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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-05-12
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Sodankylä geophysical observatory (SGO) has operated in Sodankylä in northern Finland since 1913. SGO was originally founded by the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. Now it takes care of national and international duties studying the space and geoenvironment as an independent research organisation in the University of Oulu. SGO performs long-term measurements, builds instruments, innovates and maintains domestic and international measurements, and performs research from these measurements. The seismic observations at SGO started in Sodankylä 1956. In 2005-2006 SGO seismic stations were updated to broadband instrumentation and connected to GEOFON data center. Today, the number of seismic stations has increased to 9. The stations have Streckeisen STS-2 or Nanometrics Trillium PA/PH broadband sensors. 3 of the stations are so called Posthole stations located in borehole 7-20 m below surface. The rest of the stations are located on the surface or in a more traditional type of vault. Data acquisition systems are either Earth Data PS6-24 digitisers and PC with Seiscomp or Nanometrics Centaurs. The continuous wave form data is collected at 100 Hz sampling frequency. The VH, LH and BH channel data is available from GEOFON data center and the 100Hz HH data from SGO by request. Further information about instrumentation can be found at the Institute’s web site (https://www.sgo.fi/). Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code FN, and arefully open.
    Keywords: geophysics ; seismology ; seismic noise ; earthquakes ; induced ; seismic hazard ; broad band ; velocity ; acceleration ; displacement ; Broadband seismic waveforms ; Seismic monitoring ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Seismometers ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS 〉 SEISMOLOGICAL STATIONS
    Type: Dataset , Seismic Network
    Format: ~300G
    Format: .mseed
    Format: XML
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The Institute of Seismology, University of Helsinki (ISUH) was founded in 1961 as a response to the growing public concern for environmental hazards caused by nuclear weapon testing. Since then ISUH has been responsible for seismic monitoring in Finland. The current mandate covers government regulator duties in seismic hazard mitigation and nuclear test ban treaty verification, observatory activities and operation of the Finnish National Seismic Network (FNSN) as well as research and teaching of seismology at the University of Helsinki.The first seismograph station of Finland was installed at the premises of the Department of Physics, University of Helsinki in 1924. However, the mechanical Mainka seismographs had low magnification and thus the recordings were of little practical value for the study of local seismicity. The first short-period seismographs were set up between 1956 and 1963. The next significant upgrade of FNSN occurred during the late 1970’s when digital tripartite arrays in southern and central Finland became fully operational, allowing for systematic use of instrumental detection, location and magnitude determination methods. By the end of the 1990’s, the entire network was operating using digital telemetric or dial-up methods. The FNSN has expanded significantly during the 21st Century. It comprises now 36 permanent stations. Most of the stations have Streckeisen STS-2, Nanometrics Trillium (Compact/P/PA/QA) or Guralp CMG-3T broad band sensors. Some Teledyne-Geotech S13/GS13 short period sensors are also in use. Data acquisition systems are a combination of Earth Data PS6-24 digitizers and PC with Seiscomp/Seedlink software or Nanometrics Centaurs. The stations are connected to the ISUH with Seedlink via Internet and provide continuous waveform data at 40 Hz (array) or 100-250 Hz sampling frequency. Further information about instrumentation can be found at the Institute’s web site (www.seismo.helsinki.fi). Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code HE, and arefully open.
    Keywords: geophysics ; seismology ; seismic noise ; earthquakes ; induced ; seismic hazard ; broad band ; velocity ; acceleration ; displacement ; Monitoring system ; Seismological stations ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Seismometers ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS
    Type: Dataset , Seismic Network
    Format: ~300G
    Format: .mseed
    Format: XML
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-12-25
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The southern margin of the Barberton Greenstone Belt in Eswatini limits one of the world’s oldest well-preserved sedimentary and volcanic sequences, 3.57 to 3.2 Ga old. In a segment along that margin, older mafic and ultramafic volcanic rocks were thrust over the youngest strata (quartz-rich sandstones and conglomerates) before being folded and imbricated in thrust slices. Samples described in this publication comprise tabular data of (1) sample locations and crystallization ages of zircons which were extracted from thin tuffaceous units in the thrust sheet, (2) analytical data from laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), supporting these ages, and (3) quantitative measurements of ductily deformed conglomerate clasts. Field data were collected 2012-2019; U-Pb analyses performed in 2020. The data presented here are the basis for geological maps and cross sections, and are visualized as concordia diagrams form part of in the related publication (Heubeck et al.. 2023).
    Keywords: Archean ; Barberton Greenstone Belt ; Malolotsha ; Moodies Group ; klippe ; Eswatini ; LA-ICP-MS ; U-Pb zircon dating ; zircon ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 AGE DETERMINATIONS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 MINERALS 〉 MINERAL AGE DETERMINATIONS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-12-21
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset summarizes the following physicochemical parameters assessed for 32 soil samples sieved to 〈2 mm from 16 shallow soil profiles, which were sampled in two depth intervals (0–15 and 15–30 cm): CIELAB soil colour, spectrophotometric redness index, electrical conductivity, soil pH, contents of organic carbon, organic phosphorus and total phosphorus, proportion of organic phosphorus in total phosphorus, calcium carbonate content, geochemical proxies for (de)calcification and (de)salinization, and contents of total and poorly crystalline pedogenic iron oxides. Constituting a soil chronosequence at the south-central coast of the Atacama Desert, four shallow soil profiles were sampled from each of the four morphostratigraphic units of the coastal alluvial fan Paposo (25.03°S/70.47°W). Results are stored in a .csv table.
    Keywords: Environment ; Soil Sciences ; Geomorphology ; Biogeochemistry of Soils ; Arid Zone
    Type: Dataset , Data table
    Format: 1 Datasets
    Format: CSV
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-12-21
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset contains proportions of grain size classes, the median grain size, and the differential grain size distribution for the size fraction 40–311 nm of 32 soil samples sieved to 〈2 mm from 16 shallow soil profiles, which were sampled in two depth intervals (0–15 and 15–30 cm). Constituting a soil chronosequence at the south-central coast of the Atacama Desert, four shallow soil profiles were sampled from each of the four morphostratigraphic units of the coastal alluvial fan Paposo (25.03°S/70.47°W). Particle size measurements were conducted using laser diffraction analysis. Results are stored in a .csv table.
    Keywords: Environment ; Soil Sciences ; Geomorphology ; Biogeochemistry of Soils ; Arid Zone
    Type: Dataset , Data table
    Format: 1 Datasets
    Format: CSV
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-12-19
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on glass beads with a diameter of 200-300 µm used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “weak” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016; Ritter et al., 2016; Lohrmann et al., 2003) or as “seismogenic” crust (Rudolf et al., 2022). The glass beads are characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.51 , µD = 0.40, and µR = 0.44, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 40 Pa and 70 Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of ~1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v and a stick-slip behaviour at low shear velocities and at high loads.
    Description: Methods
    Description: The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (〈20 kPa) and shear velocities (〈1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016) and Ritter et al. (2016).
    Keywords: EPOS ; TCS MSL ; analogue models of geologic processes ; multi-scale laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 shearing ; fault ; Friction coefficient ; Microspheres 〉 Glassy ; Ring-shear tester
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-12-19
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on glass beads with a diameter of less than 50 µm used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “weak” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016; Ritter et al., 2016; Lohrmann et al., 2003) or as “seismogenic” crust (Rudolf et al., 2022). The glass beads are characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.47 , µD = 0.44, and µR = 0.47, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 50 Pa and 70 Pa. The material shows a neglectable rate-weakening of 〈1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.
    Description: Methods
    Description: The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (〈20 kPa) and shear velocities (〈1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016) and Ritter et al. (2016).
    Keywords: EPOS ; TCS MSL ; analogue models of geologic processes ; multi-scale laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 shearing ; fault ; Friction coefficient ; Microspheres 〉 Glassy ; Ring-shear tester
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-12-19
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on glass beads with a diameter of 100-200 µm used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “weak” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016; Ritter et al., 2016; Lohrmann et al., 2003) or as “seismogenic” crust (Rudolf et al., 2022). The glass beads are characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.50 , µD = 0.39, and µR = 0.46, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material is close to zero Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of ~1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v and a stick-slip behaviour at low shear velocities and at high loads.
    Description: Methods
    Description: The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (〈20 kPa) and shear velocities (〈1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016) and Ritter et al. (2016).
    Keywords: EPOS ; TCS MSL ; analogue models of geologic processes ; multi-scale laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 shearing ; fault ; Friction coefficient ; Microspheres 〉 Glassy ; Ring-shear tester
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2022-12-16
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication provides a collection of ground-motion simulation output for potential future earthquakes in the Rhine Graben area, Germany. Such data can be used as input for other engineering calculations, such as dynamic response history analysis. The earthquake sources used for the simulation consist of a stochastic catalog. They were generated using the German national seismic hazard model, the event-set calculator in the OpenQuake engine (Pagani et al., 2014), and considering both areal seismic source and known tectonic faults in the area as seismic sources in the analyses (branch C in Grünthal et al.,2018). The generated events represent a possible realization of the seismicity in the area within 10,000 years with peak ground accelerations greater than 0.02g. To build the simulation database, ground-motion simulations are performed using these potential future earthquakes from stochastic catalog and adopting the simulation method of Graves and Pitarka (2010, 2015) implemented in the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) broadband platform (BBP), which is tailored for use in the Rhine Graben, as discussed in Razafindrakoto et al. (2021). Here, the approach used to simulate the ground-motion is only briefly discussed; a more accurate description is given in Razafindrakoto et al. (2021), discussing the calibration and validation of ground-motion in the Rhine Graben area. Accordingly, the provided data consists of a simulation output of 284 scenario earthquakes at 76 virtual stations in the Rhine Graben area. The files provided here include the earthquake source, station information, and the simulation results in terms of time histories for individual simulation in one zip file, and a flatfile that combines various intensity measures for all sources and stations.
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-12-16
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The ratio of 18O to 16O in cherts and other chemical sediments has increased by about 15‰ over geological time, but the cause of this increase is debated. Here, we provide a 1D sediment-column model designed to investigate the role of diagenesis, and specifically the heat flow through marine sediments, in setting the chert oxygen isotope ratios. The model simulates the transformation of amorphous silica (opal-A) to crystalline quartz via an intermediate phase by using a silicon mass balance that is driven by the kinetics and thermodynamics of silica phase dissolution and (re)precipitation. The model demonstrates that heat flow through marine sediments influences the rate, and therefore depths, temperatures, and oxygen isotope compositions, at which cherts form. The implication is that because global heat flow from the solid Earth has decreased through geological time, heat flow is an important contributing factor to the long-term trend in chert oxygen isotope composition. The model is provided as a set of Matlab scripts (".m" files) and assorted input datasets provided as standard plain text files. The model is described in full in the manuscript "Chert oxygen isotope ratios are driven by Earth's thermal evolution" by Michael Tatzel, Patrick J. Frings, Marcus Oelze, Daniel Herwartz, Nils K. Lünsdorf, and Michael Wiedenbeck, and in the online Supporting Information associated with the manuscript. Once downloaded and unzipped, the files should be added to the local Matlab search path. The parameters of interest can be changed in the first few lines of 'chertKineticModel.m'. No other files need to be opened or modified. These files have been tested in Matlab R2020a running on Mac OS X 12.2.1 and in Matlab R2022b on Mac OS X 12.6.1.
    Description: Other
    Description: Licence: MIT License (https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT) Copyright © 2022 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. The software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. In no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software.
    Keywords: Chert ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 MARINE SEDIMENTS 〉 DIAGENESIS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 OCEAN/LAKE RECORDS 〉 OXYGEN ISOTOPES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS 〉 SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOTHERMAL DYNAMICS 〉 GEOTHERMAL TEMPERATURE 〉 TEMPERATURE GRADIENT
    Type: Model , Model
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