at top of the system may be a plausible mechanism for the generation of both petrographic and occult zonation. Reverse zoning occurs among the first-erupted tephra of some deposits, demonstrating that the most highly differentiated magma available is not always the first to be tapped during an eruption from a zoned system.

Description: The widespread occurrence of organic-carbon-rich strata (‘black shales’) in certain portions of Jurassic, Cretaceous and Cenozoic sequences has been well-documented from Deep Sea Drilling Project sites in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and from sequences, now exposed on land, originally deposited in the Tethyan ocean. These ancient black shales usually have been explained by analogy with examples of modern deep-sea sediments in which organic matter locally is preserved by (1) increasing the supply of organic matter, (2) increasing the rate of sedimentation, and/or (3) decreasing the oxygen content of the bottom water. However, detailed examination of many black shales reveals characteristics that cannot be explained by simple local models, including: their approximate coincidence in time globally; their occurrence in a variety of different environments, including open oxygenated oceans, restricted basins, deep and shallow water; their interbedding with organic-carbonpoor strata which often dominate a so-called black shale sequence; their deposition by pelagic, hemipelagic, turbiditic and other processes; and the variations in type and amount of organic matter that occur even within the same sequence. A more complex model for the origin of black shales therefore appears most appropriate, in which the cyclic preservation of organic matter depends on the interplay of the three main variables, namely supply of organic matter, sedimentation rate, and deep-water oxygenation, each of which varies independently to some extent. The variation and relative importance of these parameters in individual basins and widespread black shale deposition in general are linked globally and temporally by changes in global sea-level, climate and related changes in oceanic circulation. An important and often overlooked factor for the supply of organic matter to deep-basin sediments is the frequency and magnitude of redepositional processes. The interplay of these variables is discussed in relation to the middle Cretaceous and Cenozoic organic-carbon-rich strata, in particular, which show marked differences in the relative importance of the different variables.

Description: Female Eledone cirrhosa held in aquarium conditions for periods of time of five daysand over show relatively enlarged ovary sizes. Values for ovary index considerably exceed thoseof freshly caught animals and the incidence of the final stage of maturity, in which eggs pack the oviducts, is greater. A comparison of maturity indices for fresh and aquarium males was inconclusive. The range of factors associated with aquarium conditions is briefly reviewed and it is concluded that studies of cephalopod reproductive maturation must distinguish fresh and aquarium animals. Introduction External factors effective in inducing sexual maturation in cephalopods have been suggested several times. The influence of the absence of light has been implicated since the experiments of Wells & Wells (1959) showed that blinded Octopus vulgar is matured precociously. An effect of short day length in stimulating the optic glands of Sepia has been found by Defretin & Richard (1967) and Richard (1967) but this is not clearly the case for Octopus (Buckley, 1977). Octopuses kept in aquarium conditions for lengthy periods are said to have larger relative gonad sizes than those fresh from the sea (Wells & Wells, 1975). One of the factors associated with aquarium conditions is often a degree of starvation, and this circumstance alone is held to be a factor in inducing precocious sexual maturation in Eledone (Mangold & Boucher-Rodoni, 1973). In the course of recent studies on the growth and reproduction of Eledone cirrhosa from the North Sea (Boyle & Knobloch, 1982,1983,1984) animals which had remained in aquarium conditions for 5 days or over were separated from the analysis.

Description: Harpoon-like setae from the polychaete scale-worm, Hermione hystrix, were found embedded deeply in the brain of Octopus vulgaris. The setae had passed across the cuticular lining and muscles of the oesophagus before entering the surrounding soft nervous tissues. Further investigation showed that Octopus will eat Hermione, confirming other reports that polychaetes form part of the diet of octopods.

Description: The well-known caldera of Thira (Santorini), Greece, was not formed during a single eruption but is composed of two overlapping calderas superimposed upon a complex volcanic field that developed along a NE trending line of vents. Before the Minoan eruption of 1400 B.C., Thira consisted of three Java shields in the northern half of the island and a flooded depression surrounded by tuff deposits in the southern half. Andesitic lavas formed the overlapping shields of the north and were contemporaneous with and, in many places, interbedded with the southern tuff deposits. Although there appears to be little difference between the composition of magmas erupted, differences in eruption style indicate that most of the activity in the northern half of the volcanic field was subaerial, producing lava flows, whereas in the south, eruptions within a flooded depression produced a sequence of mostly phreatomagmatic tuffs. Many of these tuffs are plastered onto the walls of what appears to have been an older caldera, most probably associated with an eruption of rhyodacitic tephra 100,000 years ago. The Minoan eruption of about 1400 B.C. had four distinct phases, each reflecting a different vent geometry and eruption mechanism. The Minoan activity was preceded by minor eruptions of fine ash. (1) The eruption began with a Plinian phase, from subaerial vent(s) located on the easternmost of the lava shields. (2) Vent(s) grew toward the SW into the flooded depression. Subsequent activity deposited large-scale base surge deposits during vent widening by phreatomagmatic activity. (3) The third eruptive phase was also phreatomagmatic and produced 60% of the volume of the Minoan Tuff. This activity was nearly continuous and formed a large featureless tuff ring with poorly defined bedding. This deposit contains 5–40% lithic fragments that are typical of the westernmost lava shield and appears to have been erupted when caldera collapse began. (4) The last phase consisted of eruption of ignimbrites from vent(s) on the eastern shield, not yet involved in collapse. Collapse continued after eruption of the ignimbrites with foundering of the eastern half of the caldera. Total volume of the collapse was about 19 km3, overlapping the older caldera to form the caldera complex visible today. Intracaldera eruptions have formed the Kameni Islands along linear vents concomitant with vents that may have been sources for the Minoan Tuff.

Description: A new species of a monogenean Isancistrum subulatae (Gyrodactylidae) has been discovered on the arms and tentacles of the cephalopod mollusc Alloteuthis subulata at Plymouth and I. loliginis, on the gills of the same host, has been re-discovered for the first time since its original description in 1912. I. subulatae, like other gyrodactylids, is viviparous, and has been shown by experiments to transfer to new hosts by contagion. In nature such transfers probably take place during copulation of the hosts and since the parasite may occur in numbers of several thousands per host, it may thereby constitute a venereal disease.

Description: A program of geophysical research was carried out as a preliminary stage of study of the Santorini volcanic group. This area is of remarkable geothermal and volcanological interest, and the definition of a volcanological structural model is the starting point for an understanding of the local geodynamic processes. Gravity, magnetic and geoelectrical data proved that: (i) the core of the volcanic edifice consists of a sedimentary-metamorphic basement; (ii) the basement is tectonically disturbed and a linear tectonic system produces a graben-type structure in the middle part of the area.

Description: Die Probleme, die bei Speciesuntersuchungen von Spurenelementen mit Hilfe der Differentialpuls Anodic Stripping Voltammetrie auftreten, werden zu-sammenfassend dargestellt. Neben den bei der eigentlichen Bestimmung auftretenden Problemen, werden auch solche erwähnt, die mit der Probennahme sowie der Lagerung und Vorbehandlung der Proben in Zusammenhang stehen.

Description: 1. PCBs were administered to juvenile soles (Solea solea) with food. Homogenates of gut, liver, brain, dark skin, muscle and gills were analysed for their contents of individual PCB components. The relative contributions of individual components to total PCB were virtually indentical in the various organs sampled at the same day in a 275-day period. 2. During the experiment concentrations on a (pentane-extractable) lipid basis of most PCB components declined in all organs regardless of lipid metabolism. The results suggest that PCB patterns in organs are determined by equilibrium partitioning. So components remained mobilizable from organs whose lipid contents increased. This is in contrast with the idea that PCBs are taken up and stored in lipids under circumstances of increasing lipid content in organs. 3. The plateau-values of the steady-states of lipid based concentrations of PCB components decreased in all organs. This might have been due to changes in lipid contents or lipid composition in some organs.

Description: Study of Nautilus belauensis i its natural habitat in Palau, West Caroline Islands, shows that growth is slow (0.1 millimeter of shell per day on the average) and decreases as maturity is approached and that individuals may live at least 4 years beyond maturity. Age estimates for seven animals marked and recaptured between 45 and 355 days after release range from 14.5 to 17.2 years. These data indicate that the life-span of Nautilus may exceed 20 years and that its life strategy is very different from that of other living cephalopods.

Description: The islands of Ios and Naxos in the Cycladic archipelago, Greece, contain elongate domes over which a pervasive north- to north-northeast–stretching lineation is warped. These islands may be metamorphic core complexes of Cordilleran type, involving middle-crustal rocks drawn upward and outward from underneath the sedimentary basins now 100 km to the south. From ca. 25 Ma onward, during uplift, the crystalline rocks now exposed on the islands were deformed noncoaxially in the deeper levels of a major shallow-dipping ductile shear zone. This shear zone may have connected with low-angle normal faults in its upper levels, because it is probable that its later history involved the metamorphic complexes being dragged out from under a stretching and fracturing upper plate composed mainly of unmetamorphosed sedimentary and ophiolite suite rocks. This model can be extended to explain the exhumation of the high-pressure–low-temperature metamorphic rocks on Crete, which, with the Cyclades, forms a distended paired metamorphic belt separated by an active sedimentary basin.

Description: On the fluoride budget of euphausiids. Investigations on Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars) and Euphausia superba Dana various aspects of the fluoride occurrence in euphausiids were chiefly examined in maintenance experiments: Fluoride uptake, release, toxicity, accumulation, dynamics during the mault cycle and function. Krill takes up dissolved fluoride quantitatively from seawater. A potential uptake via food can be neglected as a model calculation shows. The fluoride uptake was quantified for norvegica by F- analysis of experimental water. Fluoride was released rapidly from dissected cuticle and exuviae, respectively (70% and 50% of the initial value in the course of 4 hours, resp.). In dead individuals, however, the F- release was strongly delayed (40% in the course of 4 hours). The loss of the organic portion in any case proceeded more slowly and therefore reveals no direct connection with the F- liberation. The possible chemical binding in the cuticle is discussed. A raised amount of fluoride in the experimental tanks from 5 mg/1 up caused significant mortality. Dependent on the exposure time an additional fluoride accumulation took place which more than doubled the normal F- values of the carapace. More than 99% of the total fluoride in an individual is bound in the cuticle, as a balance estimation shows. The p- content of the cuticle only changes for a short period directly before (F- decrease) and after exuviation, during the synthesis of the new shell F- increase), and otherwise remains constant. Maintenance for several weeks in fluoride-free artificial seawater did not affect survival rates of experimental animals as compared to controls. Accordingly, fluoride appears not to have a vital function for krill. It is hypothesized that the significance of fluoride for euphausiids is its functional property as a structural element of a common type of skeletal construction in marine invertebrates to which high contents of phosphate and protein are characteristic.

Description: The exchange of inorganic nutrients; ammonium, nitrate and reactive phosphate between burrows of the infaunal polychaete Nereis virens Sars and the overlying water was assessed using V-shaped sediment cores. Exchange was determined by monitoring ventilation current and nutrient concentration of in- and excurrent water. Ammonium supply appeared independent of overlying water concentrations, showing a constant release of 0.5 μmol·h−1 (for a 2-g individual + burrow system) at concentrations from 2 to 87 μM. Of this release ≈40% originated from worm excretion, and the rest from microbial mineralization. Nitrate and phosphate exchange appeared very sensitive to overlying water concentrations, having equilibrium (zero flux) at 10–15 and 3 μM, respectively. Below these concentrations nitrate showed a slight release (due to nitrification), whereas phosphate was released at a rate of 3.2 × 10−2 μmol·h−1 at 1 μM (mineralization and desorption). Above equilibrium they both were removed during water passage through worm burrows, reaching 0.4 μmol·h−1 for nitrate at 107 μM (nitrate reduction) and 3.7 × 10−2 μmol·h−1 for phosphate at 5.6 μM (adsorption processes). The burrow system apparently acted as a buffer for phosphate and, to some degree, nitrate in the overlying water. At the study site (Norsminde Fjord estuary) nereid burrows were estimated to increase the sediment-water interface 150%. About 17% of the water column was cycled through the sediment by Nereis each day. The worm + burrow system was estimated to release 95 μmol· m−2·h−1 ammonium to the overlying water, which was ≈76–90% of the total release of ammonium from the sediment (30–36% was worm excretion).

Description: Isopach asymmetry, and sediment component changes in DSDP cores from the SE Atlantic (Orange Basin) support the hypothesis of major drainage system changes in SW Africa during late Cretaceous—Cenozoic time. This involved alternations in the use of the 28°S (modern Orange River) and 31°S (modern Olifants River) exit points across the western escarpment by rivers carrying run-off from the Upper Orange/Vaal catchment areas, as well as radical re-organizations of internal drainage geometry. It is postulated that during late Cretaceous times the 28°S exit was used, with the Middle Orange River following a course in the interior well to the south (up to 150 km) of its modern channel. Sediment discharge rates from this river were relatively high (at least 10 × 106 m3 yr−1), and resulted in rapid advancement of the continental margin sediment prism west of the mouth by large-scale slumping. The Palaeogene Orange/Vaal river exit was via the 31°S escarpment crossing, and during the later part of this period, the Cape Canyon was cut across the continental shelf and slope. A significant reduction in sediment discharge (to 2.0 × 106 m3 yr−1) suggests that the Lower Tertiary climate for SW Africa was drier than that of late Cretaceous times. However, aridity did not commence until late Miocene times, when the Orange/Vaal discharge had switched back to the 28°S exit. Modern sediment discharge rates (6.5 × 106 m3 yr−1) are relatively high and reflect soil erosion caused by agricultural activity. The two major alterations in exit point of the Orange/Vaal (late Cretaceous—early Tertiary, and late Oligocene—early Miocene) are related to periods of low sea level, which promoted river capture adjacent to the western escarpment. An additional factor in the first course change may have been the disruption of the Middle Orange channel by late Cretaceous igneous intrusions. Less important internal reorganizations of the drainage system are postulated in late Miocene—Pleistocene times. Economic implications for offshore diamond distribution are briefly mentioned.

Description: Geostrophic transports in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic computed from historic hydrographic data and recent CTD measurements show a mean transport in the subtropical gyre of 11 ± 1.5 × 106 m3 s–1 in the upper 1000 m between 35W and the African coast. The dynamic method was used in conjunction with a conservation of mass scheme (Fiadeiro and Veronis, 1982) to determine the level of no motion. This level lies in the 1200 m depth near the Azores and drops to 1500 m in the tropics. The main inflow enters south of the Azores as a relatively narrow current, turns southward at the latitude of Madeira and then widens. Three current bands transport the water southward. North of the Cape Verde Islands, the current turns westward. This part of the North Equatorial Current extends more to the south in the upper 200 m than in the 200–800 m layer. The Portugal current, between the Azores and the Portuguese coast, which is thought by some to be strong, is seen here as a relatively weak flow. Maps of potential vorticity derived from smoothed density profiles are consistent with the general pattern of geostrophic transport.

Description: Reovirus 3 in the presence of foetal bovine serum was exposed to six disinfectants for times of 10, 20 and 30 sec. At the end of such exposure times the addition of skim milk terminated disinfectant activity, and residual virus was assayed using the plaque technique. The six disinfectants considered were Javex (a sodium hypochlorite disinfectant), sodium hydroxide, ethanol, Wescodyne, One Stroke Ves-Phene, and Sonacide. Ethanol (95% v/v) and 1/75 Javex (800 ppm chlorine) were the most effective virucides. Both of these agents inactivated 10(5) plaque forming units (PFU) in 30 sec. Undiluted Sonacide, 0.25% (w/v) sodium hydroxide and 1/200 Wescodyne each inactivated between 10(2) and 10(3) PFU in 30 sec. Javex at a dilution of 1/100 (600 ppm chlorine) was next in effectiveness, inactivating 10(1.5) PFU in 30 sec and was more effective than 1/50 Ves-Phene which inactivated 10(1) PFU in 30 sec. Ethanol in 70% (v/v) solution was totally ineffective in inactivating reovirus 3. Ethanol (95% v/v) after dilution in the test system was 76% (v/v) and ethanol (70% v/v) was really 56% (v/v) The effectiveness of six disinfectants in inactivation of reovirus 3.. Available from: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/16667970_The_effectiveness_of_six_disinfectants_in_inactivation_of_reovirus_3 [accessed Oct 6, 2015].

Description: A number of moderately halophilic bacteria of diverse taxonomic groups have been studied to determine the intracellular concentrations of organic compounds at various salt concentrations. Betaine was accumulated in all of these organisms in proportion to the salinity of the medium, suggesting that this compound plays a major role in osmoregulation.

Description: A new purple nonsulfur bacterium was isolated from enrichment cultures of a sulfide-containing marine lagoon. The bacterium is similar to Rhodopseudomonas capsulata and is described as a new species of the genus Rhodopseudomonas: Rhodopseudomonas adriatica. Cells are non-motile, 0.5–0.8 μm by 1.3–1.8 μm, and multiply by binary fission. Intracytoplasmic membranes are of the vesicular type. The photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the spheroidene group. Growth is possible anaerobically in the light and at low pO2 in the dark. Biotin and thiamine are required as growth factors. A wide variety of organic compounds, as well as sulfide and thiosulfate, are used as photosynthetic electron donors. Sulfide is oxidized to elemental sulfur, which is subsequently converted to sulfate, whereas thiosulfate oxidation occurs without measurable intermediate. Rhodopseudomonas adriatica is unable to assimilate sulfate, growth is only possible in the presence of a reduced sulfur compound.

Description: Seven strains of five species of the genus Ectothiorhodospira were characterized by oligonucleotide cataloguing of their 16S rRNA in order to determine the phylogenetic relationship to one another and to other phototrophic purple bacteria. All representatives of Ectothiorhodospira are members of that line of descent defined by phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria and relatives, showing a moderate relationship to those phototrophic organisms forming globules of elemental sulfur inside the cell (Chromatium and relatives). The 5 Ectothiorhodospira species fall into two subgroups. E.halophila, E. halochloris and E. abdelmalekii form one, E. mobilis, E. shaposhnikovii and the unnamed strain BN 9906 form the second subgroup. Within the two subgroups the strains are closely related, while the degree of relatedness found between members of the two subgroups is more distant.

Description: Radiative transfer modelling for a coupled ocean-atmosphere system near 685 nm indicates a sufficiently high fluorescence signal of the chlorophyll a transmitted to the top of the atmosphere. However, only the shortwave half is seen at the top of the atmosphere, the longwave half is fully masked by atmospheric oxygen and water vapour absorption. The impact of atmospheric aerosol extinction on the signal transmission is almost negligible. The Hα line of the sun, atmospheric water vapour absorption, and chlorophyll absorption near 670 nm influence radiative transfer in the shortwave tail of the fluorescence line making the search for a baseline in order to eliminate the background radiation a difficult task.

Description: Das Vorhaben EUGENO-S umfaßt ein kombiniertes See-Land-Programm zur Erkundung der Übergangszone zwischen dem skandinavischen Schild und dem mitteleuropäischen Festland. Diese übergangszone, auch Thornquist-Linie genannt, ist im Bereich des Kattegats, des Skagerraks und in Nordjütland in ihrer Struktur noch wenig bekannt. Sie erfaßt in ihrer Tiefe die gesamte Erdkruste und dürfte auch den oberen Erdmantel erreichen. Die geplanten Untersuchungen werden mit tiefenseismischen Methoden durchgeführt. Dazu werden an Profilen, die mit etwa 50 seismischen Stationen gleichzeitig besetzt sind, Sprengungen mit Ladungen von etwa 1 to Sprengstoff abgetan und die Wellenausbreitung im Untergrund beobachtet. Zur Überbrückung der Seegebiete (Skagerrak, Kattegat, Nordsee, Vänern-See) werden Luftpulser-Schüsse abgetan und sowohl auf See mit reflexionsseismischen Verfahren und gleichzeitig an Land mit refraktionsseismischen Verfahren aufgenommen. Zur Verdichtung des Profilnetzes werden auch Ozeanboden-Seismometer ausgesetzt, die in der Lage sind, während mehrerer Tage automatisch zu arbeiten. Im Rahmen des Gesamtvorhabens besteht die Aufgabe von RS "Poseidon" darin, die Luftpulser-Schüsse und die reflexionsseismischen Messungen und den Einsatz der Ozeanboden-Seismometer durchzuführen.

Description: Die Reise der Abt. Meereschernie war mit dem Hauptziel unternommen worden, einen Einblick in den Vertikaltransport von partikulär gebundenen Spurenmetallen und anderer chemischer Verbindungen in der Wassersäule des Bornholmbeckens zu erhalten. Sie sollte u.a. zur Beantwortung folgender Fragen beitragen : 1) Mit welcher Geschwindigkeit verläuft der Transport partikulär gebundener Spurenmetalle zwischen Oberfläche und Sediment? und 2) Woran sind ~ die Elemente gebunden bzw. wie groß sind die chemischen Veränderungen der Partikel auf ihrem Weg durch die Wassersäule?

Description: Der dritte und letzte Abschnitt der "Poseidon"-Reise 111 fand, wie die ersten beiden Abschnitte, im Nordatlantik statt. Es wurden Schnitte mit dem "Sea-Rover-System" zwischen den Azoren, Neufundland und den Britischen Inseln gefahren, siehe Abbildung 1.1 und Tabelle 1. Während dieser Reise wurden mittels des Schleppfisches Temperatur, Salzgehalt, die abwärtsgerichte Strahlung und auch die Fluoreszenz gemessen. Strömungen an der Oberfläche und in der Tiefe wurden mit dem EM-Log und mit dem Doppler-Stromprofiler gemessen. Es war ursprünglich geplant, den Schnitt von St. John' s nach Europa über OWS 'L' und Fair Isle zu führen. Da aber das Wetter in diesem Gebiet sich sehr verschlechterte, mußte der Schnitt über 25°W, 49° N und Scilly gefahren werden.

Description: Die Reise diente der Untersuchung des Azorenstromes in Zusammenarbeit mit dem estnischen Forschungsschiff "Arnold Veimer".

Description: A geochemical rock- and soil-sampling program was carried out in the vicinity of eight concealed “Cyprus type” deposits, occurring in marginal mafic to intermediate metapillow lavas of the Troodos Ophiolite Complex. The mineralization of massive and stockwork sulfide ore is characterized by the predominance of pyrite, intergrown with less chalcopyrite and minor amounts of sphalerite. Background values of Hg are in the range of 8–12 ppb for soils and 3–6 ppb for surface rocks. Anomaly/background ratios of 10:1 (soils) and 5:1 (rocks) have been found only, where Hg migrated along channels formed by faults cutting shallow-seated mineralization. Here, Hg sometimes shows significant correlations with Cu, Zn, Ba and exceptionally with Co. However in one case an Hg anomaly in soils and surface rocks was detected directly over a deposit. The use of Hg as indicator element for these types of deposits is therefore limited. Buried mineralization may be delineated more distinctly by Cu, Zn and Ba.

Description: Illex illecebrosus squid appear to have a species‐typical and internally organized spatial arrangement of their groups. Squid maintained an average angle of 25° with respect to their nearest neighbour, and mostly had angular deviations between 5° and 20°. They maintained distances to nearest, second and third neighbours in a ratio of 1:1.5:2. The distances were strongly affected by group size (4, 20, or 38), with larger groups maintaining closer distances. Interindividual distances were not affected by two variables, day‐night and presence of a current in the large pool in which they were kept. The similarity of this organization to that of fish schools is discussed.

Description: The method of path analysis is applied to data on the biology of the short-finned squid (Illex illecebrosus) from the Scotian Shelf. The variables considered in the analysis are catch, size, maturity, feeding, temperature and month. Four hypothesized causal models of the interrelationships of thesevariables are presented. Tamperature and month are shown to have a direct effect on catch-per-day as a measure of abundance, but they also have indirect effects through their action on the othervariables. The method of path analysis provides a framework forexplicitly examining hypotheses with respect to available data. More widespread application of the method to fisheries data seems warranted.

Description: Although European boreal shores are inhabited by only a relatively small number of oligochaete species, the life histories and reproductive strategies of these species vary considerably. Growth in naidid populations mainly depends on asexual reproduction (paratomy, fragmentation) within a short period of individual life spans, whereas sexual outbreeding plays only a minor role. Naidid populations are characterized by considerable fluctuations of abundance. Aquatic and mesopsammic tubificids represent a ‘conservative’ type of sexual reproduction within well defined breeding periods. Population structure is fairly stable. Enchytraeids show a variety of improvements of the sexual outbreeding scheme which lead to an amazing plasticity. Other forms of reproduction such as parthenogenesis and fragmentation seem to be of greater importance in enchytraeids. The flexible adaptability of development and reproductive capacity in naidids and enchytraeids is mainly controlled by habitat conditions and population size. A complete review of the biology and ecology of marine Oligochaeta is published in: Giere, O. & O. Pfannkuche, 1982. Oceanogr. mar. Biol. ann. Rev. 20: 173–308.

Description: Solar heating is an important factor in modelling the upper boundary layer of the ocean. It influences not only the temperature, but also the depth of the mixed layer and must be taken into account in circulation dynamics. The study reported in this paper was designed to reveal the principal features of the global climatology of solar heating in the ocean, with such applications in mind. The meridional, seasonal and diurnal variations of the vertical distribution of solar heating inside the ocean, expressed in terms of I(z), the rate of heat accumulation below depth z, and †(z) = (1/c). dzI(z), the rate of temperature rise, are calculated for given values of cloud cover and seawater turbidity (expressed in terms of Jerlov's water types) using a model that incorporates a new parametrization of I(z)/I(0), which is shown to be more accurate than previous versions. At present there exist no reliable global climatologies of cloud cover and seawater turbidity, so the values of the corresponding parameters are held constant in each computation, which is then repeated using parameter sets covering the full ranges from clear to overcast sky, clear to turbid ocean water. It is found that uncertainty in cloud cover is more important in the mixed layer, and uncertainty in seawater turbidity is more important below. The results presented in this paper are mainly concerned with solar heating below the mixed layer. It is calculated that the annual temperature rise can exceed 1 K and the annual heat accumulation can exceed 100 MJ/m2 below the mixed layer in the tropics. At higher latitudes solar heating produces similar heating rates in summer, but the stored heat is extracted locally in winter when the mixed layer depth exceeds the maximum depth of solar heating, defined here by a daily temperature rise of 1 mK or a heat flux of 86.4 KJ/m2d (=1 W/m2). The sensitivity of the seasonal and meridional variations of the maximum depth of solar heating to cloud cover and seawater turbidity is investigated. The actual change of temperature due to solar heating in the seasonal thermocline at Ocean Weather Station ‘C’ is calculated using Bunker's monthly mean cloud cover and Jerlov's seawater turbidity. Extension of such calculations to the whole of the World Ocean must await the publication of global climatologies of cloud cover and seawater turbidity, which are expected to be derived from satellite observations during the next decade. A solar heating climatology is a prerequisite for computation of the thermal response of the ocean to CO2 pollution of the atmosphere. The implications of the results obtained from the present study are discussed. An early rise in tropical sea surface temperature seems likely, but exact prediction will be hindered by uncertainty in the turbidity of the tropical ocean.

Description: A suite of mylonites rich in white mica, taken from the Betic Movement Zone (Sierra Alhamilla, Spain) shows progressive grain refinement involving a two-stage recrystallization history. Stage one is isochemical and possibly works by nucleation and growth of new crystals at sites of fracture and dilatancy. Stage two is nonisochemical and may be driven by differences in strain energy and chemical free energy between the two phases. Deformation is probably governed by brittle fracture and diffusional mass transfer along grain boundaries and cracks. The two stages of recrystallization are thought to represent a single progressive episode of deformation under changing metamorphic conditions.

Description: Competition experiments with phytoplankton under steady state conditions have largely verified the competitive exclusion principle. Coexistence of species limited by different resources contributes little to the explanation of the natural diversity of phytoplankton. It is shown by multispecies experiments in flow-through cultures that pulsed input of a key nutrient allows the coexistence of species competing for the same resource.

Description: Ceratium hirundinella cells in Lake Constance divided during the second half of the night. Growth rates are calculated from the fraction of cells undergoing cell division. Potential growth rates are compared with observed changes in population density. The discrepancy between both is discussed as a possible function of fungal parasitism.

Description: The inadequacies of population data in the determination of squid life history models is discussed. A close, functional comparison is noted for myopsids (Loligo pealei in particular) and the sepiolid squids. Though the latter are small andstrictly nekto-benthic, they are capable of laboratory cultivation and provide excellent models for experimentation. It is now possible to test the physiologicalchanges which support the seasonality of Mesnil's model and to examine the roleof elective spawnin (as proposed here) and social interactions. A qualitative myopsid-sepiolid life cycle summary is presented to illustrate present ecological knowledge on this subject. The subject is briefly discussed in terms of squid fishery management in general.

Description: The general relationship between the ecology of cephalopods and their environments is briefly reviewed from available information on the fisheries, biology and physical environments of various species which constitute the major cephalopods resources of the world's oceans. The relationship is further examined by reviewing the features of two large-scale oceanographic systems and a relatively small-scale system. The large-scale systems are the Kuroshio Current in the Northwest Pacific relative to the ecology of Todarodes pacificus and the Gulf Stream in the Northwest Atlantic relative to the ecology of IIlex illecebrosus. Similar biological characteristics of both ommastrephid squids are found in relation to the dynamics of both ocean currents. However, differences in the oceanographic regimes of both regions seem to account for the differences that are known to exist in the structure of the squid populations in the regions. The small-scale system is the California Current in the Northeast Pacific relative to the ecology of Loligo opalescens, for which association between life-history features and the physical oceanographic regime can also be identified. Comparison of the Kuroshio Current and the Gulf Stream systems are considered to be important in clarifying incomplete aspects of the life cycle of I. illecebrosus in the Northwest Atlantic.

Description: Two species of arrow squid (Nototodarus sp.) were sampled with bottom trawl during nine research surveys along the north and east coast of South Island, New Zealand, from January 1982 to March 1983. There was minimal overlap between the two species. Species 1 was associated with subtropical water along the north coast (Tasman Bay) of South Island and Species 2 with the Subtropical Convergence Zone and subantarctic water along the east coast. Catches of Species 2 varied markedly with geographic location, depth (from 50 to 500 m) and sampling period, but were consistently lowest in January of both years. Differences in the size composition of Species 2 with depth were associated with differences in the relative abundance of juveniles. Juveniles of Species 2 were most abundant at 50 and 100 m and were rare or absent at 30 and 500 m. Size distributions of males and females of both species were generally similar for each depth and sampling period. Modal sizes (dorsal mantle length) of Species 1 indicated growth rates of 3.0-4.5 cm per month for three cohorts which were separated by about 6 months. Spawning of Species 1 probably occurs around November and April of each year, and maximal size (about 40 cm) is attained in about 1 year. Size distributions of Species 2, were polymodal and did not give clear indications of growth or spawning period. This may be due to a mixture of several subpopulations of Species 2 along the east coast of South Island, differing in age structure, spawning period and growth rate.

Description: Feeding studies of short-finned (Illex illecebrosus) andlong-finned (Loligo pealei) squids were conducted during the May to November period of 1976 on the Nova Scotian shelf, on Georges Bank and in adjacent waters. The analysis of 2 604 sp. Of Illex and 578 sp. of Loligo, showed that the food composition of both species was predominated by fish and squids. Cannibalism was more typical of short-finned squids and the fish were a prevalent food items in the long-finned squids' diet. In all areas and at all depths, coefficients of stomach fullness for larger short-finned squids were 1.5-2 times higher than for smaller specimens, although the feeding intensity of both groups was low. The feeding intensity of immature long-finned squids was higher than that of mature specimens.

Description: In years of high abundance, the short-finned squid (Illex illecebrosus) was a common prey of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in summer and autumn in both inshore and offshore waters of eastern Newfoundland and in the eastern and northern Gulf of St. Lawrence.The frequency of occurrence of squid in cod stomachs and the number of squid per stomach increased with cod length. The intensity of predation by cod on squid was low compared with peak predation on capelin (Mallotus villosus) and sand lance (Ammodytes sp.). Nevertheless, the annual immigration of squid in years of high abundance provided an increase in total food availability, especially for large cod.

Description: The life cycle of the short fin squids of the North-west Atlantic, ranging in the area from the Florida Peninsula to Labrador as a single population (Romero and Amaratunga, 1981; Froerman, 1983; Froerman, Dubinina, 1984), was studied. The data on the distribution and biological parameters of the population in different ontogenetic stages was collected du-ring the 1966 to 1983 period. Information on the distribution and biology of the short fin squids inhabiting the areas south of Cape Hatteras and north of Banquerreau Bank was mainly adopted from the literary sources.

Description: Oogenesis and the development of the reproductive organs in Illex illecebrosus females was studied. The sample analyses were obtained from the area between Cape Hatteras and the Grand Bank in 1966-1983. To investigate the oogenesis, 10 gonads were taken from the females with the mantle length of 15-30 cm at allmaturity stages (except spawning). Approximately 2,000 specimens were studied to obtain knowledge of thedevelopment of the reproductive system organs during the ontogenesis. More than 50,000 females were sampled to analyse the maturation dynamics and the distribution during their life cycle. Data on the spawning andspent females were obtained for Illex argentinus.

Description: The Illex larvae inhabit the epipelagial of the shelf waters, the continental slope and the Gulf Stream where the temperature and salinity range from 11.2 to 20.10°C and from 34.50 to 36.56%, respectively. The largest recorded aggregations were in the continental slope area of the Mid Atlantic Bight (MAB) between 35° and 38°N, and in the northern periphery of the Gulf Stream to 65°w. Illex illecebrosus spawn in the pelagial of the continentalslope between. the Florida Peninsula and 40°N. The spawning periodextends from September to May, with December-February as peak spawning months. Egg masses found in the spawning ground have a positive bouyancy.

Description: A technique has been developed which improves the accuracy andefficiency of ageing squid over previously described methods. The spatial pattern of growth increments is studied using light andscanning electron microscopy techniques. Daily growth increments in statoliths are validated by employing chemical 'time' markers e.g. strontium and tetracycline, and known-agelaboratory-reared animals. Increment formation is suggested to beintrinsically controlled. Increments begin to form immediately after hatching.

Description: Preliminary estimates were made of quarterly and annual quarterly and annual consumption by Illex and Lollygo in Subareas 5 and 6, for 1979 and 1980. Euphausiids made up a considerable proportion of the diet of both species in the spring offshore. Overall, predation onfish was greater by Loligo and cannibalism was greater by Illex. Consumption estimates varied with feeding intensity and biomass.

Description: Die Lagunenkarbonate des Wettersteinkalks weisen zyklische Sedimentationsmuster riffnaher und rifferner Ablagerungsräume auf. Die Zyklen der riffnahen Lagunensequenzen Setzen sich aus einer dickbankigen Folge von Kalkbänken mit einer dominanten Grapestonefazies und dünnen dolomitischen Zwischenschichten mit vadosen Pisolithkrusten mit einem sehr breiten Spektrum an verschiedensten Gefügen des vadosen Milieus zusammen. Die riffernen Zyklen umfassen mächtige Dasycladaceen-oder Schlickbänke und geringmächtige Zwischenlagen mit Loferiten, Stromatolithen und Peritidalbrekzien. In höheren Profilsequenzen schalten sich zahlreiche syngenetische Karsthorizonte mit einem sehr vielfältigen Strukturinventar ein. Die Verkarstung verursachte entscheidende Veränderungen im Gefüge der Riff-und Lagunenkarbonate des Wettersteinkalks. Epigenetische Dolomitisierungsvorgänge im oberflächennahen und im tief versenkten Karststockwerk scheinen die wichtigsten Prozesse bei den Veränderungen des Gesteinsgefüges der unterschiedlichen Faziesbereiche gewesen zu sein.

Description: The cause of the climatically controlled fluctuations in the carbonate content of deep-sea sediments remains the subject of uncertainty and debate. Three variables are involved: supply of biogenic carbonate, loss by dissolution, and dilution by non-carbonate phases. It is suggested that 230Th, which is produced in the ocean at a constant rate provides a reliable reference for measuring variations in rate of sedimentation on a regional scale. Results of a preliminary analysis based on published data indicate that, for depths at and above the lysocline, the carbonate fluctuations observed in cores from the North Atlantic Ocean are due primarily to variations in the terrigenous clay input, which was 2–5 times higher during glacials than during interglacials. Carbonate deposition appears to have been somewhat reduced during glacials, but probably not by more than a factor of 2. From published 230Th232Th profiles it appears that the South Atlantic Ocean also received increased inputs of terrigenous clay during glacial periods.

Description: A new method of counting growth increments in the statoliths of IIlex illecebrosus is described. The increments were found to increase in number with length of statolith and dorsal mantle length of the squid. However, statolith length was found to vary less than number of increments in individual samples and may prove to be a better indicator of age. The increment-bearing portion of the statolith can be divided into three regions on the basis of increment widths and their variation. These regions reflect different stages of development of the animal. Larval retention of gross morphological characteristics, and changes in growth pattern and configuration of the statolith indicate that the larval condition extends beyond the rhynchoteuthion stage (about 8 mm dorsal mantle length) and may include squid up to 50 mm.

Description: Cephalopods collectcd with micronekton nets in the Subarctic North Pacific are shown to be primarily young stages of the family Gonatidae. Regional and seasonal changes of abundance of cephalopods in the northern North Pacific are discussed. A pattern of low winter abundance with a rapid early summer increase and gradual autumn decrease is evident. Distribution patterns of species in the family Gonatidae show good corrclation with large scale oceanographic features.

Description: All member of the family Gonatidae do not occur uniformly across the Subarctic Pacific; we have here attempted to demonstrate the geographic distribution of each specie and its size clases. Gonatus berryi seems to be limited to the eastern portion of the northern north Pacific and the southernmost Bering Sea (Figs. 4A- C). No individuals were taken further west than 176°E. Adolescent (〉20mm DML) occurred over the entire range, but the larvae (〈10mm DML) occurred only in nearshore waters off the American coast. Post-larval individuals occurred at both limits of the distribution, off the American coast and south of the central Aleutians. This type of distribution suggests a spawning area localized in the California Current.

Description: A method of identifying the beaks and estimating body weight and mantle length of 18 species of cephalopods from the Pacific Ocean is presented. Twenty specimens were selected from each of the following cephalopod species: Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis, Dosidicus gigas, Ommastrephes bartramii, S. luminosa, Todarodes pacificus, Nototodarus hawaiiensis, Ornithoteuthis volalilis, Hyaloteuthis pelagica, Onychoteuthis banksii, Pterygioteuthis giardi, Abraliopsis affinis, A. felis, Liocranchia reinhardti, Leachia danae, Histioteuthis heteropsis, H. dofleini, Gonalus onyx, and Loligo opalescens. Dimensions measured on the upper and lower beak are converted to ratios and compared individually among the species using an analysis of variance procedure with Tukey's omega and Duncan's multiple range tests. Significant differences (P =0.05) observed among the species' beak ratio means and structural characteristics are used to construct artificial keys for the upper and lower beaks of the 18 species. Upper and lower beak dimensions are used as independent variables in a linear regression model with mantle length and body weight (log transformed).

Description: The two quotes above are representative of the controversy concerning the age of Nautilus, the last externally shelled cephalopod. If we accept the first age estimate, we would have to include Nautilus as a living fossil, the end member of a clade that has survived for a long time and undergone little morphologic change.

Description: Isolated compact anticyclonic eddies or salt lenses were found in the Canary Basin. Hydrographic surveys of three such lenses show large anomalies of salinity and temperature (∼0.8, 2.5°C). They are centered at ∼1100 m, have a vertical extent of up to 900 m and radii of ∼50 km. Current meter records indicate anticyclonic velocities up to 29 cm s−1. Fine structure with vertical scales of ∼20 m and less, possibly due to intrusive decay, appears at the outer edges of the lenses whereas the centers are free of such structure. The probability of finding a salt lens at any station in the Canary Basin is fairly high (∼0.08).

Description: DSDP cores from areas of low (Site 505) and high heat flow (Site 504 B) near the Costa Rica Rift, together with seismic profiles from the Panama Basin, have been studied to determine the relationship between: (1) carbonate content and physical and acoustic properties; and (2) carbonate content, carbonate diagenesis and acoustic stratigraphy. Except for ash and chert layers, bulk density correlates strongly and linearly with carbonate content. Velocity is uniform downcore and only small variations at a small scale are measured. Thus an abrupt change in carbonate content will cause abrupt changes in acoustic impedance and should cause reflectors that can be detected acoustically. A comparison of seismic profiler reflection records with physical properties, carbonate content and reflection coefficients indicates that the main reflectors can be identified with ash layers, diagenetic boundaries, and carbonate content variations. Diagenesis of carbonate sediments is present at Site 504 B in a 260 m-thick ooze—chalk—limestone/chert sequence. These diagenetic sequences occur in areas of higher heat flow (200 mW m−2). Seismic profiler records can be used to map the extent and depth of these diagenetic boundaries.

Description: A modified version of yield-per-recruit analysis wasused to estimate potential yields in the Loligo pealei fishery off the northe stern USA. The mode1 accepts monthly values of growth and fishing, spawning and natural mortality rates and assumes two cohorts per year class, as associated with pawning peaks. Two patterns of exploitation were examined by simulatting dominance of the international fishery (offshore, winter fishing coupled with the domestic inshore summer fishing) and the domestic fishery alone through varistion of the monthly pattern of fishing mortalita. Parameter estimates were derived from survey catch per tow and commercial catch data.

Description: The six species of commercially important squid in the Southeastern Fisheries Region, (Loligo pealei, Dorytheuthis plei, Lolliguncula brevis, Illex illecebrosus, I. coindeti and I. oxygonius) show separate seasonal distribution patterns and depth and temperature preferences. With the exception of Lolliguncula brevis, major concentrations are associated with topographic features which cause upwellings, such as the Charleston Bump, and resulting nutrient rich waters or nutrient laden waters around the delta of the Mississippi River. Anecdotal information from surveys and commercial fishermen support the presence of considerable stocks of squid in the Gulf of Mexico and along the Atlantic coasts of Florida and the Carolinas.

Description: Pressure transducers, measuring intra-mantle pressure allowed monitoring of total P-V work associated with swimming and respiration in cannulated and free-swimming squid (Illex illecebrosus).

Description: The species of squid referred to as Loligo brasiliensis Blainville, 1823 by Castellanos and Cazzaniga (1979) is shown to be Loligo sanpaulensis (Brakoniecki, 1984). The name Loligo brasiliensis is shown to be a nomen dubium. Loligo gahi d'Orbigny, 1835 and L. sanpaulensis are redescribed and illustrated. Loligo patagonica Smith, 1881 is shown to be a synonym of L. gahi. Loligo ellipsura Hoyle, 1885 is shown to be a nomen dubium. The distribution and identification of Loligo sanpau/ensis and L. gahi are discussed.