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  • 1
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 688-716: The ARCOMEM Architecture for Social- and Semantic-Driven Web Archiving (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-05
    Beschreibung: The constantly growing amount ofWeb content and the success of the SocialWeb lead to increasing needs for Web archiving. These needs go beyond the pure preservationo of Web pages. Web archives are turning into “community memories” that aim at building a better understanding of the public view on, e.g., celebrities, court decisions and other events. Due to the size of the Web, the traditional “collect-all” strategy is in many cases not the best method to build Web archives. In this paper, we present the ARCOMEM (From Future Internet 2014, 6 689 Collect-All Archives to Community Memories) architecture and implementation that uses semantic information, such as entities, topics and events, complemented with information from the Social Web to guide a novel Web crawler. The resulting archives are automatically enriched with semantic meta-information to ease the access and allow retrieval based on conditions that involve high-level concepts..
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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  • 2
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 685-702: Fusion of Multiple Pyroelectric Characteristics for Human Body Identification (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-19
    Beschreibung: Due to instability and poor identification ability of single pyroelectric infrared (PIR) detector for human target identification, this paper proposes a new approach to fuse the information collected from multiple PIR sensors for human identification. Firstly, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT), Wavelet Transform (WT) and Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) are adopted to extract features of the human body, which can be achieved by single PIR sensor. Then, we apply Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) to reduce the characteristic dimensions and to classify the human targets, respectively. Finally, Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) is utilized to fuse recognition results from multiple PIR sensors to finalize human identification. The pyroelectric characteristics under scenarios with different people and/or different paths are analyzed by various experiments, and the recognition results with/without fusion procedure are also shown and compared. The experimental results demonstrate our scheme has improved efficiency for human identification.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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  • 3
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 1-60: A Comparison of Internet Protocol (IPv6) Security Guidelines (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-01-11
    Beschreibung: The next generation of the Internet Protocol (IPv6) is currently about to be introduced in many organizations. However, its security features are still a very novel area of expertise for many practitioners. This study evaluates guidelines for secure deployment of IPv6, published by the U.S. NIST and the German federal agency BSI, for topicality, completeness and depth. The later two are scores defined in this paper and are based on the Requests for Comments relevant for IPv6 that were categorized, weighted and ranked for importance using an expert survey. Both guides turn out to be of practical value, but have a specific focus and are directed towards different audiences. Moreover, recommendations for possible improvements are presented. Our results could also support strategic management decisions on security priorities as well as for the choice of security guidelines for IPv6 roll-outs.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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  • 4
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 1-14: On Stable Matchings and Flows (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-01-23
    Beschreibung: We describe a flow model related to ordinary network flows the same way as stable matchings are related to maximum matchings in bipartite graphs. We prove that there always exists a stable flow and generalize the lattice structure of stable marriages to stable flows. Our main tool is a straightforward reduction of the stable flow problem to stable allocations. For the sake of completeness, we prove the results we need on stable allocations as an application of Tarski’s fixed point theorem.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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  • 5
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 206-228: Stochastic Diffusion Search: A Comparison of Swarm Intelligence Parameter Estimation Algorithms with RANSAC (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-05-06
    Beschreibung: Stochastic diffusion search (SDS) is a multi-agent global optimisation technique based on the behaviour of ants, rooted in the partial evaluation of an objective function and direct communication between agents. Standard SDS, the fundamental algorithm at work in all SDS processes, is presented here. Parameter estimation is the task of suitably fitting a model to given data; some form of parameter estimation is a key element of many computer vision processes. Here, the task of hyperplane estimation in many dimensions is investigated. Following RANSAC (random sample consensus), a widely used optimisation technique and a standard technique for many parameter estimation problems, increasingly sophisticated data-driven forms of SDS are developed. The performance of these SDS algorithms and RANSAC is analysed and compared for a hyperplane estimation task. SDS is shown to perform similarly to RANSAC, with potential for tuning to particular search problems for improved results.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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  • 6
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 15-31: Bio-Inspired Meta-Heuristics for Emergency Transportation Problems (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-12
    Beschreibung: Emergency transportation plays a vital role in the success of disaster rescue and relief operations, but its planning and scheduling often involve complex objectives and search spaces. In this paper, we conduct a survey of recent advances in bio-inspired meta-heuristics, including genetic algorithms (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), ant colony optimization (ACO), etc., for solving emergency transportation problems. We then propose a new hybrid biogeography-based optimization (BBO) algorithm, which outperforms some state-of-the-art heuristics on a typical transportation planning problem.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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  • 7
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 32-59: Choice Function-Based Two-Sided Markets: Stability, Lattice Property, Path Independence and Algorithms (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-15
    Beschreibung: We build an abstract model, closely related to the stable marriage problem and motivated by Hungarian college admissions. We study different stability notions and show that an extension of the lattice property of stable marriages holds in these more general settings, even if the choice function on one side is not path independent. We lean on Tarski’s fixed point theorem and the substitutability property of choice functions. The main virtue of the work is that it exhibits practical, interesting examples, where non-path independent choice functions play a role, and proves various stability-related results.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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  • 8
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 171-189: Mobility Tolerant Firework Routing for Improving Reachability in MANETs (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-03-25
    Beschreibung: In this paper, we investigate our mobility-assisted and adaptive broadcast routing mechanism, called Mobility Tolerant Firework Routing (MTFR), which utilizes the concept of potentials for routing and improves node reachability, especially in situations with high mobility, by including a broadcast mechanism. We perform detailed evaluations by simulations in a mobile environment and demonstrate the advantages of MTFR over conventional potential-based routing. In particular, we show that MTFR produces better reachability in many aspects at the expense of a small additional transmission delay and intermediate traffic overhead, making MTFR a promising routing protocol and feasible for future mobile Internet infrastructures.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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  • 9
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 190-202: The Problems and Challenges of Managing Crowd Sourced Audio-Visual Evidence (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-02
    Beschreibung: A number of recent incidents, such as the Stanley Cup Riots, the uprisings in the Middle East and the London riots have demonstrated the value of crowd sourced audio-visual evidence wherein citizens submit audio-visual footage captured on mobile phones and other devices to aid governmental institutions, responder agencies and law enforcement authorities to confirm the authenticity of incidents and, in the case of criminal activity, to identify perpetrators. The use of such evidence can present a significant logistical challenge to investigators, particularly because of the potential size of data gathered through such mechanisms and the added problems of time-lining disparate sources of evidence and, subsequently, investigating the incident(s). In this paper we explore this problem and, in particular, outline the pressure points for an investigator. We identify and explore a number of particular problems related to the secure receipt of the evidence, imaging, tagging and then time-lining the evidence, and the problem of identifying duplicate and near duplicate items of audio-visual evidence.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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  • 10
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 188: Correction: Pareto Optimization or Cascaded Weighted Sum: A Comparison of Concepts. Algorithms 2014, 7, 166–185 (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-03
    Beschreibung: It has come to our attention that due to an error in producing the PDF version of the paper [1], doi:10.3390/a7010166, website: http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/7/1/166, Figures 1 and 9 are displayed incorrectly.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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  • 11
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 189-202: Faster and Simpler Approximation of Stable Matchings (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-05
    Beschreibung: We give a 3 2 -approximation algorithm for finding stable matchings that runs in O(m) time. The previous most well-known algorithm, by McDermid, has the same approximation ratio but runs in O(n3/2m) time, where n denotes the number of people andm is the total length of the preference lists in a given instance. In addition, the algorithm and the analysis are much simpler. We also give the extension of the algorithm for computing stable many-to-many matchings.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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  • 12
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 597-607: Eight-Scale Image Contrast Enhancement Based on Adaptive Inverse Hyperbolic Tangent Algorithm (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-29
    Beschreibung: The Eight-Scale parameter adjustment is a natural extension of Adaptive Inverse Hyperbolic Tangent (AIHT) algorithm. It has long been known that the Human Vision System (HVS) heavily depends on detail and edge in the understanding and perception of scenes. The main goal of this study is to produce a contrast enhancement technique to recover an image from blurring and darkness, and at the same time to improve visual quality. Eight-scale coefficient adjustments can provide a further local refinement in detail under the AIHT algorithm. The proposed Eight-Scale Adaptive Inverse Hyperbolic Tangent (8SAIHT) method uses the sub-band to calculate the local mean and local variance before the AIHT algorithm is applied. This study also shows that this approach is convenient and effective in the enhancement processes for various types of images. The 8SAIHT is also capable of adaptively enhancing the local contrast of the original image while simultaneously extruding more on object details.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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  • 13
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 612-639: From Raw Data to Meaningful Information: A Representational Approach to Cadastral Databases in Relation to Urban Planning (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-25
    Beschreibung: Digesting the data hose that cities are constantly producing is complex; data is usually structured with different criteria, which makes comparative analysis of multiple cities challenging. However, the publicly available data from the Spanish cadaster contains urban information in a documented format with common semantics for the whole territory, which makes these analyses possible. This paper uses the information about the 3D geometry of buildings, their use and their year of construction, stored in cadastral databases, to study the relation between the built environment (what the city is) and the urban plan (what the city wants to become), translating the concepts of the cadastral data into the semantics of the urban plan. Different representation techniques to better understand the city from the pedestrians’ point of view and to communicate this information more effectively are also discussed.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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  • 14
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 640-672: Towards a Conceptual Framework for WikiGIS (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-30
    Beschreibung: As an emerging complex concept, GeoDesign requires an innovative theoretical basis, tools, supports and practices. For this reason, we propose a new concept, “WikiGIS”, designed to answer some dimensions of the GeoDesign process. WikiGIS focuses on the needs of GeoDesign, but we leave the door open for future improvement when tested in other areas that may have additional needs. WikiGIS is built on Web 2.0 technologies—and primarily on wiki—to manage the tracking of participants’ editing (i.e., managing the contributions history). It also offers GIS functions for geoprocessing and a design-based approach for sketching proposals. One of the main strengths of WikiGIS is its ability to manage the traceability of contributions with an easy and dynamical access, data quality and deltification. The core of this paper consists of presenting a conceptual framework for WikiGIS using UML diagrams. A user interface is presented later to show how our WikiGIS proposal works. This interface is simply a means to illustrate the concepts underlying WikiGIS.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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  • 15
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 608-620: High-Order Entropy Compressed Bit Vectors with Rank/Select (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-04
    Beschreibung: We design practical implementations of data structures for compressing bit-vectors to support efficient rank-queries (counting the number of ones up to a given point). Unlike previous approaches, which either store the bit vectors plainly, or focus on compressing bit-vectors with low densities of ones or zeros, we aim at low entropies of higher order, for example 101010...10. Our implementations achieve very good compression ratios, while showing only a modest increase in query time.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
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  • 16
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 582-596: Processing KNN Queries in Grid-Based Sensor Networks (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-24
    Beschreibung: Recently, developing efficient processing techniques in spatio-temporal databases has been a much discussed topic. Many applications, such as mobile information systems, traffic control system, and geographical information systems, can benefit from efficient processing of spatio-temporal queries. In this paper, we focus on processing an important type of spatio-temporal queries, the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) queries. Different from the previous research, the locations of objects are located by the sensors which are deployed in a grid-based manner. As the positioning technique used is not the GPS technique, but the sensor network technique, this results in a greater uncertainty regarding object location. With the uncertain location information of objects, we try to develop an efficient algorithm to process the KNN queries. Moreover, we design a probability model to quantify the possibility of each object being the query result. Finally, extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithms.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
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  • 17
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 554-581: Parallelizing Particle Swarm Optimization in a Functional Programming Environment (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-24
    Beschreibung: Many bioinspired methods are based on using several simple entities which search for a reasonable solution (somehow) independently. This is the case of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), where many simple particles search for the optimum solution by using both their local information and the information of the best solution found so far by any of the other particles. Particles are partially independent, and we can take advantage of this fact to parallelize PSO programs. Unfortunately, providing good parallel implementations for each specific PSO program can be tricky and time-consuming for the programmer. In this paper we introduce several parallel functional skeletons which, given a sequential PSO implementation, automatically provide the corresponding parallel implementations of it. We use these skeletons and report some experimental results. We observe that, despite the low effort required by programmers to use these skeletons, empirical results show that skeletons reach reasonable speedups.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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  • 18
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 673-687: The Gender Digital Divide in Developing Countries (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-01
    Beschreibung: Empirical studies clearly show that women in the developing world have significantly lower technology participation rates than men; a result of entrenched socio-cultural attitudes about the role of women in society. However, as studies are beginning to show, when those women are able to engage with Internet technology, a wide range of personal, family and community benefits become possible. The key to these benefits is on-line education, the access to which sets up a positive feedback loop. This review gives an overview of the digital divide, before focusing specifically on the challenges women in developing countries face in accessing the Internet. Current gender disparities in Internet use will be outlined and the barriers that potentially hinder women’s access and participation in the online world will be considered. We will then look at the potential opportunities for women’s participation in a global digital society along with a consideration of current initiatives that have been developed to mitigate gender inequity in developing countries. We will also consider a promising avenue for future research.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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  • 19
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 542-555: Neogeography and Preparedness for Real-to-Virtual World Knowledge Transfer: Conceptual Steps to Minecraft Malta (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-29
    Beschreibung: Societies have rapidly morphed into complex entities that are creating accessibility, yet, at the same time, they are developing new forms of neogeographic-poverty related to information uptake. Those that have managed to partake in the opportunities provided by the web have new vistas to survive in, in contrast to the new poor who have limited or no access to information. New forms of data in spatial format are accessible to all, however few realize the implications of such a transitional change in wellbeing: Whether entire societies or individuals. The different generations taking up the information access can face different levels of accessibility that may be limited by access to online data, knowledge of usage of tools and the understanding of the results, all within the limits on the spaces they are familiar with. This paper reviews a conceptual process underlining the initial steps of a long-term project in the Maltese Islands that seeks to create an online series of tools that bring the concept of “physical place” to the different generations through the management of a major project, the creation of a 3D virtuality, employing scanning processes, GIS, conversion aspects, and a small block-based Minecraft engine.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
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  • 20
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 597-611: Geography Geo-Wiki in the Classroom: Using Crowdsourcing to Enhance Geographical Teaching (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-30
    Beschreibung: Geo-Wiki is a crowdsourcing tool used to derive information, based on satellite imagery, to validate and enhance global land cover. Around 5000 users are registered, who contribute to different campaigns to collect data across various domains (e.g., agriculture, biomass, human impact, etc.). However, seeing the Earth’s surface from above does not provide all of the necessary information for understanding what is happening on the ground. Instead, we need to enhance this experience with local knowledge or with additional information, such as geo-located photographs of surface features with annotation. The latest development in enhancing Geo-Wiki in this context has been achieved through collaboration with the University of Waterloo to set up a separate branch called Geography Geo-Wiki for use in undergraduate teaching. We provide the pedagogical objectives for this branch and describe two modules that we have introduced in first and third year Physical Geography classes. The majority of the feedback was positive and in, many cases, was part of what the student liked best about the course. Future plans include the development of additional assignments for the study of environmental processes using Geo-Wiki that would engage students in a manner that is very different from that of conventional teaching.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
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  • 21
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 492-509: Power Cable Fault Recognition Based on an Annealed Chaotic Competitive Learning Network (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-27
    Beschreibung: In electric power systems, power cable operation under normal conditions is very important. Various cable faults will happen in practical applications. Recognizing the cable faults correctly and in a timely manner is crucial. In this paper we propose a method that an annealed chaotic competitive learning network recognizes power cable types. The result shows a good performance using the support vector machine (SVM) and improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO)-SVM method. The experimental result shows that the fault recognition accuracy reached was 96.2%, using 54 data samples. The network training time is about 0.032 second. The method can achieve cable fault classification effectively.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
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  • 22
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 650-662: Time Series Prediction Method of Bank Cash Flow and Simulation Comparison (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-27
    Beschreibung: In order to improve the accuracy of all kinds of information in the cash business and enhance the linkage between cash inventory forecasting and cash management information in the commercial bank, the first moving average prediction method, the second moving average prediction method, the first exponential smoothing prediction and the second exponential smoothing prediction methods are adopted to realize the time series prediction of bank cash flow, respectively. The prediction accuracy of the cash flow time series is improved by optimizing the algorithm parameters. The simulation experiments are carried out on the reality commercial bank’s cash flow data and the predictive performance comparison results show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
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  • 23
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 635-649: The Lobe Fissure Tracking by the Modified Ant Colony Optimization Framework in CT Images (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-25
    Beschreibung: Chest computed tomography (CT) is the most commonly used technique for the inspection of lung lesions. However, the lobe fissures in lung CT is still difficult to observe owing to its imaging structure. Therefore, in this paper, we aimed to develop an efficient tracking framework to extract the lobe fissures by the proposed modified ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm. We used the method of increasing the consistency of pheromone on lobe fissure to improve the accuracy of path tracking. In order to validate the proposed system, we had tested our method in a database from 15 lung patients. In the experiment, the quantitative assessment shows that the proposed ACO method achieved the average F-measures of 80.9% and 82.84% in left and right lungs, respectively. The experiments indicate our method results more satisfied performance, and can help investigators detect lung lesion for further examination.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
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  • 24
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 735-759: Public Involvement in Taking Legislative Action as to the Spatial Development of the Tourist Sector in Greece—The “OpenGov” Platform Experience (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-26
    Beschreibung: By the Aarhus Convention (1998) it is recognized the right of citizens to get access to and influence decision-making in respect to issues affecting the state of the environment. More specifically, in Article 8 it is stated that public authorities are forced to engage public participation when preparing regulations or legally binding rules that have a significant environmental impact. Towards this end, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and their applications have considerably expanded the potential of planners and decision makers to interact with stakeholders and the public and engage them in participatory processes through ICTs-enabled platforms. The focus of the present paper is on the context of public consultation in taking legislative action as to the spatial development of the tourist sector in Greece. It consists of three parts: the first part, where the context of engaging the public in governmental decision-making in Greece is discussed, following the Open Government Partnership (OGP) initiative; the second part, presenting the steps of the “OpenGov” online platform, designed for gathering public knowledge to further improve legislative efforts and policy; and the third part, elaborating on the experience gained by the use of the “OpenGov” platform for decision-making on the spatial development of the tourist sector in Greece.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
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  • 25
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 760-772: Reducing Risky Security Behaviours: Utilising Affective Feedback to Educate Users (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-28
    Beschreibung: Despite the number of tools created to help end-users reduce risky security behaviours, users are still falling victim to online attacks. This paper proposes a browser extension utilising affective feedback to provide warnings on detection of risky behaviour. The paper provides an overview of behaviour considered to be risky, explaining potential threats users may face online. Existing tools developed to reduce risky security behaviours in end-users have been compared, discussing the success rates of various methodologies. Ongoing research is described which attempts to educate users regarding the risks and consequences of poor security behaviour by providing the appropriate feedback on the automatic recognition of risky behaviour. The paper concludes that a solution utilising a browser extension is a suitable method of monitoring potentially risky security behaviour. Ultimately, future work seeks to implement an affective feedback mechanism within the browser extension with the aim of improving security awareness.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 444-455: A Novel Contrast Enhancement Technique on Palm Bone Images (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-06
    Beschreibung: Contrast enhancement plays a fundamental role in image processing. Many histogram-based techniques are widely used for contrast enhancement of given images, due to their simple function and effectiveness. However, the conventional histogram equalization (HE) methods result in excessive contrast enhancement, which causes natural looking and satisfactory results for a variety of low contrast images. To solve such problems, a novel multi-histogram equalization technique is proposed to enhance the contrast of the palm bone X-ray radiographs in this paper. For images, the mean-variance analysis method is employed to partition the histogram of the original grey scale image into multiple sub-histograms. These histograms are independently equalized. By using this mean-variance partition method, a proposed multi-histogram equalization technique is employed to achieve the contrast enhancement of the palm bone X-ray radiographs. Experimental results show that the multi-histogram equalization technique achieves a lower average absolute mean brightness error (AMBE) value. The multi-histogram equalization technique simultaneously preserved the mean brightness and enhanced the local contrast of the original image.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 556-584: 7R Data Value Framework for Open Data in Practice: Fusepool (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-09
    Beschreibung: Based on existing literature, this article makes a case for open (government) data as supporting political efficiency, socio-economic innovation and administrative efficiency, but also finds a lack of measurable impact. It attributes the lack of impact to shortcomings regarding data access (must be efficient) and data usefulness (must be effective). To address these shortcomings, seven key activities that add value to data are identified and are combined into the 7R Data Value Framework, which is an applied methodology for linked data to systematically address both technical and social shortcomings. The 7R Data Value Framework is then applied to the international Fusepool project that develops a set of integrated software components to ease the publishing of open data based on linked data and associated best practices. Real-life applications for the Dutch Parliament and the Libraries of Free University of Berlin are presented, followed by a concluding discussion.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 456-470: A Fovea Localization Scheme Using Vessel Origin-Based Parabolic Model (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-11
    Beschreibung: At the center of the macula, fovea plays an important role in computer-aided diagnosis. To locate the fovea, this paper proposes a vessel origin (VO)-based parabolic model, which takes the VO as the vertex of the parabola-like vasculature. Image processing steps are applied to accurately locate the fovea on retinal images. Firstly, morphological gradient and the circular Hough transform are used to find the optic disc. The structure of the vessel is then segmented with the line detector. Based on the characteristics of the VO, four features of VO are extracted, following the Bayesian classification procedure. Once the VO is identified, the VO-based parabolic model will locate the fovea. To find the fittest parabola and the symmetry axis of the retinal vessel, an Shift and Rotation (SR)-Hough transform that combines the Hough transform with the shift and rotation of coordinates is presented. Two public databases of retinal images, DRIVE and STARE, are used to evaluate the proposed method. The experiment results show that the average Euclidean distances between the located fovea and the fovea marked by experts in two databases are 9.8 pixels and 30.7 pixels, respectively. The results are stronger than other methods and thus provide a better macular detection for further disease discovery.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 584-596: Digital Forensics to Intelligent Forensics (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-13
    Beschreibung: In this paper we posit that current investigative techniques—particularly as deployed by law enforcement, are becoming unsuitable for most types of crime investigation. The growth in cybercrime and the complexities of the types of the cybercrime coupled with the limitations in time and resources, both computational and human, in addressing cybercrime put an increasing strain on the ability of digital investigators to apply the processes of digital forensics and digital investigations to obtain timely results. In order to combat the problems, there is a need to enhance the use of the resources available and move beyond the capabilities and constraints of the forensic tools that are in current use. We argue that more intelligent techniques are necessary and should be used proactively. The paper makes the case for the need for such tools and techniques, and investigates and discusses the opportunities afforded by applying principles and procedures of artificial intelligence to digital forensics intelligence and to intelligent forensics and suggests that by applying new techniques to digital investigations there is the opportunity to address the challenges of the larger and more complex domains in which cybercrimes are taking place.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 773-799: Inside Technology: Opening the Black Box of Health-Website Configuration and Content Management (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-11
    Beschreibung: Given the existing divide related to Internet skills and types of Internet use, it is safe to assume that a large proportion of the population uses the Internet for health purposes in a partially productive fashion. We suggest that in addition to user characteristics, another factor that inhibits productive Internet use, and thus contributes to the existing gap, is related to the ways in which the technology is configured. The goal of this study was to explore the processes that webmasters and content managers use for constructing and producing, or selecting content, for health websites. Interviews conducted with 23 website builders and managers of websites that represent public and non-public health organizations revealed that they do not plan or conduct activities for content needs elicitation, either in the design stage or on an ongoing basis. Rather, these professionals rely on a “self-embodiment” standard, whereby their and their cohorts’ expectations determine the quality and functionality of the websites’ structure and content. Hence, target groups beyond their social sphere are disregarded, and instead of new opportunities, new cleavages are created. We recommended that government, public and non-public stakeholders work to establish construction standards, to ensure that health websites meet the needs of varied end-user populations.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 663-684: COOBBO: A Novel Opposition-Based Soft Computing Algorithm for TSP Problems (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: In this paper, we propose a novel definition of opposite path. Its core feature is that the sequence of candidate paths and the distances between adjacent nodes in the tour are considered simultaneously. In a sense, the candidate path and its corresponding opposite path have the same (or similar at least) distance to the optimal path in the current population. Based on an accepted framework for employing opposition-based learning, Oppositional Biogeography-Based Optimization using the Current Optimum, called COOBBO algorithm, is introduced to solve traveling salesman problems. We demonstrate its performance on eight benchmark problems and compare it with other optimization algorithms. Simulation results illustrate that the excellent performance of our proposed algorithm is attributed to the distinct definition of opposite path. In addition, its great strength lies in exploitation for enhancing the solution accuracy, not exploration for improving the population diversity. Finally, by comparing different version of COOBBO, another conclusion is that each successful opposition-based soft computing algorithm needs to adjust and remain a good balance between backward adjacent node and forward adjacent node.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 538-553: Predicting Student Academic Performance: A Comparison of Two Meta-Heuristic Algorithms Inspired by Cuckoo Birds for Training Neural Networks (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-17
    Beschreibung: Predicting student academic performance with a high accuracy facilitates admission decisions and enhances educational services at educational institutions. This raises the need to propose a model that predicts student performance, based on the results of standardized exams, including university entrance exams, high school graduation exams, and other influential factors. In this study, an approach to the problem based on the artificial neural network (ANN) with the two meta-heuristic algorithms inspired by cuckoo birds and their lifestyle, namely, Cuckoo Search (CS) and Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm (COA) is proposed. In particular, we used previous exam results and other factors, such as the location of the student’s high school and the student’s gender as input variables, and predicted the student academic performance. The standard CS and standard COA were separately utilized to train the feed-forward network for prediction. The algorithms optimized the weights between layers and biases of the neuron network. The simulation results were then discussed and analyzed to investigate the prediction ability of the neural network trained by these two algorithms. The findings demonstrated that both CS and COA have potential in training ANN and ANN-COA obtained slightly better results for predicting student academic performance in this case. It is expected that this work may be used to support student admission procedures and strengthen the service system in educational institutions.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 523-537: Multi-Sensor Building Fire Alarm System with Information Fusion Technology Based on D-S Evidence Theory (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-15
    Beschreibung: Multi-sensor and information fusion technology based on Dempster-Shafer evidence theory is applied in the system of a building fire alarm to realize early detecting and alarming. By using a multi-sensor to monitor the parameters of the fire process, such as light, smoke, temperature, gas and moisture, the range of fire monitoring in space and time is expanded compared with a single-sensor system. Then, the D-S evidence theory is applied to fuse the information from the multi-sensor with the specific fire model, and the fire alarm is more accurate and timely. The proposed method can avoid the failure of the monitoring data effectively, deal with the conflicting evidence from the multi-sensor robustly and improve the reliability of fire warning significantly.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 510-522: A CR Spectrum Allocation Algorithm in Smart Grid Wireless Sensor Network (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-14
    Beschreibung: Cognitive radio (CR) method was introduced in smart grid communication systems to resolve potential maladies such as the coexistence of heterogeneous networks, overloaded data flow, diversity in data structures, and unstable quality of service (QOS). In this paper, a cognitive spectrum allocation algorithm based on non-cooperative game theory is proposed. The CR spectrum allocation model was developed by modifying the traditional game model via the insertion of a time variable and a critical function. The computing simulation result shows that the improved spectrum allocation algorithm can achieve stable spectrum allocation strategies and avoid the appearance of multi-Nash equilibrium at the expense of certain sacrifices in the system utility. It is suitable for application in distributed cognitive networks in power grids, thus contributing to the improvement of the isomerism and data capacity of power communication systems.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 397-413: Privacy and Open Government (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-19
    Beschreibung: The public-oriented goals of the open government movement promise increased transparency and accountability of governments, enhanced citizen engagement and participation, improved service delivery, economic development and the stimulation of innovation. In part, these goals are to be achieved by making more and more government information public in reusable formats and under open licences. This paper identifies three broad privacy challenges raised by open government. The first is how to balance privacy with transparency and accountability in the context of “public” personal information. The second challenge flows from the disruption of traditional approaches to privacy based on a collapse of the distinctions between public and private sector actors. The third challenge is that of the potential for open government data—even if anonymized—to contribute to the big data environment in which citizens and their activities are increasingly monitored and profiled.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 376-396: A Hybrid Metaheuristic Approach for Minimizing the Total Flow Time in A Flow Shop Sequence Dependent Group Scheduling Problem (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-15
    Beschreibung: Production processes in Cellular Manufacturing Systems (CMS) often involve groups of parts sharing the same technological requirements in terms of tooling and setup. The issue of scheduling such parts through a flow-shop production layout is known as the Flow-Shop Group Scheduling (FSGS) problem or, whether setup times are sequence-dependent, the Flow-Shop Sequence-Dependent Group Scheduling (FSDGS) problem. This paper addresses the FSDGS issue, proposing a hybrid metaheuristic procedure integrating features from Genetic Algorithms (GAs) and Biased Random Sampling (BRS) search techniques with the aim of minimizing the total flow time, i.e., the sum of completion times of all jobs. A well-known benchmark of test cases, entailing problems with two, three, and six machines, is employed for both tuning the relevant parameters of the developed procedure and assessing its performances against two metaheuristic algorithms recently presented by literature. The obtained results and a properly arranged ANOVA analysis highlight the superiority of the proposed approach in tackling the scheduling problem under investigation.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 166-185: Pareto Optimization or Cascaded Weighted Sum: A Comparison of Concepts (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-03-22
    Beschreibung: Looking at articles or conference papers published since the turn of the century, Pareto optimization is the dominating assessment method for multi-objective nonlinear optimization problems. However, is it always the method of choice for real-world applications, where either more than four objectives have to be considered, or the same type of task is repeated again and again with only minor modifications, in an automated optimization or planning process? This paper presents a classification of application scenarios and compares the Pareto approach with an extended version of the weighted sum, called cascaded weighted sum, for the different scenarios. Its range of application within the field of multi-objective optimization is discussed as well as its strengths and weaknesses.
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 328-338: Economic Dispatch Using Modified Bat Algorithm (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-04
    Beschreibung: Economic dispatch is an important non-linear optimization task in power systems. In this process, the total power demand is distributed amongst the generating units such that each unit satisfies its generation limit constraints and the cost of power production is minimized. This paper presents an over view of three optimization algorithms namely real coded genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization and a relatively new optimization technique called bat algorithm. This study will further propose modifications to the original bat. Simulations are carried out for two test cases. First is a six-generator power system with a simplified convex objective function. The second test case is a five-generator system with a non-convex objective function. Finally the results of the modified algorithm are compared with the results of genetic algorithm, particle swarm and the original bat algorithm. The results demonstrate the improvement in the Bat Algorithm.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 295-327: Solving the Examination Timetabling Problem in GPUs (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-04
    Beschreibung: The examination timetabling problem belongs to the class of combinatorial optimization problems and is of great importance for every University. In this paper, a hybrid evolutionary algorithm running on a GPU is employed to solve the examination timetabling problem. The hybrid evolutionary algorithm proposed has a genetic algorithm component and a greedy steepest descent component. The GPU computational capabilities allow the use of very large population sizes, leading to a more thorough exploration of the problem solution space. The GPU implementation, depending on the size of the problem, is up to twenty six times faster than the identical single-threaded CPU implementation of the algorithm. The algorithm is evaluated with the well known Toronto datasets and compares well with the best results found in the bibliography. Moreover, the selection of the encoding of the chromosomes and the tournament selection size as the population grows are examined and optimized. The compressed sparse row format is used for the conflict matrix and was proven essential to the process, since most of the datasets have a small conflict density, which translates into an extremely sparse matrix.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 145-165: The Minimum Scheduling Time for Convergecast in Wireless Sensor Networks (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-03-18
    Beschreibung: We study the scheduling problem for data collection from sensor nodes to the sink node in wireless sensor networks, also referred to as the convergecast problem. The convergecast problem in general network topology has been proven to be NP-hard. In this paper, we propose our heuristic algorithm (finding the minimum scheduling time for convergecast (FMSTC)) for general network topology and evaluate the performance by simulation. The results of the simulation showed that the number of time slots to reach the sink node decreased with an increase in the power. We compared the performance of the proposed algorithm to the optimal time slots in a linear network topology. The proposed algorithm for convergecast in a general network topology has 2.27 times more time slots than that of a linear network topology. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed method is the first attempt to apply the optimal algorithm in a linear network topology to a general network topology.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 155-170: A Novel DOA Estimation Algorithm Using Array Rotation Technique (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-03-18
    Beschreibung: The performance of traditional direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm based on uniform circular array (UCA) is constrained by the array aperture. Furthermore, the array requires more antenna elements than targets, which will increase the size and weight of the device and cause higher energy loss. In order to solve these issues, a novel low energy algorithm utilizing array base-line rotation for multiple targets estimation is proposed. By rotating two elements and setting a fixed time delay, even the number of elements is selected to form a virtual UCA. Then, the received data of signals will be sampled at multiple positions, which improves the array elements utilization greatly. 2D-DOA estimation of the rotation array is accomplished via multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithms. Finally, the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) is derived and simulation results verified the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm with high resolution and estimation accuracy performance. Besides, because of the significant reduction of array elements number, the array antennas system is much simpler and less complex than traditional array.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 203-222: Routing Diverse Evacuees with the Cognitive Packet Network Algorithm (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-18
    Beschreibung: Regarding mobility, health conditions and personal preferences, evacuees can be categorized into different classes in realistic environments. Previous emergency navigation algorithms that direct evacuees with a single decision rule cannot fulfil civilians’ distinct service requirements and increase the likelihood of inducing destructive crowd behaviours, such as clogging, pushing and trampling, due to diverse mobility. This paper explores a distributed emergency navigation algorithm that employs the cognitive packet network concept to tailor different quality of service needs to different categories of evacuees. In addition, a congestion-aware algorithm is presented to predict the future congestion degree of a path with respect to the observed population density, arrival rate and service rate of each route segment. Experiments are implemented in a simulated environment populated with autonomous agents. Results show that our algorithm can increase the number of survivors while providing improved quality of service.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 186-187: Editorial: Special Issue on Algorithms for Sequence Analysis and Storage (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-03-26
    Beschreibung: This special issue of Algorithms is dedicated to approaches to biological sequence analysis that have algorithmic novelty and potential for fundamental impact in methods used for genome research.
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 203-205: Editorial: Special Issue on Matching under Preferences (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-09
    Beschreibung: This special issue of Algorithms is devoted to the study of matching problems involving ordinal preferences from the standpoint of algorithms and complexity.
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 223-241: An Ontology of the Appropriate Assessment of Municipal Master Plans Related to Sardinia (Italy) (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-24
    Beschreibung: This paper discusses some key points related to the ontology of the “appropriate assessment” [1] procedure concerning plans significantly affecting Natura 2000 sites. We study this ontology by discussing its implementation into the adjustment process of the master plans of the regional municipalities of Sardinia (Italy) to the Regional Landscape Plan (RLP) and put as evidence some important general observations, coming from the case study, concerning the utility and effectiveness of the ontological conceptual framework in order to help planners and decision-makers understand and structure the assessment process of plans.
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 242-260: Exploiting Multimedia in Creating and Analysing Multimedia Web Archives (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-25
    Beschreibung: The data contained on the web and the social web are inherently multimedia and consist of a mixture of textual, visual and audio modalities. Community memories embodied on the web and social web contain a rich mixture of data from these modalities. In many ways, the web is the greatest resource ever created by human-kind. However, due to the dynamic and distributed nature of the web, its content changes, appears and disappears on a daily basis. Web archiving provides a way of capturing snapshots of (parts of) the web for preservation and future analysis. This paper provides an overview of techniques we have developed within the context of the EU funded ARCOMEM (ARchiving COmmunity MEMories) project to allow multimedia web content to be leveraged during the archival process and for post-archival analysis. Through a set of use cases, we explore several practical applications of multimedia analytics within the realm of web archiving, web archive analysis and multimedia data on the web in general.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 621-634: Neural Networks for Muscle Forces Prediction in Cycling (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-14
    Beschreibung: This paper documents the research towards the development of a system based on Artificial Neural Networks to predict muscle force patterns of an athlete during cycling. Two independent inverse problems must be solved for the force estimation: evaluation of the kinematic model and evaluation of the forces distribution along the limb. By solving repeatedly the two inverse problems for different subjects and conditions, a training pattern for an Artificial Neural Network was created. Then, the trained network was validated against an independent validation set, and compared to evaluate agreement between the two alternative approaches using Bland-Altman method. The obtained neural network for the different test patterns yields a normalized error well below 1% and the Bland-Altman plot shows a considerable correlation between the two methods. The new approach proposed herein allows a direct and fast computation for the inverse dynamics of a cyclist, opening the possibility of integrating such algorithm in a real time environment such as an embedded application.
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 717-734: Using Multilevel Analysis to Examine the Relationship between Upper Secondary Students Internet Safety Awareness, Social Background and Academic Aspirations (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-15
    Beschreibung: Since 2009, most Norwegian students in upper secondary have had access to their own personal computer at school. Hence, with the increased access to technology, the importance of online connectedness has increased for adolescents’ social interaction and communication. It is, therefore, important to identify and understand the concept of Internet safety among upper secondary school students. A total of 4216 students from 238 classrooms in 23 upper secondary schools completed an Internet safety assessment. The aim of the study was to operationalize and measure Internet safety in a school context, and to further examine the factors predicting students’ Internet safety awareness and responsibility. Our analysis revealed substantial variation in Internet safety awareness between schools, classrooms and students. Overall, the findings indicate that students’ social backgrounds are determining for their development and understanding of Internet safety awareness.
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 471-491: Applying a Dynamic Resource Supply Model in a Smart Grid (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-23
    Beschreibung: Dynamic resource supply is a complex issue to resolve in a cyber-physical system (CPS). In our previous work, a resource model called the dynamic resource supply model (DRSM) has been proposed to handle resources specification, management and allocation in CPS. In this paper, we are integrating the DRSM with service-oriented architecture and applying it to a smart grid (SG), one of the most complex CPS examples. We give the detailed design of the SG for electricity charging request and electricity allocation between plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and DRSM through the Android system. In the design, we explain a mechanism for electricity consumption with data collection and re-allocation through ZigBee network. In this design, we verify the correctness of this resource model for expected electricity allocation.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 498-517: Assessing Social Value in Open Data Initiatives: A Framework (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-20
    Beschreibung: Open data initiatives are characterized, in several countries, by a great extension of the number of data sets made available for access by public administrations, constituencies, businesses and other actors, such as journalists, international institutions and academics, to mention a few. However, most of the open data sets rely on selection criteria, based on a technology-driven perspective, rather than a focus on the potential public and social value of data to be published. Several experiences and reports confirm this issue, such as those of the Open Data Census. However, there are also relevant best practices. The goal of this paper is to investigate the different dimensions of a framework suitable to support public administrations, as well as constituencies, in assessing and benchmarking the social value of open data initiatives. The framework is tested on three initiatives, referring to three different countries, Italy, the United Kingdom and Tunisia. The countries have been selected to provide a focus on European and Mediterranean countries, considering also the difference in legal frameworks (civic law vs. common law countries).
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 518-541: ARCOMEM Crawling Architecture (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-20
    Beschreibung: The World Wide Web is the largest information repository available today. However, this information is very volatile and Web archiving is essential to preserve it for the future. Existing approaches to Web archiving are based on simple definitions of the scope of Web pages to crawl and are limited to basic interactions with Web servers. The aim of the ARCOMEM project is to overcome these limitations and to provide flexible, adaptive and intelligent content acquisition, relying on social media to create topical Web archives. In this article, we focus on ARCOMEM’s crawling architecture. We introduce the overall architecture and we describe its modules, such as the online analysis module, which computes a priority for the Web pages to be crawled, and the Application-Aware Helper which takes into account the type of Web sites and applications to extract structure from crawled content. We also describe a large-scale distributed crawler that has been developed, as well as the modifications we have implemented to adapt Heritrix, an open source crawler, to the needs of the project. Our experimental results from real crawls show that ARCOMEM’s crawling architecture is effective in acquiring focused information about a topic and leveraging the information from social media.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 405-417: Seminal Quality Prediction Using Clustering-Based Decision Forests (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-12
    Beschreibung: Prediction of seminal quality with statistical learning tools is an emerging methodology in decision support systems in biomedical engineering and is very useful in early diagnosis of seminal patients and selection of semen donors candidates. However, as is common in medical diagnosis, seminal quality prediction faces the class imbalance problem. In this paper, we propose a novel supervised ensemble learning approach, namely Clustering-Based Decision Forests, to tackle unbalanced class learning problem in seminal quality prediction. Experiment results on real fertility diagnosis dataset have shown that Clustering-Based Decision Forests outperforms decision tree, Support Vector Machines, random forests, multilayer perceptron neural networks and logistic regression by a noticeable margin. Clustering-Based Decision Forests can also be used to evaluate variables’ importance and the top five important factors that may affect semen concentration obtained in this study are age, serious trauma, sitting time, the season when the semen sample is produced, and high fevers in the last year. The findings could be helpful in explaining seminal concentration problems in infertile males or pre-screening semen donor candidates.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 457-481: Should I Care about Your Opinion? Detection of Opinion Interestingness and Dynamics in Social Media (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-14
    Beschreibung: In this paper, we describe a set of reusable text processing components for extracting opinionated information from social media, rating it for interestingness, and for detecting opinion events. We have developed applications in GATE to extract named entities, terms and events and to detect opinions about them, which are then used as the starting point for opinion event detection. The opinions are then aggregated over larger sections of text, to give some overall sentiment about topics and documents, and also some degree of information about interestingness based on opinion diversity. We go beyond traditional opinion mining techniques in a number of ways: by focusing on specific opinion-target extraction related to key terms and events, by examining and dealing with a number of specific linguistic phenomena, by analysing and visualising opinion dynamics over time, and by aggregating the opinions in different ways for a more flexible view of the information contained in the documents.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 418-428: Target Channel Visiting Order Design Using Particle Swarm Optimization for Spectrum Handoff in Cognitive Radio Networks (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-19
    Beschreibung: In a dynamic spectrum access network, when a primary user (licensed user) reappears on the current channel, cognitive radios (CRs) need to vacate the channel and reestablish a communications link on some other channel to avoid interference to primary users, resulting in spectrum handoff. This paper studies the problem of designing target channel visiting order for spectrum handoff to minimize expected spectrum handoff delay. A particle swarm optimization (PSO) based algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm performs far better than random target channel visiting scheme. The solutions obtained by PSO are very close to the optimal solution which further validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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    Thema: Informatik
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 429-443: ℓ1 Major Component Detection and Analysis (ℓ1 MCDA) in Three and Higher Dimensional Spaces (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-20
    Beschreibung: Based on the recent development of two dimensional ℓ1 major component detection and analysis (ℓ1 MCDA), we develop a scalable ℓ1 MCDA in the n-dimensional space to identify the major directions of star-shaped heavy-tailed statistical distributions with irregularly positioned “spokes” and “clutters”. In order to achieve robustness and efficiency, the proposed ℓ1 MCDA in n-dimensional space adopts a two-level median fit process in a local neighbor of a given direction in each iteration. Computational results indicate that in terms of accuracy ℓ1 MCDA is competitive with two well-known PCAs when there is only one major direction in the data, and ℓ1 MCDA can further determine multiple major directions of the n-dimensional data from superimposed Gaussians or heavy-tailed distributions without and with patterned artificial outliers. With the ability to recover complex spoke structures with heavy-tailed noise and clutter in the data, ℓ1 MCDA has potential to generate better semantics than other methods.
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 482-497: Rikki Don’t Lose That Number: Enumerated Human Rights in a Society of Infinite Connections (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-20
    Beschreibung: The international Human Rights regime acknowledges a certain number of rights. That number, albeit increasing since its inception, does not seem able to keep up with the pace of modern technology. Human rights today are not only exercised in the tangible world; they are also exercised on a daily basis in a world of ubiquitous computing–as such they can be easily breached with a mere click of a button. To make matters worse, these rights are controlled largely by multinational corporations that have little regard for their value. In this paper we will attempt to explore the difficulties the global human rights regime faces today, the challenge that is its enforcement, and whether it has come to a standstill in an age where connections grow faster than the rule of law.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 363-375: Pressure Model of Control Valve Based on LS-SVM with the Fruit Fly Algorithm (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-12
    Beschreibung: Control valve is a kind of essential terminal control component which is hard to model by traditional methodologies because of its complexity and nonlinearity. This paper proposes a new modeling method for the upstream pressure of control valve using the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM), which has been successfully used to identify nonlinear system. In order to improve the modeling performance, the fruit fly optimization algorithm (FOA) is used to optimize two critical parameters of LS-SVM. As an example, a set of actual production data from a controlling system of chlorine in a salt chemistry industry is applied. The validity of LS-SVM modeling method using FOA is verified by comparing the predicted results with the actual data with a value of MSE 2.474 × 10−3. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the initial position of FOA does not affect its optimal ability. By comparison, simulation experiments based on PSO algorithm and the grid search method are also carried out. The results show that LS-SVM based on FOA has equal performance in prediction accuracy. However, from the respect of calculation time, FOA has a significant advantage and is more suitable for the online prediction.
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 414-432: Open Data and Open Governance in Canada: A Critical Examination of New Opportunities and Old Tensions (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-28
    Beschreibung: As governments develop open data strategies, such efforts reflect the advent of the Internet, the digitization of government, and the emergence of meta-data as a wider socio-economic and societal transformational. Within this context the purpose of this article is twofold. First, we seek to both situate and examine the evolution and effectiveness of open data strategies in the Canadian public sector, with a particular focus on municipal governments that have led this movement. Secondly, we delve more deeply into—if and how, open data can facilitate more open and innovative forms of governance enjoining an outward-oriented public sector (across all government levels) with an empowered and participative society. This latter vantage point includes four main and inter-related dimensions: (i) conceptualizing public value and public engagement; (ii) media relations—across traditional intermediaries and channels and new social media; (iii) political culture and the politics of privacy in an increasingly data-centric world; and (iv) federated architectures and the alignment of localized, sub-national, and national strategies and governance mechanisms. This article demonstrates how each of these dimensions includes important determinants of not only open data’s immediate impacts but also its catalytic ability to forge wider and collective innovation and more holistic governance renewal.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 261-301: Towards Horizontal Architecture for Autonomic M2M Service Networks (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-05-07
    Beschreibung: Today, increasing number of industrial application cases rely on the Machine to Machine (M2M) services exposed from physical devices. Such M2M services enable interaction of physical world with the core processes of company information systems. However, there are grand challenges related to complexity and “vertical silos” limiting the M2M market scale and interoperability. It is here expected that horizontal approach for the system architecture is required for solving these challenges. Therefore, a set of architectural principles and key enablers for the horizontal architecture have been specified in this work. A selected set of key enablers called as autonomic M2M manager, M2M service capabilities, M2M messaging system, M2M gateways towards energy constrained M2M asset devices and creation of trust to enable end-to-end security for M2M applications have been developed. The developed key enablers have been evaluated separately in different scenarios dealing with smart metering, car sharing and electric bike experiments. The evaluation results shows that the provided architectural principles, and developed key enablers establish a solid ground for future research and seem to enable communication between objects and applications, which are not initially been designed to communicate together. The aim as the next step in this research is to create a combined experimental system to evaluate the system interoperability and performance in a more detailed manner.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 337-358: Sharing Followers in e-Government Twitter Accounts: The Case of Greece (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-05-15
    Beschreibung: The recent emergence of e-government and online social media offers opportunities for governments to meet the demands and expectations of citizens, to provide value-added services and overcome barriers of reduced public budgets. Twitter is the most popular microblogging platform that can facilitate interaction and engagement. It is widely used by government agencies, public affairs practitioners, non-government organizations, members of Parliament and politicians. The paper aims to explore the use of Twitter by government agencies in Greece and record Twitter followers’ preferences regarding which accounts they follow. The paper records 27 Greek e-government Twitter accounts and their 107,107 followers. It uses a data mining technique, association rules and two multivariate statistical methods, multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis and proposes the use of a similarity measure, suitable for describing Twitter account proximity. In this way, the paper locates accounts that share followers. Groups of Twitter accounts are located, and their common orientation is described. The analysis not only describes Twitter account similarities and group formation, but to some extent, the followers’ preferences and habits of obtaining information through Twitter, as well.
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 302-336: Software-Defined Networking Using OpenFlow: Protocols, Applications and Architectural Design Choices (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-05-13
    Beschreibung: We explain the notion of software-defined networking (SDN), whose southbound interface may be implemented by the OpenFlow protocol. We describe the operation of OpenFlow and summarize the features of specification versions 1.0–1.4. We give an overview of existing SDN-based applications grouped by topic areas. Finally, we point out architectural design choices for SDN using OpenFlow and discuss their performance implications.
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 229-242: Application of Imperialist Competitive Algorithm on Solving the Traveling Salesman Problem (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-05-14
    Beschreibung: The imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) is a new heuristic algorithm proposed for continuous optimization problems. The research about its application on solving the traveling salesman problem (TSP) is still very limited. Aiming to explore its ability on solving TSP, we present a discrete imperialist competitive algorithm in this paper. The proposed algorithm modifies the original rules of the assimilation and introduces the 2-opt algorithm into the revolution process. To examine its performance, we tested the proposed algorithm on 10 small-scale and 2 large-scale standard benchmark instances from the TSPLIB and compared the experimental results with that obtained by two other ICA-based algorithms and six other existing algorithms. The proposed algorithm shows excellent performance in the experiments and comparisons.
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 243-252: Efficient Algorithms for Subgraph Listing (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-05-16
    Beschreibung: Subgraph isomorphism is a fundamental problem in graph theory. In this paper we focus on listing subgraphs isomorphic to a given pattern graph. First, we look at the algorithm due to Chiba and Nishizeki for listing complete subgraphs of fixed size, and show that it cannot be extended to general subgraphs of fixed size. Then, we consider the algorithm due to Ga̧sieniec et al. for finding multiple witnesses of a Boolean matrix product, and use it to design a new output-sensitive algorithm for listing all triangles in a graph. As a corollary, we obtain an output-sensitive algorithm for listing subgraphs and induced subgraphs isomorphic to an arbitrary fixed pattern graph.
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 109-125: Crowdsourcing as a Tool for Knowledge Acquisition in Spatial Planning (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-03-06
    Beschreibung: The term “crowdsourcing” was initially introduced by Howe in his article “The Rise of Crowdsourcing” [1]. During the last few years, crowdsourcing has become popular among companies, institutions and universities, as a crowd-centered modern “tool” for problem solving. Crowdsourcing is mainly based on the idea of an open-call publication of a problem, requesting the response of the crowd for reaching the most appropriate solution. The focus of this paper is on the role of crowdsourcing in knowledge acquisition for planning applications. The first part provides an introduction to the origins of crowdsourcing in knowledge generation. The second part elaborates on the concept of crowdsourcing, while some indicative platforms supporting the development of crowdsourcing applications are also described. The third part focuses on the integration of crowdsourcing with certain web technologies and GIS (Geographic Information Systems), for spatial planning applications, while in the fourth part, a general framework of the rationale behind crowdsourcing applications is presented. Finally, the fifth part focuses on a range of case studies that adopted several crowdsourcing techniques.
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 126-154: Information Integration Platform for Patient-Centric Healthcare Services: Design, Prototype and Dependability Aspects (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-03-07
    Beschreibung: Technology innovations have pushed today’s healthcare sector to an unprecedented new level. Various portable and wearable medical and fitness devices are being sold in the consumer market to provide the self-empowerment of a healthier lifestyle to society. Many vendors provide additional cloud-based services for devices they manufacture, enabling the users to visualize, store and share the gathered information through the Internet. However, most of these services are integrated with the devices in a closed “silo” manner, where the devices can only be used with the provided services. To tackle this issue, an information integration platform (IIP) has been developed to support communications between devices and Internet-based services in an event-driven fashion by adopting service-oriented architecture (SOA) principles and a publish/subscribe messaging pattern. It follows the “Internet of Things” (IoT) idea of connecting everyday objects to various networks and to enable the dissemination of the gathered information to the global information space through the Internet. A patient-centric healthcare service environment is chosen as the target scenario for the deployment of the platform, as this is a domain where IoT can have a direct positive impact on quality of life enhancement. This paper describes the developed platform, with emphasis on dependability aspects, including availability, scalability and security.
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 62-144: Modeling Dynamic Programming Problems over Sequences and Trees with Inverse Coupled Rewrite Systems (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-03-08
    Beschreibung: Dynamic programming is a classical algorithmic paradigm, which often allows the evaluation of a search space of exponential size in polynomial time. Recursive problem decomposition, tabulation of intermediate results for re-use, and Bellman’s Principle of Optimality are its well-understood ingredients. However, algorithms often lack abstraction and are difficult to implement, tedious to debug, and delicate to modify. The present article proposes a generic framework for specifying dynamic programming problems. This framework can handle all kinds of sequential inputs, as well as tree-structured data. Biosequence analysis, document processing, molecular structure analysis, comparison of objects assembled in a hierarchic fashion, and generally, all domains come under consideration where strings and ordered, rooted trees serve as natural data representations. The new approach introduces inverse coupled rewrite systems. They describe the solutions of combinatorial optimization problems as the inverse image of a term rewrite relation that reduces problem solutions to problem inputs. This specification leads to concise yet translucent specifications of dynamic programming algorithms. Their actual implementation may be challenging, but eventually, as we hope, it can be produced automatically. The present article demonstrates the scope of this new approach by describing a diverse set of dynamic programming problems which arise in the domain of computational biology, with examples in biosequence and molecular structure analysis.
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 378-396: Tweet My Street: A Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration for the Analysis of Local Twitter Data (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-05-28
    Beschreibung: Tweet My Street is a cross-disciplinary project exploring the extent to which data derived from Twitter can reveal more about spatial and temporal behaviours and the meanings attached to these locally. This is done with a longer-term view to supporting the coproduction and delivery of local services, complaint mechanisms and horizontal community support networks. The project has involved the development of a web-based software application capable of retrieving, storing and visualising geo-located “tweets” (and associated digital content) from Twitter’s Firehose. This has been piloted in Newcastle upon Tyne (UK) and has proven a scalable tool that can aid the analysis of social media data geographically. Beyond explaining efforts to analyse pilot data via this software, this paper elucidates three methodological challenges encountered during early collaboration. These include issues relating to “proximity” with subjects, ethics and critical questions about scholars’ digital responsibilities during the neogeographic turn.
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 359-377: The Use of Personal Value Estimations to Select Images for Preservation in Public Library Digital Community Collections (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-05-28
    Beschreibung: A considerable amount of information, particularly in image form, is shared on the web through social networking sites. If any of this content is worthy of preservation, who decides what is to be preserved and based on what criteria. This paper explores the potential for public libraries to assume this role of community digital repositories through the creation of digital collections. Thirty public library users and thirty librarians were solicited from the Indianapolis metropolitan area to evaluate five images selected from Flickr in terms of their value to public library digital collections and their worthiness of long-term preservation. Using a seven-point Likert scale, participants assigned a value to each image in terms of its importance to self, family and society. Participants were then asked to explain the reasoning behind their valuations. Public library users and librarians had similar value estimations of the images in the study. This is perhaps the most significant finding of the study, given the importance of collaboration and forming partnerships for building and sustaining community collections and archives.
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 433-456: Analysing and Enriching Focused Semantic Web Archives for Parliament Applications (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-31
    Beschreibung: The web and the social web play an increasingly important role as an information source for Members of Parliament and their assistants, journalists, political analysts and researchers. It provides important and crucial background information, like reactions to political events and comments made by the general public. The case study presented in this paper is driven by two European parliaments (the Greek and the Austrian parliament) and targets an effective exploration of political web archives. In this paper, we describe semantic technologies deployed to ease the exploration of the archived web and social web content and present evaluation results.
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 397-404: Algorithm Based on Heuristic Strategy to Infer Lossy Links in Wireless Sensor Networks (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-30
    Beschreibung: With the maturing of the actual application of wireless sensor networks, network fault management is eagerly demanded. Severe link packet loss affects the performance of wireless sensor networks, so it must be found and repaired. Subject to the constraints on limited resources, lossy link is inferred using end to end measurement and network tomography. The algorithm based on heuristic strategy is proposed. This maps the problem of lossy links inferences to minimal set-cover problems. The performance of inference algorithms is evaluated by simulation, and the simulation results indicate feasibility and efficiency of the method.
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 339-362: Model Checking Properties on Reduced Trace Systems (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-09
    Beschreibung: Temporal logic has become a well-established method for specifying the behavior of distributed systems. In this paper, we interpret a temporal logic over a partial order model that is a trace system. The satisfaction of the formulae is directly defined on traces on the basis of rewriting rules; so, the graph representation of the system can be completely avoided; moreover, a method is presented that keeps the trace system finite, also in the presence of infinite computations. To further reduce the complexity of model checking temporal logic formulae, an abstraction technique is applied to trace systems.
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 276-294: Group Sparse Reconstruction of Multi-Dimensional Spectroscopic Imaging in Human Brain in vivo (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-27
    Beschreibung: Four-dimensional (4D) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) data combining 2 spatial and 2 spectral dimensions provides valuable biochemical information in vivo; however, its 20–40 min acquisition time is too long to be used for a clinical protocol. Data acquisition can be accelerated by non-uniformly under-sampling (NUS) the ky− t1 plane, but this causes artifacts in the spatial-spectral domain that must be removed by non-linear, iterative reconstruction. Previous work has demonstrated the feasibility of accelerating 4D MRSI data acquisition through NUS and iterative reconstruction using Compressed Sensing (CS), Total Variation (TV), and Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) reconstruction. Group Sparse (GS) reconstruction is a variant of CS that exploits the structural sparsity of transform coefficients to achieve higher acceleration factors than traditional CS. In this article, we derive a solution to the GS reconstruction problem within the Split Bregman iterative framework that uses arbitrary transform grouping patterns of overlapping or non-overlapping groups. The 4D Echo-Planar Correlated Spectroscopic Imaging (EP-COSI) gray matter brain phantom and in vivo brain data are retrospectively under-sampled 2×, 4×, 6×, 8×, and 10___ and reconstructed using CS, TV, MaxEnt, and GS with overlapping or non-overlapping groups. Results show that GS reconstruction with overlapping groups outperformed the other reconstruction methods at each NUS rate for both phantom and in vivo data. These results can potentially reduce the scan time of a 4D EP-COSI brain scan from 40 min to under 5 min in vivo.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 253-275: A Faster Quick Search Algorithm (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-24
    Beschreibung: We present the FQS (faster quick search) algorithm, an improved variation of the quick search algorithm. The quick search (QS) exact pattern matching algorithm and its variants are among the fastest practical matching algorithms today. The FQS algorithm computes a statistically expected shift value, which allows maximal shifts and a smaller number of comparisons between the pattern and the text. Compared to the state-of-the-art QS variants of exact pattern matching algorithms, the proposed FQS algorithm is the fastest when lΣl ≤ 128, where lΣl is the alphabet size. FQS also has a competitive running time when lΣl > 128. Running on three practical text files, E. coli (lΣl  = 4), Bible (lΣl  = 63) and World192 (lΣl  = 94), FQS resulted in the best performance in practice. Our FQS algorithm will have important applications in the domain of genomic database searching, involving DNA or RNA sequence databases with four symbols Σ = {A, C, G, T(/U)} or protein databases with lΣl = 20.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 61-75: Analysis Matrix for Smart Cities (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-01-23
    Beschreibung: The current digital revolution has ignited the evolution of communications grids and the development of new schemes for productive systems. Traditional technologic scenarios have been challenged, and Smart Cities have become the basis for urban competitiveness. The citizen is the one who has the power to set new scenarios, and that is why a definition of the way people interact with their cities is needed, as is commented in the first part of the article. At the same time, a lack of clarity has been detected in the way of describing what Smart Cities are, and the second part will try to set the basis for that. For all before, the information and communication technologies that manage and transform 21st century cities must be reviewed, analyzing their impact on new social behaviors that shape the spaces and means of communication, as is posed in the experimental section, setting the basis for an analysis matrix to score the different elements that affect a Smart City environment. So, as the better way to evaluate what a Smart City is, there is a need for a tool to score the different technologies on the basis of their usefulness and consequences, considering the impact of each application. For all of that, the final section describes the main objective of this article in practical scenarios, considering how the technologies are used by citizens, who must be the main concern of all urban development.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 76-106: Recent Developments and Future Trends in Volunteered Geographic Information Research: The Case of OpenStreetMap (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-01-28
    Beschreibung: User-generated content (UGC) platforms on the Internet have experienced a steep increase in data contributions in recent years. The ubiquitous usage of location-enabled devices, such as smartphones, allows contributors to share their geographic information on a number of selected online portals. The collected information is oftentimes referred to as volunteered geographic information (VGI). One of the most utilized, analyzed and cited VGI-platforms, with an increasing popularity over the past few years, is OpenStreetMap (OSM), whose main goal it is to create a freely available geographic database of the world. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in VGI research, focusing on its collaboratively collected geodata and corresponding contributor patterns. Additionally, trends in the realm of OSM research are discussed, highlighting which aspects need to be investigated more closely in the near future.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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    Future Internet, Vol. 6, Pages 107-108: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Future Internet in 2013 (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-25
    Beschreibung: The editors of Future Internet would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2013.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-5903
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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    Algorithms, Vol. 7, Pages 60-61: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Algorithms in 2013 (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: The editors of Algorithms would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2013.
    Digitale ISSN: 1999-4893
    Thema: Informatik
    Publiziert von MDPI Publishing
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    Our egalitarian Eden (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-05-22
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Problems making proteins kills nerve cells (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Springtime sighting at Titan's coastline (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Stealthy spying on a moving target (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    A vitamin's dark side in liver disease (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Making protection of biodiversity count (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Making tropomodulin find the right point (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Warming waters create new bedfellows (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Avoiding instabilities while creating wires (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    How to benchmark a quantum computer (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    A bright outlook for carbon coupling (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    A structural approach to species interactions (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    A membrane-activated switch to bind clathrin (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    TRF2 gets transcription started, too (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Wastewater disposal linked to earthquakes (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Tricky star plays sleight-of-light (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    To cast no shadow in a murky medium (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Subtle entanglement in an atomic cloud (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Changing skin cells in development with TGF-  (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-24
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Taking a check on chromosome spacing (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-17
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Turning cells into garbage collectors (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-17
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Fault-tolerant quantum computing (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-17
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    The making of bodies part by part (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-17
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science
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