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  • Articles  (10)
  • Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press  (10)
  • Canadian Science Publishing  (10)
  • 2020-2022  (10)
  • 1975-1979
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (10)
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  • Articles  (10)
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  • Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press  (10)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-06-27
    Description: Les données de mobilité quotidienne décrivant les déplacements des individus constituent une source d’information importante pour analyser la dynamique des territoires et les modes de vie de ses habitants. Beaucoup d’experts impliqués dans des domaines variés des politiques urbaines ont besoin de manipuler ces données pour extraire et exploiter facilement des connaissances synthétiques. Cet article décrit un environnement de géovisualisation, eSTIMe, qui permet aux utilisateurs d’explorer la mobilité quotidienne à travers trois questionnements : les flux de déplacements, l’évolution des présences de la population sur les territoires, les programmes d’activités des individus. L’approche générale eSTIMe est organisée en quatre étapes : (i) structuration des données, (ii) construction des indicateurs, (iii) interrogation par requêtes spatio-temporelles, (iv) visualisation des analyses. L’environnement géovisuel repose sur le principe de tableaux de bord modulables intégrés dans un système multi-écrans donnant à l’utilisateur la flexibilité d’organiser ses espaces visuels de travail à façon en fonction des besoins d’analyse. Des techniques originales d’interactions tactiles et tangibles sont aussi proposées pour favoriser la visualisation des dynamiques. Deux études de cas illustrent comment l’outil permet de construire des analyses exploratoires. Sur la base de trois expérimentations, l’outil eSTIMe est jugé utile pour décrire les phénomènes de mobilité selon différents points de vue en faisant varier la granularité spatiale et temporelle et les attributs. L’outil nécessite plusieurs écrans et une tablette pouvant limiter son intégration dans un usage professionnel quotidien. Cependant, les utilisateurs ont fortement apprécié la mise à disposition d’une variété d’indicateurs prêts à être interrogés et visualisés.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1925-4296
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-06-01
    Description: Since 1945, the legal jurisdiction off the coasts of States has changed from being a 3 mile territorial sea to a series of bands of territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, and continental shelf. The paper summarizes the historical development of these zones. Now that Canada has submitted its claim for continental shelves beyond the 200 nautical mile (NM) limit to the United Nations’ Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), the author calculates estimates for the size of Canada’s continental shelf beyond 200 NMs in both the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and assesses the effect of the counter-claims by its neighboring States.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2020-04-21
    Description: Unlike English and other western languages, Chinese does not delimit words using white-spaces. Chinese Word Segmentation (CWS) is the crucial first step towards natural language processing. However, for the geoscience subject domain, the CWS problem remains unresolved with many challenges. Although traditional methods can be used to process geoscience documents, they lack the domain knowledge for massive geoscience documents. Considering the above challenges, this motivated us to build a segmenter specifically for the geoscience domain. Currently, most of the state-of-the-art methods for Chinese word segmentation are based on supervised learning, whose features are mostly extracted from a local context. In this paper, we proposed a framework for sequence learning by incorporating cyclic self-learning corpus training. Following this framework, we build the GeoSegmenter based on the Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) network model to perform Chinese word segmentation. It can gain a great advantage through iterations of the training data. Empirical experimental results on geoscience documents and benchmark datasets showed that geological documents can be identified, and it can also recognize the generic documents.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2020-06-01
    Description: Canada’s coastline presents challenges for charting. Within Arctic regions, in situ surveying presents risks to surveyors, is time consuming and costly. To better meet its mandate, the Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) has been investigating the potential of remote sensing to complement traditional charting techniques. Much of this work has focused on evaluating the effectiveness of empirical satellite derived bathymetry (SDB) techniques within the Canadian context. With greater knowledge of applying SDB techniques within Canadian waters, CHS is now interested in understanding how characteristics of optical sensors can impact SDB results. For example, how does the availability of different optical bands improve or hinder SDB estimates? What is the impact of spatial resolution on SDB accuracy? Do commercial satellites offer advantages over freely available data? Through application of a multiple band modelling technique to WorldView-2, Pléiades, PlanetScope, SPOT, Sentinel-2, and Landsat-8 imagery obtained over Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, this paper provides insight into these questions via comparisons with in situ survey data. Result highlights in the context of these questions include the following: Similarities between sensors: Overall linear error at 90% (LE90) results for each sensor ranged from 0.88 to 1.91 m relative to in situ depths, indicating consistency in the accuracy of SDB estimates from the examined satellites. Most estimates achieved Category of Zone of Confidence level C accuracy, the suggested minimum survey accuracy level for incorporating SDB information into navigational charts. SDB coverage: Between sensors, differences in the area of the sea floor that could be measured by SDB were apparent, as were differences in the ability of each sensor to properly represent spatial bathymetry characteristics. Sensor importance: Though relationships between SDB accuracy and sensor resolution were found, significant advantages or disadvantages for particular sensors were not identified, suggesting that other factors may play a more important role for SDB image selection (e.g., sea floor visibility, sediments, waves). Findings from this work will help inform SBD planning activities for hydrographic offices and SDB researchers alike.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-03-01
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-03-01
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-09-03
    Description: Lorsqu’une intervention de secours est nécessaire, localiser précisément et rapidement le site sur lequel envoyer les équipes est primordial. La littérature montre que des outils de géovisualisation constituent des solutions pertinentes pour supporter des processus d’analyse d’informations dans des contextes variés. Nous nous intéressons ici au raisonnement du secouriste réceptionnant un appel à l’aide et visons des solutions conceptuelles et logicielles dédiées à la tâche de détermination de la localisation de la victime, plus particulièrement dans le contexte du secours en montagne. Nous avons formalisé le raisonnement du secouriste et les informations sur lesquelles il ou elle s’appuie à l’aide d’une ontologie. L’Ontologie d’Alerte Choucas structure les concepts exploités par le secouriste qui élabore des hypothèses de localisation probable de la victime à partir d’informations (telles qu’une position relative, un temps de marche, une direction) fournies lors d’un échange verbal. Dans notre approche, l’ontologie est en outre exploitée pour dériver les composants d’interface d’un prototype de géovisualisation facilitant le raisonnement du secouriste. Ces composants sont une aide à la saisie des informations, en fournissant une restitution cartographique adaptée, et contribuent à construire et à affiner la zone de localisation. Notre approche présente une chaine de traitements originale, menant de la représentation des connaissances à la génération automatisée d’une interface fonctionnelle d’aide au raisonnement visant à localiser des victimes en montagne.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-03-01
    Description: En 2022, les États-Unis, dans le cadre de la modernisation de leur système de référence, remplaceront le Système de référence géodésique nord-américain de 1983 (NAD83) par un nouveau cadre de référence terrestre nord-américain (NATRF2022), ce qui entraînera des différences de coordonnées horizontales de 1,3 à 1,5 mètre à la frontière canado-américaine par rapport au NAD83 (SCRS) canadien. Jamais auparavant des différences aussi importantes n’avaient existé entre les cadres de référence de nos deux pays. Le présent document examine les raisons pour lesquelles les États-Unis apportent ce changement et examine ensuite la situation du Canada en ce qui concerne les cadres de référence. Il y a des raisons impérieuses pour que le Canada emboîte le pas et passe au NATRF2022 d’ici une décennie, mais cela représente aussi des défis majeurs. Que le Canada suive ou non la même voie, il y a beaucoup de travail à accomplir pour préparer le Canada à l’adoption du NATRF2022 par les États-Unis. Le présent document se veut une première étape pour informer la communauté géospatiale canadienne de la décision des États-Unis d’adopter le NATRF2022 et de ce que cela signifie pour le Canada.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2020-08-03
    Description: Many geovisualization environments integrate graphical representations of time. Some of them include representation of both linear and cyclic aspects of time, providing an exploratory analysis of spatio-temporal data through several temporal cyclic scales. However, few of them provide an exploratory analysis of localized cyclic recurrences in spatio-temporal data. Ad hoc temporal diagrams, representing both linear and cyclic aspects of time, provide a visual search for cyclic recurrences in temporal data when the possibility is left to the user to perform a gradual modification of the represented cyclic scale’s duration. The combination of these graphic representations of time, with cartographic representations, displaying the spatial distribution of such cyclic recurrences, could provide an exploratory analysis of localized cyclic recurrences in spatio-temporal data. Mathematical tools coming from other scientific fields, such as the harmonic analysis, offer another way to identify cyclic behaviors in temporal data. Combining the visual approach offered by specifically designed geovisualization environments, with a harmonic analysis that suggests searching paths to the user during its exploratory analysis, can then improve the visual search for localized cyclic recurrences. We propose a geovisualization environment, which combines, on one hand, a visual analysis of localized cyclic recurrences in spatio-temporal data, using ad hoc temporal diagrams, cartographic representations, and specific semiologic rules, and on the other hand, mathematical tools, such as harmonic analysis and spatial clustering, that provide searching paths to the user for its visual analysis. This approach is supported by a geovisualization environment, GrAPHiST, which provides an exploratory analysis of spatio-temporal event data.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2020-03-01
    Description: The continuous growth of available geospatial data requires new methods for its integration, analysis, and visualization to be explored and implemented in software available to the geospatial community. Discrete Global Grid Systems (DGGS) are an emerging method for spatial data handling in the digital earth framework. DGGS are hierarchical data structures for discretizing the Earth’s surface that have seen considerable theoretical development over the last two decades. In this paper, four software implementations are reviewed, dggridR, H3, OpenEAGGR, and S2, to explore their potential applications in data modelling and GIS, as well as their performance. These software implementations were also evaluated against the recently published Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) abstract specification. The results indicate great potential and versatility for utilizing such systems in geospatial analysis, if basic methods for converting and handling spatial features are further developed. The performance of these systems is shown to be highly scalable and operational with datasets of various sizes. Yet, it is demonstrated that the current software implementations generally fall short of fulfilling all of the OGC requirements or it was not possible to confirm their compliance. The assessment here identified that further enhancements, endorsement of OGC criteria, and their explicit acknowledgment within official documentation remain key research needs for the evaluated software packages. Further work developing operational DGGS that solve real world problems may promote greater community adoption and integration of DGGS data structures into commonly used geospatial platforms.
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