ALBERT

Description:    In the present work we analyze the Country Profiles , open access data from ISI Thomson Reuter’s Science Watch . The country profiles are rankings of the output (indexed in Web of Science) in different knowledge fields during a determined time span for a given country. The analysis of these data permits defining a Country Profile Index, a tool for diagnosing the activity of the scientific community of a country and their possible strengths and weakness. Furthermore, such analysis also enables the search for identities among research patterns of different countries, time evolution of such patterns and the importance of the adherence to the database journals portfolio in evaluating the productivity in a given knowledge field. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0696-7 Authors Peter A. Schulz, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, Limeira, SP 13484-350, Brazil Edmilson J. T. Manganote, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Sergio Buarque de Holanda, 777, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    Based on new comparison principles that take into account both the volume of scientific production and its impact, this paper proposes a method for defining reference classes of universities. Several tools are developed in order to enable university managers to define the value system according to which their university shall be compared to others. We apply this methodology to French universities and illustrate it using the reference classes of the best ranked universities according to several value systems. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-21 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0672-2 Authors Nicolas Carayol, GREThA, Université Bordeaux IV–CNRS, Avenue Leon Duguit, 33608 Pessac Cedex, France Ghislaine Filliatreau, Observatoire des Sciences et Techniques (OST), 21 Bvd, Pasteur, 75015 Paris Agenor Lahatte, Observatoire des Sciences et Techniques (OST), 21 Bvd, Pasteur, 75015 Paris Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    For certain tasks in patent management it makes sense to apply a quantitative measure of textual similarity between patents and/or parts thereof: be it the analysis of freedom to operate, the analysis of technology convergence, or the mapping of patents for strategic purposes. In this paper we intend to outline the process of measuring textual patent similarity on the basis of elements referred to as ‘combined concepts’. We are going to use this process in various operations leading to design decisions, and shall also provide guidance regarding these decisions. By way of two applications from patent management, namely the prioritization of patents and the analysis of convergence between two technological fields, we mean to demonstrate the crucial importance of design decisions in terms of patent analysis results. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-22 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0682-0 Authors Martin G. Moehrle, IPMI – Institute of Project Management and Innovation, University of Bremen, Wilhelm-Herbst-Str. 12, 28359 Bremen, Germany Jan M. Gerken, IPMI – Institute of Project Management and Innovation, University of Bremen, Wilhelm-Herbst-Str. 12, 28359 Bremen, Germany Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    Information systems permeate every business function, thereby requiring holistic Information Systems (IS) approaches. Much academic research is still discipline specific. More interdisciplinary research is needed to inform both industry and academe. Interdisciplinary research has been positively associated with increased levels of innovation, productivity and impact. IS research contributes to the knowledge creation and innovation within IS and other College of Business (COB) disciplines. This research defines the intellectual structures within IS and between IS and other COB disciplines. We use a large scale, diachronic bibliometric analysis of COB journals to assess reciprocal knowledge exchange and also to identify potential intra- and interdisciplinary publication outlets. Our findings show an increase in IS knowledge contributions to other COB disciplines, which supports the discussion that IS is a reference discipline. Our research also visually depicts the intellectual structures within IS and between IS and other COB disciplines. Anyone exploring research in IS and allied COB disciplines can peruse the proximity maps to identify groups of similar journals. The findings from this research inform decisions related to which journals to read, target as publication outlets, and include on promotion and tenure lists. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-26 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0668-y Authors Jean A. Pratt, Department of Information Systems, Schneider Social Science, University of Wisconsin at Eau Claire, Room 411, Eau Claire, WI 54702, USA Karina Hauser, Management Information Systems, Utah State University, 3515 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA Cassidy R. Sugimoto, School of Library and Information Science, Indiana University Bloomington, 1320 East 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    In this paper, we use bibliometric methods and social network analysis to analyze the pattern of China–US scientific collaboration on individual level in nanotechnology. Results show that Chinese–American scientists have been playing an important role in China–US scientific collaboration. We find that China–US collaboration in nanotechnology mainly occurs between Chinese and Chinese–American scientists. In the co-authorship network, Chinese–American scientists tend to have higher betweenness centrality. Moreover, the series of polices implemented by the Chinese government to recruit oversea experts seems to contribute a lot to China–US scientific collaboration. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0693-x Authors Xianwen Wang, WISE Lab, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116085 China Shenmeng Xu, WISE Lab, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116085 China Di Liu, WISE Lab, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116085 China Yongxia Liang, National Science Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    An evaluation exercise was performed involving 313 papers of research staff (66 persons) of the Deutsche Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ) published in 2004–2008. The records and citations to them were retrieved from the Web of Science (Thomson Reuters) in March 2010. The authors compared productivity and citedness of “group leaders” vs. “regular scientists”, of “male scientists” vs. “female scientists” using citation-based indexes. It was found that “group leaders” are more prolific and cited more often than “regular scientists”, the same is true considering “male” vs. “female scientists”. The greatest contrast is observed between “female leaders” and “female regular scientists”. The above mentioned differences are significant in indexes related to the number of papers, while values of indexes characterizing the quality of papers (average citation rate per paper and similar indexes) are not substantially different among the groups compared. The mean value of percentile rank index for all the 313 papers is 58.5, which is significantly higher than the global mean value of about 50. This fact is evidence of a higher citation status, on average, of the publications from the DRFZ. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0659-z Authors A. Pudovkin, Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041 Russia H. Kretschmer, Faculty of Business Administration/Business Computing, University of Applied Sciences, Bahnhofstrasse, 15745 Wildau, Germany J. Stegmann, Berlin, Germany E. Garfield, Chairman Emeritus, Thomson Reuters Professional, Formerly Institute for Scientific Information® (ISI®), 1500 Spring Garden Street, Philadelphia, PA 19130-4067, USA Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    This study on research collaboration (RC) is an attempt to estimate the degree of internationalization of academic institutions and regions. Furthermore potential influences of RC on excellence initiatives of modern universities are investigated relying on source data obtained from SCImago Institutions Rankings. A positive correlation exists between the degree of collaboration and the normalized impact. However, in contrast to output the normalized impact increase progression is non-linear and fluctuating. Differences occur regarding output volume and normalized impact at geographical region level for the leading universities. Different patterns of the Brute force distribution for each collaboration type were also observed at region level as well as at subject area level. A continuously reduced percentage of the domestic (non-collaboration) academic output is a world trend, whereas a steady increase of “international + national” collaboration is observed globally, however, less distinctive in Asia than in the other regions. The impact of Latin American papers originating from domestic production as well as from national collaboration remains considerably below world average values. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-18 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0638-4 Authors Maria Benavent-Pérez, Institute of Public Goods and Policies, SCImago Research Group, CSIC, Albasanz 26-28, 28037 Madrid, Spain Juan Gorraiz, Bibliometrics Department, Vienna University Library, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria Christian Gumpenberger, Bibliometrics Department, Vienna University Library, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria Félix de Moya-Anegón, Institute of Public Goods and Policies, SCImago Research Group, CSIC, Albasanz 26-28, 28037 Madrid, Spain Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    In the discussion paper on this issue, Vanclay ( 2011 ) describes and uncovers several weaknesses of the JIF based on a thorough literature review and detailed empirical analyses. In this short comment we would like to add the results of two studies to the discussion around the JIF. In these studies we investigated the effect of several versions of one and the same manuscript published by a journal on its JIF. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-3 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0656-2 Authors Lutz Bornmann, Max Planck Society, Administrative Headquarters, Hofgartenstraße 8, 80539 Munich, Germany Werner Marx, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    The phenomenon of all-elements-sleeping-beauties in science is revealed by four special cases. The ‘sleeping beauties’ prick their fingers on the ‘spindles’ so that they fall into sleep then are awakened by their ‘princes’. The authors speculate that the phenomenon could happen in scientific literatures with high quality. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0643-7 Authors Jiang Li, Department of Information Resource Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China Fred Y. Ye, Department of Information Resource Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    Variation of citation counts by subdisciplines within a particular discipline is known but rarely systematically studied. This paper compares citation counts for award-winning mathematicians is different subdisciplines of mathematics. Mathematicians were selected for study in groups of rough equivalence with respect to peer evaluation, where this evaluation is given by the awarding of major prizes and grants: Guggenheim fellowships, Sloan fellowships, and National Science Foundation CAREER grants. We find a pattern in which mathematicians working in some subdisciplines have fewer citations than others who won the same award, and this pattern is consistent for all awards. So even after adjustment at the discipline level for different overall citation rates for disciplines, citation counts for different subdisciplines do not match peer evaluation. Demographic and hiring data for mathematics provides a context for a discussion of reasons and interpretations. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0647-3 Authors Lawrence Smolinsky, Department of Mathematics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA Aaron Lercher, LSU Libraries, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    Recent studies have suggested that a causal link exists between the reputation of the institution and the subsequent demand indicators. However, it is unclear how these effects vary across institutional characteristics or whether these effects persist when considering other factors that affects demand outcomes. On the other hand, student demand studies have almost always focused on the demand side of the equilibrium but not the supply side, although both demand and supply equations relate quantity to price. Although the supply is clearly a driver of demand, there are other variables that significantly influence the demand rates. Spanish public university system shows particular features not considered in the mentioned studies. This paper has two objectives. The first one is to modelize the demand for Masters Programs in the Spanish public university system. We propose a panel methodology to estimate the behavior of the demand of Masters Programs based on the data provided by the seventeen Spanish Autonomous Communities. Disaggregated analysis are presented for domestic demand and international demand. We conclude that the offer is a powerful attractor of demand for domestic and international students, and therefore actions of supply reduction should be carefully applied and always according to strategic university policy criteria. The second aim of the article is to analyze the Masters Programs in the Spanish public university system and to provide a benchmark of the current situation of supply (number of programs) and demand (enrollment) at regional level (Spanish Autonomous Communities) and in relation to European scenarios. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-18 DOI 10.1007/s11192-011-0593-5 Authors Mónica Benito, Statistics Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, C/Madrid 126, Getafe, 28903 Spain Rosario Romera, Statistics Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, C/Madrid 126, Getafe, 28903 Spain Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    There is an increasing need both to understand the translation of biomedical research into improved healthcare and to assess the range of wider impacts from health research such as improved health policies, health practices and healthcare. Conducting such assessments is complex and new methods are being sought. Our new approach involves several steps. First, we developed a qualitative citation analysis technique to apply to biomedical research in order to assess the contribution that individual papers made to further research. Second, using this method, we then proposed to trace the citations to the original research through a series of generations of citing papers. Third, we aimed eventually to assess the wider impacts of the various generations. This article describes our comprehensive literature search to inform the new technique. We searched various databases, specific bibliometrics journals and the bibliographies of key papers. After excluding irrelevant papers we reviewed those remaining for either general or specific details that could inform development of our new technique. Various characteristics of citations were identified that had been found to predict their importance to the citing paper including the citation’s location; number of citation occasions and whether the author(s) of the cited paper were named within the citing paper. We combined these objective characteristics with subjective approaches also identified from the literature search to develop a citation categorisation technique that would allow us to achieve the first of the steps above, i.e., being able routinely to assess the contribution that individual papers make to further research. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0642-8 Authors Teresa H. Jones, Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH UK Claire Donovan, Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH UK Steve Hanney, Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH UK Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    Vanclay’s proposal (Vanclay ( 2012 ). Impact factor: outdated artefact or stepping-stone to journal certification? Scientometrics doi: 10.1007/s11192-011-0561-0 ) is discussed. We agree that a major overhaul is necessary: journal evaluation must be performed using instruments and not artefacts. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0649-1 Authors Ronald Rousseau, Faculty of Engineering Technology, KHBO (Association K.U.Leuven), Zeedijk 101, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    The notion of core documents and their application is discussed in the context of scientometric networks. An interesting solution of the problem of the arbitrariness of thresholds emerges from the application of Hirsch-type indices to dense networks as are typically observed in local clustering. Examples from several disciplines in the sciences and social sciences illustrate how these core vertices can be determined using this approach, and visualise how core documents are applied to represent the internal structure of the complete network or of parts of it. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0639-3 Authors Wolfgang Glänzel, Centre for R&D Monitoring (ECOOM), K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    In an earlier exercise some demographic methods were reformulated for application in a scientometric context. Age-pyramids based on annual publication output and citation impact was supplemented by the change of the mean age of the publications in the h -core at any time. Although the method was introduced to shed some demographic–scientometric light on the career of individual researchers, the second component, i.e., the age dynamics of the h -core can however be applied to higher levels of aggregation as well. However, the found paradigmatic shapes and patterns do not only characterise individual careers and positions, but are also typical of life cycles and subject-specific peculiarities. In the present study, the proposed approach is used to visualise the careers of scientists active in different fields of the sciences and social sciences and notably the second component, the h -core dynamics, is extended to the analysis of scientific journals from the same fields. In addition to the dynamics of productivity and citation impact, the evolution of co-authorship patterns of the same scientists is studied to capture another facet of individual academic careers. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11192-011-0590-8 Authors Lin Zhang, Centre for R&D Monitoring (ECOOM) and Department of MSI, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Wolfgang Glänzel, Centre for R&D Monitoring (ECOOM) and Department of MSI, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    Access to public knowledge is a prerequisite for the good functioning of developed economies. Universities strive and are also requested to contribute to this knowledge both locally and internationally. Traditional studies on the geography of knowledge flows have identified a localisation effect; however, these studies do not use the country as the unit of observation and hence do not explore national patterns. In this paper, we hypothesise that the localisation of university knowledge flows is directly related to share of firm expenditure on research and development. To test this hypothesis, we use references to universities in patent documents as indicators based on a data set of around 20,000 university references, for 37 countries in the period 1990–2007, resulting in panels of around 300–500 observations. We build indicators for the university knowledge flows both inside and outside the applicant country, which we explain as a function of some proxies for national size and research structure based on econometric estimations. We draw some conclusions as to the importance of national business scientific strength for fostering increased domestic university knowledge flows. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-21 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0629-5 Authors Joaquín M. Azagra-Caro, INGENIO (CSIC-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    This study describes the results of a preliminary bibliometric analysis of 611 research items, published between 1996 and 2011 by researchers affiliated with Creative Research Institution (CRIS) and the Center for Advanced Science and Technology (CAST), Hokkaido University (HU), retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) database. CRIS has a primary mission to promote cutting-edge, world-class, trans-departmental research within HU, and it conducts fundamental, commercialization-related, cross-disciplinary research and nurtures young in-house/recruited researchers through targeted, innovative tenure-track programs in multiple disciplines. Its research output derives from 3- to 7-year-long time-bound projects funded strategically by HU, external grants [e.g., MEXT Super-COE HU Research and Business Park Project (FY2003-7)], industry-university collaboration with regional businesses, and endowments (e.g., Meiji Dairies). Analyses using co-words, bibliographic coupling, overlay map aided with visualization, etc., lead to the following inferences: (i) The published items comprise a dozen well-defined (inter-)disciplinary clusters, dominated by 3 macro-disciplines (biomedical science, 33%; chemistry, 21%; agricultural science, ca. 10%) that constitute 18 clusters used for mapping; (ii) research conducted by externally funded or endowed projects in the biomedical, physical and environmental science and technology fields (3 broad areas of aggregation derived from the Science Overlay Map) is interdisciplinary; and (iii) there is an apparently low visibility of publications from projects jointly executed with industries to an almost complete absence of output from CRIS in the fields of social sciences in the WoS database. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0655-3 Authors Pitambar Gautam, Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, N21, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan Ryuichi Yanagiya, Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, N21, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    It is often said that successive generations of researchers face an increasing educational burden due to knowledge accumulation. On the other hand, technological advancement over time can improve the productivity of researchers and even change their cognitive processes. This paper presents a longitudinal study (2004–2011) of citation behavior in doctoral theses at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. It is found that the number of references cited has increased over the years. At the same time, there has been a decrease in the length of time in the doctoral program and a relative constancy in the culture of the department. This suggests that students are more productive in facing an increased knowledge burden, and indeed seem to encode prior literature as transactive memory to a greater extent, as evidenced by the greater use of older literature. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0654-4 Authors Lav R. Varshney, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, 19 Skyline Drive, Hawthorne, New York 10532, USA Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    In the present study we analyzed the Brazilian scientific production in the area of science education. The study was structured on: data by research groups registered in Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; analysis of the post-graduate strictu sensu programs; analysis of theses and dissertations linked to post-graduate programs; and papers in international databases. Our research was conducted strictly via world wide web, from December 2009 to September 2010. It was found that both number of research groups, researchers, post-graduate programs, thesis, dissertations and papers presented a marked increase, especially in the last decade (from 2000 onwards). The major research centers were found to be located in public universities from Brazilian southeast and south regions. However, it was observed a tendency of decentralization, due to a recent investment in new public universities in the other Brazilian regions. So, this study sought to present an overview of the scientific production about science education and we expect that this information can help to expand the vision about the development of this research area in Brazil. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0645-5 Authors Renato X. Coutinho, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria—UFSM, Santa Maria, RS CEP 97105-900, Brazil Eliziane S. Dávila, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria—UFSM, Santa Maria, RS CEP 97105-900, Brazil Wendel M. dos Santos, Universidade Federal do Pampa—UNIPAMPA, Campus Uruguaiana BR-472 Km 7, Uruguaiana, RS CEP 97500-970, Brazil João B. T. Rocha, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria—UFSM, Santa Maria, RS CEP 97105-900, Brazil Diogo O. G. Souza, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil Vanderlei Folmer, Universidade Federal do Pampa—UNIPAMPA, Campus Uruguaiana BR-472 Km 7, Uruguaiana, RS CEP 97500-970, Brazil Robson L. Puntel, Universidade Federal do Pampa—UNIPAMPA, Campus Uruguaiana BR-472 Km 7, Uruguaiana, RS CEP 97500-970, Brazil Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    In this work the well known scientometric concepts of bibliographically coupled publications and co-cited references were applied to produce interactive maps of research fronts and knowledge bases of research fields. This article proposes a method and some standardization for the detection and visualization of research fronts and knowledge bases with two and three dimensional graphics inspired by geographical maps. Agglomerations of bibliographically coupled publications with a common knowledge base are identified and graphically represented by a density function of publications per area unit. The research fronts become visible if publications with similar vectors of common citations are associated and visualized as an ensemble in a three dimensional graphical representation as a mountain scenery measured with the help of a spatial density. Knowledge bases were calculated in the same way. Maps similar to the geographic representation of oceans and islands are used to visualize the two-dimensional spatial density function of references weighted by individual links. The proposed methodology is demonstrated by publications in the field of battery research. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0626-8 Authors Edgar Schiebel, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Technology Management, Donau City Straße, 1220 Vienna, Austria Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    The journal impact factor (JIF) proposed by Garfield in the year 1955 is one of the most commonly used and prominent citation-based indicators of the performance and significance of a scientific journal. The JIF is simple, reasonable, clearly defined, and comparable over time and, what is more, can be easily calculated from data provided by Thomson Reuters, but at the expense of serious technical and methodological flaws. The paper discusses one of the core problems: The JIF is affected by bias factors (e.g., document type) that have nothing to do with the prestige or quality of a journal. For solving this problem, we suggest using the generalized propensity score methodology based on the Rubin Causal Model. Citation data for papers of all journals in the ISI subject category “Microscopy” (Journal Citation Report) are used to illustrate the proposal. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0670-4 Authors Rüdiger Mutz, Social Psychology and Research on Higher Education, ETH Zurich, Muehlegasse 21, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland Hans-Dieter Daniel, Social Psychology and Research on Higher Education, ETH Zurich, Muehlegasse 21, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    Nanotechnology is promising to be the ‘transformative’ technology of the 21st century with its boundless potential to revolutionize a wide range of industries. Stakes are high as projected estimate of market value and economic and social benefits are immense for countries that can attain competency in this technology. This has stimulated OECD countries as well as emerging economies to channel huge resources for developing core capabilities in this technology. Unlike, other key technologies, recent influential reports highlight China in particular and to some extent India, Brazil and other emerging economies competing with advanced OECD countries in ‘nanotechnology’. The present paper investigates through bibliometric and innovation indicators to what extent China and India have been able to assert their position in the global stage. The paper also underscores the importance of capturing indications from standards and products/processes along with publications and patents to capture more accurately the latent variable ‘performance’. Study shows that China’s progress is remarkable; it has already attained leading position in publications and standard development. India is making its presence more visible particularly in publications. China’s research is more sophisticated and addresses nano-materials and its applications whereas India’s research shows healthy trend towards addressing developmental problems. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-29 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0651-7 Authors Sujit Bhattacharya, National Institute of Science Technology and Development Studies, K.S. Krishnan Marg, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India Shilpa, National Institute of Science Technology and Development Studies, K.S. Krishnan Marg, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India Madhulika Bhati, National Institute of Science Technology and Development Studies, K.S. Krishnan Marg, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    A relevant factor in the growth of academic productivity in the second half of 20th century is the implementation of the internet, particularly in developing countries. One of the first networks in Brazil is the Academic Network at Sao Paulo (ANSP), a regional network implemented in the state of Sao Paulo, which contains the largest concentration of researchers in the country. This study presents a unique metric for analyzing the impact of ANSP in academic productivity in the state of Sao Paulo. We correlate academic production and available bandwidth using Fisher ideal price index with suitable variables to evaluate the impact of the internet on research centers and universities. We find that the members of ANSP show a steady growth in academic productivity compared with other institutions outside of the ANSP network. These results suggest that policies which increase available bandwidth can positively affect academic productivity. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0666-0 Authors Clarice Gameiro da Fonseca Pachi, Academic Network at Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 215—2nd Floor—CEP, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil Jorge Futoshi Yamamoto, Academic Network at Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 215—2nd Floor—CEP, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil Anna Paula Amadeu da Costa, Academic Network at Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 215—2nd Floor—CEP, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil Luis Fernandez Lopez, Faculdade de Medicina Da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455—Cerqueira César, CEP, Sao Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    As our fields have become more sophisticated, complex, and specialized, we deal with ever larger masses of data, and our quantitative results have become more detailed and esoteric, and difficult to interpret. Because our methods are predominantly quantitative, we tend to overlook or underemphasize the qualitative judgments that enter at every stage of our work, and to forget that quantity is only one of the qualities. As in our world today, where we face a flood of factoids and quantitative data stripped of context, and struggle to evaluate it, to give it meaning, and make it into information, so ought we qualitatively to acknowledge and contextualize our research results, not only to make them more relevant, meaningful, and useful to the larger world, but to give our work greater impact and value. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0657-1 Authors Donald deB. Beaver, Williams College, 18 Hoxsey St, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    This study assessed research patterns and trends of library and information science (LIS) in Korea by applying bibliometric analysis to 159 Korean LIS professors’ 2,401 peer-reviewed publications published between 2001 and 2010. Bibliometric analysis of publication data found an increasing trend for collaboration, robust publication patterns, increasing number of international publications , and internationalization of LIS in Korea. The maturation and internalization of LIS research was evidenced in increased number of publications in high impact journals (e.g., SSI, SSCI), growing participation in leading international conferences (e.g., ASIST, TREC), increasing proportion of Korean LIS faculty with international degrees , and high publication rates by professors with international degrees. Though limited in its evaluative power without citation data, publication data can be a rich source for bibliometric analysis as this study has shown. The analysis of publication patterns conducted by the study, which is a first step in our aim to establish a multi-faceted approach for assessing the impact of scholarly work, will be followed up in a future study, where the question of quantity versus quality will be examined by comparing publication counts with citation counts. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-19 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0663-3 Authors Kiduk Yang, Department of Library and Information Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea Jongwook Lee, Information Service Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Korea Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    In this research, we propose a method to trace scientist’s research trends realtimely. By monitoring the downloads of scientific articles in the journal of Scientometrics for 744 h, namely one month, we investigate the download statistics. Then we aggregate the keywords in these downloaded research papers, and analyze the trends of article downloading and keyword downloading. Furthermore, taking both the downloads of keywords and articles into consideration, we design a method to detect the emerging research trends. We find that in scientometrics field, social media, new indices to quantify scientific productivity (g-index), webometrics, semantic, text mining, and open access are emerging fields that scientometrics researchers are focusing on. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0884-5 Authors Xianwen Wang, WISE Lab, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116085 China Zhi Wang, WISE Lab, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116085 China Shenmeng Xu, WISE Lab, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116085 China Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    In the era of the fast-paced knowledge economy, patent data may be analyzed to measure technological competitiveness. This paper aims to explore patent performance by indicators and technology interactions based on patent citation of assignee types. This study involved four types of patent assignees (i.e. universities, industries, governments, and individuals) in five technological fields (i.e. computers and communications; drugs and medical; electrical and electronics; chemical; and mechanical) over three periods (i.e. 1997–2001, 2002–2006, and 2007–2011). Four indicators were chosen for analysis of patent performance; they included, patent share, science linkage, current impact index, and citation density. The findings of this study show that among all four assignee types, industries had the highest patent productivity in all fields, and universities had the highest impact in all fields except for drugs and medical. Other interesting phenomena were also observed. Examples include reciprocal technology interactions between universities and governments; low technology interactions of industries in each field; individuals’ higher patent performance and technology interactions in the field of drugs and medical. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-16 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0878-3 Authors Mu-Hsuan Huang, Department of Library and Information Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Hui-Yun Sung, Graduate Institute of Library and Information Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan Chun-Chieh Wang, Department of Library and Information Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Dar-Zen Chen, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Industrial Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    This paper analyses existing trends in the collaborative structure of the Pharmacology and Pharmacy field in Spain and explores its relationship with research impact. The evolution in terms of size of the research community, the typology of collaborative links (national, international) and the scope of the collaboration (size of links, type of partners) are studied by means of different measures based on co-authorship. Growing heterogeneity of collaboration and impact of research are observed over the years. Average journal impact (MNJS) and citation score (MNCS) normalised to world average tend to grow with the number of authors, the number of institutions and collaboration type. Both national and international collaboration show MNJS values above the country’s average, but only internationally co-authored publications attain citation rates above the world’s average. This holds at country and institutional sector levels, although not all institutional sectors obtain the same benefit from collaboration. Multilateral collaboration with high-level R&D countries yields the highest values of research impact, although the impact of collaboration with low-level R&D countries has been optimised over the years. Although scientific collaboration is frequently based on individual initiative, policy actions are required to promote the more heterogeneous types of collaboration. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-24 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0890-7 Authors María Bordons, Instituto de Estudios Documentales en Ciencia y Tecnología (IEDCYT), Center for Human and Social Sciences (CCHS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Albasanz 26-28, 28037 Madrid, Spain Javier Aparicio, Instituto de Estudios Documentales en Ciencia y Tecnología (IEDCYT), Center for Human and Social Sciences (CCHS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Albasanz 26-28, 28037 Madrid, Spain Rodrigo Costas, Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 62a, Leiden, 2300 AX The Netherlands Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    What are the factors which render an article more likely to be cited? Using social network analysis of citations between published scholarly works, the nascent field around Social Studies of Science is examined from its incipience in 1971 until 2008. To gauge intellectual positioning, closeness centrality and orthodoxy rates are derived from bibliographic networks. Bibliographic orthodoxy is defined as the propensity of an article to cite other highly popular works. Orthodoxy and closeness centrality have differing effects on citation rates, varying across historical periods of development in the field. Effects were modest, but significant. In early time periods, articles with higher orthodoxy rates were cited more, but this effect dissipated over time. In contrast, citations associated with closeness centrality increased over time. Early SSS citation networks were smaller, less structurally cohesive and less modular than later networks. In contrast, later networks were larger, more structurally cohesive, more modular and less dense. These changes to the global SSS knowledge networks are linked to changes in the scientific reward structure ensconced in the network, particularly regarding orthodoxy and closeness centrality. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-31 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0881-8 Authors Kyle Siler, Department of Sociology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    Bioinformatics is a fast-growing, diverse research field that has recently gained much public attention. Even though there are several attempts to understand the field of bioinformatics by bibliometric analysis, the proposed approach in this paper is the first attempt at applying text mining techniques to a large set of full-text articles to detect the knowledge structure of the field. To this end, we use PubMed Central full-text articles for bibliometric analysis instead of relying on citation data provided in Web of Science. In particular, we develop text mining routines to build a custom-made citation database as a result of mining full-text. We present several interesting findings in this study. First, the majority of the papers published in the field of bioinformatics are not cited by others (63 % of papers received less than two citations). Second, there is a linear, consistent increase in the number of publications. Particularly year 2003 is the turning point in terms of publication growth. Third, most researches of bioinformatics are driven by USA-based institutes followed by European institutes. Fourth, the results of topic modeling and word co-occurrence analysis reveal that major topics focus more on biological aspects than on computational aspects of bioinformatics. However, the top 10 ranked articles identified by PageRank are more related to computational aspects. Fifth, visualization of author co-citation analysis indicates that researchers in molecular biology or genomics play a key role in connecting sub-disciplines of bioinformatics. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-19 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0900-9 Authors Min Song, Department of Library and Information Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea Su Yeon Kim, Department of Library and Information Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    In this paper, we carry out an empirical analysis to address some questions concerning the flow of knowledge stemming from military patented technologies. Patented military technology consists of a set of inventions which nature, uses or/and applications have defensive or offensive purposes. In this paper, we focus on the field of weapons and ammunition. Our objective is to identify, why the knowledge embedded in a military technology diffuses into other patented technologies. The methodology relies on a patent citations analysis and involves the specification of several multilevel logit models to identify the individual and country characteristics that determine the citation of military patents in subsequent patents. The data contain 1,756 citations to 582 patents of military origin with a simultaneous Europe–US protection and registered by companies/institutions from 1998 to 2003. The results reveal that military knowledge diffuses more intensively across civil patents, when the original military patent includes diverse technologies (civil and military) and is progressively less specific in terms of weapons and ammunition. Military patents filed by British, French, US, Japanese and German companies are, in this order, more likely to have a larger number of citations in subsequent civil patents. The ownership of the original military patent is not a determining factor for explaining the diffusion into civil patents, but it does influence the diffusion across mixed and military technologies. Finally, the technological capacity of the citing company also affects the type and intensity of the diffusion of the military knowledge. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-22 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0857-8 Authors Manuel Acosta, Departamento de Economía General, Facultad CC.EE. y Empresariales, University of Cádiz, Avda. Duque de Nájera s/n, 11002 Cádiz, Spain Daniel Coronado, Departamento de Economía General, Facultad CC.EE. y Empresariales, University of Cádiz, Avda. Duque de Nájera s/n, 11002 Cádiz, Spain Rosario Marín, Departamento de Economía General, Facultad CC.EE. y Empresariales, University of Cádiz, Avda. Duque de Nájera s/n, 11002 Cádiz, Spain Pedro Prats, Departamento de Economía General, Facultad CC.EE. y Empresariales, University of Cádiz, Avda. Duque de Nájera s/n, 11002 Cádiz, Spain Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    We performed a bibliometric analysis of published research on Global Positioning System (GPS) for the period of 1991–2010, based on the Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index databases. Our search identified a total of 15,759 GPS-related publications in the period. We analyzed the patterns of publication outputs, subject categories and major journals, international productivity and collaboration, geographic distribution of authors, and author keywords. The annual number of publications in GPS research increased from 98 in 1991 to 1934 in 2010. “Geochemistry & Geophysics”, “Geosciences, Multidisciplinary”, and “Engineering, Electrical & Electronic” were the top 3 most popular subject categories. As the flagship journal in the field, Geophysical Research Letters had the highest publication count. The USA, the UK and Germany were the top 3 most productive countries. The most productive institution was the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), followed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of Colorado. The USA was the most frequent partner in international collaborations. Caltech took the central position in the collaboration network. The major spatial clusters of authors were in the USA, the Europe Union, and East Asia (including China, Japan and South Korea). “Ionosphere”, “Remote Sensing” and “Monitoring” are growing research subjects in the field of GPS, while “Deformation”, “Geoid” and “Tectonics” are becoming gradually less significant. Our study revealed underlying patterns in scientific outputs and academic collaborations and may serve as an alternative and innovative way of revealing global research trends in GPS. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0853-z Authors Haijun Wang, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China Minyan Liu, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China Song Hong, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China Yanhua Zhuang, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    This paper evaluates the European Paradox according to which Europe plays a leading world role in terms of scientific excellence, measured in terms of the number of publications, but lacks the entrepreneurial capacity of the US to transform this excellent performance into innovation, growth, and jobs. Citation distributions for the US, the European Union (EU), and the Rest of the World are evaluated using a pair of high- and low-impact indicators, as well as the mean citation rate (MCR). The dataset consists of 3.6 million articles published in 1998–2002 with a common 5-year citation window. The analysis is carried at a low aggregation level, namely, the 219 sub-fields identified with the Web of Science categories distinguished by Thomson Scientific. The problems posed by international co-authorship and the multiple assignments of articles to sub-fields are solved following a multiplicative strategy. We find that, although the EU has more publications than the US in 113 out of 219 sub-fields, the US is ahead of the EU in 189 sub-fields in terms of the high-impact indicator, and in 163 sub-fields in terms of the low-impact indicator. Finally, we verify that using the high-impact indicator the US/EU gap is usually greater than when using the MCR. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0865-8 Authors Neus Herranz, Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA Javier Ruiz-Castillo, Departamento de Economía, Universidad Carlos III, and Research Associate of the CEPR Project SCIFI-GLOW, Madrid 126, 28903 Getafe, Spain Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    Along with China’s economic emergence is a controversy over the quality and international visibility of citation index publications. This study uses bibliometric statistics to shed further light on the global landscape of citation index publications with special focus on China and the USA. The analysis explores 31 years of the TRS (Thomson Reuters Scientific) database, spanning the 1980–2010 period. Based on this study, the USA maintains global dominance for both WOK (Web of Knowledge) and WOS (Web of Science) TRS publications. Although China ranks a distant second for WOK, it lags behind five other nations for WOS publications. China’s scientific base needs further restructuring for greater global visibility. Emerging economies such as China, India, Brazil and South Africa are fast rising in the global ranks for WOK/WOS publications. China may already be leading the world in some publication attributes, although it could take several more decades to catch up with the USA in others. Normalizations of the publications with population, PTE (population with tertiary education) and GDP (gross domestic product) put small/low-population countries in the global lead. However, countries such as Canada, Greenland, Iceland and Sweden still rank high for most of these publication attributes. Furthermore, WOS per WOK analysis shows that small and/or economically weak countries place greater emphasis on WOS publications. This is particularly visible for countries in Africa and South America. Despite the addition of a large number of indigenous Chinese journals to the TRS database, prediction analysis suggests that China’s desire to surpass the USA could be delayed for several decades. In the race for the next-generation scientific superpower, however, China not only needs to sustain substantial investments in research and development, but also requires restructuring of its research industry. This is especially critical for data readiness, availability and accessibility to the scientific community, and radical implementations of research recommendations. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-20 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0846-y Authors Juana Paul Moiwo, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11 Datun Road, Beijing, 100101 China Fulu Tao, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11 Datun Road, Beijing, 100101 China Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    “Bibliometrics”, “scientometrics”, “informetrics”, and “webometrics” can all be considered as manifestations of a single research area with similar objectives and methods, which we call “information metrics” or iMetrics . This study explores the cognitive and social distinctness of iMetrics with respect to the general information science (IS), focusing on a core of researchers, shared vocabulary and literature/knowledge base. Our analysis investigates the similarities and differences between four document sets. The document sets are drawn from three core journals for iMetrics research ( Scientometrics , Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology , and Journal of Informetrics ). We split JASIST into document sets containing iMetrics and general IS articles. The volume of publications in this representation of the specialty has increased rapidly during the last decade. A core of researchers that predominantly focus on iMetrics topics can thus be identified. This core group has developed a shared vocabulary as exhibited in high similarity of title words and one that shares a knowledge base. The research front of this field moves faster than the research front of information science in general, bringing it closer to Price’s dream. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-17 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0861-z Authors Staša Milojević, School of Library and Information Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405-1901 USA Loet Leydesdorff, Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Kloveniersburgwal 48, 1012 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    We formulate the problem of how to climb in multi-attribute rankings with known weights using mathematical optimization. A model is derived based on familiar practices used in rankings in higher education where several attributes are combined using known weights to obtain a score. The method applies in any situation where multiple attributes are used to rank entities. We invoke several assumptions such as independence among attributes and that administrators can affect the values of some of the attributes and know the cost of doing so. Our results suggest that a strategy to advance in the rankings is to focus on modifying the value of fewer rather than more attributes. The model is generalized to allow for synergies and antagonisms among the attributes. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0844-0 Authors M. L. Bougnol, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL 32211, USA J. H. Dulá, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    This study tests for evidence of gaming and attention mongering—here termed ego bias—in the scholarly peer review process. We explore the extent to which authors cite the target journal and its editor and also the relationship between targeted references and editorial decisions. We examine referee reports for the presence and type of references and determine the extent to which reviewers cite their own work in their reports. Our results are based on a sample of 442 manuscripts and 927 referee reports submitted to the Journal of the American Society of Information Science and Technology . We find little evidence that editors, authors or reviewers use the peer review process as an opportunity to play citation games. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0845-z Authors Cassidy R. Sugimoto, School of Library and Information Science, Indiana University, 1320 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-3907, USA Blaise Cronin, School of Library and Information Science, Indiana University, 1320 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-3907, USA Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    This paper extends Borgman’s (Communication Research 16: 583, 1989 ) three-facet framework (artifacts, producers, concepts) for bibliometric analyses of scholarly communication by adding a fourth gatekeepers. The four-facet framework was applied to the field of Library and Information Science to test for variations in the networks produced using operationalizations of each of these four facets independently. Fifty-eight journals from the Information Science and Library Science category in the 2008 Journal Citation Report were studied and the network proximity of these journals based on Venue-Author-Coupling (producer), journal co-citation analysis (artifact), topic analysis (concept) and interlocking editorial board membership (gatekeeper) was measured. The resulting networks were examined for potential correlation using the Quadratic Assignment Procedure. The results indicate some consensus regarding core journals, but significant differences among some networks. Holistic measures of scholarly communication that take multiple facets into account are proposed. This work is relevant in an assessment-conscious and metrics-driven age. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0849-8 Authors Chaoqun Ni, School of Library and Information Science, Indiana University, 1320 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA Cassidy R. Sugimoto, School of Library and Information Science, Indiana University, 1320 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA Blaise Cronin, School of Library and Information Science, Indiana University, 1320 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    This research aims at performing a comparative study between the Brazilian scientific production in Dentistry, from 2000 to 2009 and countries that contribute with at least 2 % of the world’s scientific production indexed in the Scopus database. More specifically, we intend to assess the annual Brazilian scientific production by comparing it to the other countries’, analyze the Brazilian and other countries’ publications in journals with higher impact factors, as well as to highlight the scientific production from these countries and its international visibility, measured by its total and by its average of citations and normalized citation index per year, by comparing the countries, and to compare the index h of such countries. As work procedure, the SCImago Journal and Country Rank was used as source, identifying the group of producing countries in the Dentistry area from 1996 to 2009. From a total of 136 countries, 13 were highlighted as the most productive, each one of them accounting for at least 2 % the worldwide scientific production in the area. The following indicators were raised for each country: number of produced documents, total of citations, self-citations, average of citations per document and index h . We verified that Brazil is the only country in Latin America that is pictured among the most productive ones in the Dentistry area. We observed that Brazil presents a growing visibility and impact in the international scenery, what suggests that its production is constantly consolidating, with Brazilian scientific recognition in the main vehicles of dissemination in the area. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-17 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0847-x Authors Maria Cláudia Cabrini Gracio, Information Science Department, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, 737, Hygino Muzzi Filho Avenue, Marília, SP 17525-900, Brazil Ely Francina Tannuri de Oliveira, Information Science Department, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, 737, Hygino Muzzi Filho Avenue, Marília, SP 17525-900, Brazil Júlio de Araujo Gurgel, Speech Therapy School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Marília, Brazil Maria Isabel Escalona, University of Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain Antonio Pulgarin Guerrero, Department of Information and Communication, University of Extremadura, Plazuela Ibn Marwan, 06071 Badajoz, Spain Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    This paper presents a new method for comparing universities based on information theoretic measures. The research output of each academic institution is represented statistically by an impact-factor histogram. To this aim, for each academic institution we compute the probability of occurrence of a publication with impact factor in different intervals. Assuming the probabilities associated with a pair of academic institutions our objective is to measure the Information Gain between them. To do so, we develop an axiomatic characterization of relative information for predicting institution-institution dissimilarity. We use the Spanish university system as our scenario to test the proposed methodology for benchmarking three universities with the rest as a case study. For each case we use different scientific fields such as Information and Communication Technologies, Medicine and Pharmacy, and Economics and Business as we believe comparisons must take into account their disciplinary context. Finally we validate the Information Gain values obtained for each case with previous studies. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-18 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0854-y Authors J. A. García, Departamento de Ciencias de la Computación e I. A., CITIC-UGR, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain Rosa Rodriguez-Sánchez, Departamento de Ciencias de la Computación e I. A., CITIC-UGR, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain J. Fdez-Valdivia, Departamento de Ciencias de la Computación e I. A., CITIC-UGR, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain Nicolas Robinson-García, EC3: Evaluación de la Ciencia y la Comunicación Científica, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain Daniel Torres-Salinas, EC3: Evaluación de la Ciencia y la Comunicación Científica, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    The purpose of this study is to integrate the method of chance discovery with visualization tools (KeyGraph) for presenting important and latent research topics in the e-commerce (EC) field. This study collects keywords and abstracts from 995 articles in four primary EC journals. To establish the professional terms of EC, this work divides EC development into three periods: the development of the Internet, the growth of information technology, and the extension of commerce applications. For exploring significant and latent EC topics, this study analyzes the differences and similarities between international and Taiwanese sources. Pursuing this approach yields three findings. First, this paper determines that the KeyGraph as a computing process and a visualization tool is an effective method for exploring future research topics. Second, international EC topics have different thematic characteristics at different phases and they are more diverse and extensive than Taiwanese sources. Third, a professional thesaurus is very helpful in identifying EC research topics. All these findings suggest Taiwanese scholars should pay more attention to research issues from international journals when studying EC. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-19 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0826-2 Authors Liang-Chu Chen, Department of Information Management, National Defense University, No. 70, Sec. 2, Zhongyang North Road, Beitou, Taipei, 112 Taiwan Ting-Jung Yu, Department of Information Management, National Defense University, No. 70, Sec. 2, Zhongyang North Road, Beitou, Taipei, 112 Taiwan Chia-Jung Hsieh, Department of Information Management, National Defense University, No. 70, Sec. 2, Zhongyang North Road, Beitou, Taipei, 112 Taiwan Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    As a novel tool for evaluating research competences of R&D actors, science overlay maps have recently been introduced in the scientometric literature, with associated measures for assessing the degree of diversification in research profiles. In this study, we continue the elaboration of this approach: based on science overlay maps (called here m - maps ), a new type of map is introduced to reveal the competence structure of R&D institutions ( i - maps ). It is argued, that while m - maps represent the multidisciplinarity of research profiles, i - maps convey the extent of interdisciplinarity realized in them. Upon i - maps , a set of new measures are also proposed to quantify this feature. With these measures in hand, and also as a follow-up to our previous work, we apply these measures to a sample of Hungarian Research Institutions (HROs). Based on the obtained rankings, a principal component analysis is conducted to reveal main structural dimensions of researh portfolios (of HROs) covered by these measures. The position of HROs along these dimensions then allows us to draw a typology of organizations, according to various combinations of inter- and multidisciplinarity characteristic of their performance. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-23 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0713-x Authors Sándor Soós, Department of Science Policy and Scientometrics, Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary George Kampis, History and Philosophy of Science, Lorand Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    Knowledge flow between public and private sectors is widely recognized as a way to stimulate innovation and regional development, particularly in science parks. This work employs a bibliometric approach, based on patent citation, non-patent citation, and public–private co-authorship of scientific publications to measure the use of public research in Hsinchu Science Park (HSP) in Taiwan. The result shows that the number of jointly published papers has increased constantly, implying the collaboration between HSP and universities has become more common. However, from the aspect of co-patenting, patent citation, and non-patent reference, technological innovation stemming from public research needs to be enhanced. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0726-5 Authors Wen Chi Hung, Science and Technology Policy Research and Information Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, 14 F, No. 106, Section 2, He-Ping East Road, Taipei, Taiwan Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130

Description:    This paper provides evidence on the mechanisms influencing the patent output of a sample of small and large, entrepreneurial and established biotechnology firms from the input of indirect knowledge acquired from capital expenditures and direct knowledge from in-house R&D. Statistical models of counts are used to analyse the relationship between patent applications and R&D investment and capital expenditures. It focuses on biotechnology in the period 2002–2007 and is based on a unique data set drawn from various sources including the EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard , the European Patent Office (EPO), the US Patent and Trademark Office, and the World Intellectual Property Organisation. The statistical models employed in the paper are Poisson distribution generalisations with the actual distribution of patent counts fitting the negative binomial distribution and gamma distribution very well. Findings support the idea that capital expenditures—taken as equivalent to technical change embodied in new machinery and capital equipment—may also play a crucial role in the development of new patentable items from scientific companies. For EPO patents, this role appears even more important than that played by R&D investment. The overall picture emerging from our analysis of the determinants of patenting in biotechnology is that the innovation process involves a well balanced combination of inputs from both R&D and new machinery and capital equipment. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-25 DOI 10.1007/s11192-012-0711-z Authors Roberta Piergiovanni, Istat-Sede per l’Emilia-Romagna, Galleria Cavour, 9, 40121 Bologna, Italy Enrico Santarelli, Department of Economics, University of Bologna, Piazza Scaravilli, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy Journal Scientometrics Online ISSN 1588-2861 Print ISSN 0138-9130