ALBERT

Description: A three-dimensional numerical study on the flow and heat transfer characteristics over a rotating disk surface with discrete pins was conducted by the use of RNG k–ε turbulent model. And some experiments were also made for validation. The effects of rotating angular speed and pin configuration on the temperature maps and convective heat transfer characteristics on the rotating surface were analyzed. As the increase of rotating velocity, the impingement of pumping jet on the centre of rotating disk becomes stronger and the transition from laminar to turbulent occurs at the outer radius of rotating disk, which resulting in heat transfer enhancement. The pins on the disk make the pumping action of a rotating disk weaker. Simultaneously, they also act as perturbing elements to the cyclone flow near the rotating disk surface, making the overall heat transfer to be enhanced. The needle pins have higher convective heat transfer capacity than the discrete ring pins with the same extend pin areas.

Description: Natural convection heat transfers inside horizontal pipes were measured. The Rayleigh numbers were varied from 6.8 × 10 8 to 1.5 × 10 12 , while the Prandtl number was fixed at 2,094. Based on the analogy concept, a copper sulfate electroplating system was adopted to measure mass transfer rates in place of heat transfer rates. Test results using single-piece electrodes were in good agreement with the work of Sarac and Korkut. The angle-dependent mass transfer rates, measured using piecewise electrodes, were compared with the results of studies on natural convection in concentric annuli, and showed similar trends. The experiments were expanded to the turbulent region, and a transition criterion was proposed. Angle-dependent natural convection heat transfer correlations for the laminar and turbulent regions were derived.

Description: Molecular dynamics simulation is applied to investigate the effects of checker surface roughness geometry on the flow of liquid argon through nanochannels that the roughness is implemented on the lower channel wall. The Lennard-Jones potential is used to model the interactions between particles and periodic boundary condition is applied in the flow direction. Density and velocity profiles across the channel are investigated for channel that the lower surface is decorated with the checker surface roughness elements. Result show that as the surface attraction energy or the roughness height increase the density layering in the near the wall is enhanced by higher values or secondary layering phenomena.

Description: Heat transfer characteristics of a rolling wheel are investigated by using the naphthalene sublimation technique. The local and average Nusselt numbers are obtained. The results reveal that the local and average Nusselt numbers increase with increasing rotating Reynolds number. Under the same rotating Reynolds number they decrease along the radius direction. After comparing with similar available cases reported, it is found that the results are very close to the results of rotating disk in crossflow under the condition that rotating Reynolds number is equal the main flow Reynolds number.

Description: Attempts have been made to analyse the momentum and heat transfer characteristics in tortuous flow of non-Newtonian fluids such as suspensions and polymer solutions through tubes of diverging–converging geometry. The results of the study indicate that the transfer coefficients are significantly higher in such systems as compared to the conventional couette flow (through uniform cylindrical tubes). Moreover, the simultaneous increase in pressure drop due to the tortuous wall geometry has been observed to be relatively insignificant. Fluids with different rheological characteristics such as Bingham plastic fluids, pseudoplastic fluids, Ellis model fluids and fluids obeying Reiner–Philippoff rheology have been studied. The specific advantages of these geometries in providing enhanced performance efficiency have been effectively highlighted.

Description: Turbulent heat transfer in circular pipe flow with constant heat flux on the wall is investigated numerically via Large Eddy Simulations for frictional Reynolds number Re τ  = 180 and for Prandtl numbers in the range 0.1 ≤  Pr  ≤ 1.0. In our simulations we employ a second-order finite difference scheme, combined with a projection method for the pressure, on a collocated grid in cylindrical coordinates. The predicted statistical properties of the velocity and temperature fields show good agreement with available data from direct numerical simulations. Further, we study the local thermal flow structures for different Prandtl numbers. As expected, our simulations predict that by reducing the Prandtl number, the range of variations in the local heat transfer and the Nusselt number decrease. Moreover, the thermal flow structures smear in the flow and become larger in size with less sharpness, especially in the vicinity of the wall. In order to characterize the local instantaneous heat transfer, probability density functions (PDFs) for the instantaneous Nusselt number are derived for different Prandtl number. Also, it is shown that these PDFs are actually scaled by the square root of the Prandtl number, so that a single PDF can be employed for all Prandtl numbers. The curve fits of the PDFs are presented in two forms of log-normal and skewed Gaussian distributions.

Description: A 3-D numerical solution is implemented for investigating incompressible turbulent flow and thermal fields of film cooling through a single row of inclined cylindrical holes over a flat plate model. The effects of parameters of interest on the film cooling performance have been simulated. The group method of data handling (GMDH)-type neural networks successfully employed for modeling and presenting a correlation for area-weighted average adiabatic film cooling effectiveness.

Description: The heat transfer and fluid flow behavior of water based Al 2 O 3 nanofluids are numerically investigated inside a two-sided lid-driven differentially heated rectangular cavity. Physical properties which have major effects on the heat transfer of nanofluids such as viscosity and thermal conductivity are experimentally investigated and correlated and subsequently used as input data in the numerical simulation. Transport equations are numerically solved with finite volume approach using SIMPLEC algorithm. It was found that not only the thermal conductivity but also the viscosity of nanofluids has a key role in the heat transfer of nanofluids. The results show that at low Reynolds number, increasing the volume fraction of nanoparticles increases the viscosity and has a deteriorating effect on the heat transfer of nanofluids. At high Reynolds number, the increase in the viscosity is compensated by force convection and the increase in the volume fraction of nanoparticles which results in an increase in heat transfer is in coincidence with experimental results.

Description: A two region conduction-controlled rewetting model of hot surface with constant heat transfer coefficient in wet region and an adiabatic condition in the dry region is solved by the variational method. Three different models have been used for the analysis. A three parametric relation among various parameters, namely, non-dimensional dry wall temperature, Biot number and wet front velocity is obtained. Results of the present solutions are found to be in good agreement with other analytical solutions and published test data.

Description: A new numerical model predicting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission from a multi-layer carpet with activated carbon particles is developed with an aim to increase the VOCs emission rate in the carpet before it is used in an indoor environment. The influences of activated carbon particles, diffusion coefficient, material thickness and partition coefficient on the transient airside VOCs concentration and the VOCs emission from the carpet are investigated in detail.

Description: A two-dimensional numerical study is carried out to understand the influence of cross buoyancy on the vortex shedding processes behind two equal isothermal square cylinders placed in a tandem arrangement at low Reynolds numbers. The spacing between the cylinders is fixed with five widths of the cylinder dimension. The flow is considered in an unbounded medium, however, fictitious confining boundaries are chosen to make the problem computationally feasible. Numerical calculations are performed by using a finite volume method based on the PISO algorithm in a collocated grid system. The range of Reynolds number is chosen to be 50–150. The flow is unsteady laminar and two-dimensional in this Reynolds number range. The mixed convection effect is studied for Richardson number range of 0–2 and the Prandtl number is chosen constant as 0.71. The effect of superimposed thermal buoyancy on flow and isotherm patterns are presented and discussed. The global flow and heat transfer quantities such as overall drag and lift coefficients, local and surface average Nusselt numbers and Strouhal number are calculated and discussed for various Reynolds and Richardson numbers.

Description: A porous media theory has been proposed to characterize oxygen transport processes associated with membrane blood oxygenation devices. For the first time, a rigorous mathematical procedure based a volume averaging procedure has been presented to derive a complete set of the governing equations for the blood flow field and oxygen concentration field. As a first step towards a complete three-dimensional numerical analysis, one-dimensional steady case is considered to model typical membrane blood oxygenator scenarios, and to validate the derived equations. The relative magnitudes of oxygen transport terms are made clear, introducing a dimensionless parameter which measures the distance the oxygen gas travels to dissolve in the blood as compared with the blood dispersion length. This dimensionless number is found so large that the oxygen diffusion term can be neglected in most cases. A simple linear relationship between the blood flow rate and total oxygen transfer rate is found for oxygenators with sufficiently large membrane surface areas. Comparison of the one-dimensional analytic results and available experimental data reveals the soundness of the present analysis.

Description: Thermal vapor compressor (TVC) is a device for compressing vapor in water–steam cycles and frequently used in desalination systems. Large amounts of useless vapor can be compressed by this device and the efficiency of a desalination unit is effectively enhanced through this process. Motive steam is injected into the TVC through a convergent–divergent nozzle and accelerated to supersonic velocities. The low pressure steam is entrained at the upstream zone and mixed with this highly compressible motive flow within the TVC. In the current study, the flow field of an experimental TVC is scrutinized in both axisymmetric and three-dimensional approaches and compared with experimental measurements. Since the steam collector at the suction surface of the TVC has a curved shape and may undermine the symmetry of the flow on either side of the central axis, the second objective of this study is to reveal the deviation of the symmetric assumption from the real non-symmetric condition of entering steam flow into the TVC. Results show that the presence of a bending at the inlet side has approximately negligible effects on the mixing phenomenon and the flow remains symmetric around the central axis. Hence, there is no need to consider the collector geometry in further simulations and the performance parameters of the TVC would be sufficiently obtained through an axisymmetric method with a substantial reduction in the computational cost and time.

Description: This study presents a two dimensional analysis of coupled heat and mass transfer during the process of pasta drying. Velocity and temperature distributions of air flowing around the pasta are predicted in steady state condition. Using these profiles and the similarity between heat and mass boundary layers, local convective heat and mass transfer coefficients were determined on different points of pasta surface. By employing these values, the solution of coupled heat and mass transfer equations within the pasta object in unsteady state condition was obtained. Furthermore the effects of operating conditions such as velocity, temperature and relative humidity of air flow on drying rate of pasta were studied. Sensitivity analysis results show that the effects of air temperature and relative humidity on the rate of drying are more important than the effect of air velocity. Finally, the results obtained from this analysis were compared with the experimental data reported in the literatures and a good agreement was observed while, no adjustable parameter is used in the presented model.

Description: An inclined spray chamber with four multiple nozzles to cool a 1 kW 6U electronic test card has been designed and tested in this study. The multiple inclined sprays can cover the same heated surface area as that with the multiple normal sprays but halve the volume of the spray chamber. The spray cooling system used R134a as a working fluid in a modified refrigeration cycle. It is observed that increasing mass flow rate and pressure drop across the nozzles improved the heat transfer coefficient with a maximum enhancement of 117 %, and reduced the maximum temperature difference at the heated surface from 13.8 to 8.4 °C in the inclined spray chamber with a heat flux of 5.25 W/cm 2 , while the heat transfer coefficient of the normal spray increased with a maximum enhancement of 215 % and the maximum temperature difference decreased from 10.8 to 5.4 °C under similar operating conditions. We conclude that the multiple inclined sprays could produce a higher heat transfer coefficient but with an increase in non-uniformity of the surface temperature compared with the multiple normal sprays.

Description: In this study, steady-state turbulent forced flow and heat transfer in a horizontal smooth rectangular duct both experimentally and numerically investigated. The study was carried out in the transition to turbulence region where Reynolds numbers range from 2,323 to 9,899. Flow is hydrodynamically and thermally developing (simultaneously developing flow) under uniform bottom surface temperature condition. A commercial CFD program Ansys Fluent 12.1 with different turbulent models was used to carry out the numerical study. Based on the present experimental data and three-dimensional numerical solutions, new engineering correlations were presented for the heat transfer and friction coefficients in the form of $ {\text{Nu}} = {\text{C}}_{2} {\text{Re}}^{{{\text{n}}_{ 1} }} $ and $ {\text{f}} = {\text{C}}_{3} {\text{Re}}^{{{\text{n}}_{3} }} $ , respectively. The results have shown that as the Reynolds number increases heat transfer coefficient increases but Darcy friction factor decreases. It is seen that there is a good agreement between the present experimental and numerical results. Examination of heat and mass transfer in rectangular cross-sectioned duct for different duct aspect ratio (α) was also carried out in this study. Average Nusselt number and average Darcy friction factor were expressed with graphics and correlations for different duct aspect ratios.

Description: We visually observed that a dropwise condensation occurred initially and later changed into a filmwise condensation on hydrophobic textured surface at atmosphere pressure condition. It was observed that the condensate nucleated on the pillar side walls of the micro structure and the bottom wall adhered to the walls and would not be lifted to form a spherical water droplet using environmental scanning electron microscope.

Description: CdS/PS and ZnS/PS nanocomposites have been prepared by solution casting method with different wt% of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles and characterized through X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope measurements. The effective thermal conductivity of polymer nanocomposites has been measured by transient plane source method over the temperature range from room to 150 °C. The experimental results showed that the thermal conductivity has been found to increase up to 4 wt% of CdS/ZnS nanoparticles and then decrease for 6 and 8 wt% of nanoparticles.

Description: This paper is aimed at estimating unknown parameters in a rectangular fin satisfying a predefined temperature. The differential transformation along with simplex method is used. The study has been done for different initial guess, random errors and measurement points. It is observed that, there is unique value of the convection-conduction parameter, but different conductivity and radiative parameters exist which will be useful in adjusting the parameters amongst various alternatives.

Description: An investigation of an analytical solution of the dynamics of a symmetrically operated parallel flow heat exchanger in the form of transfer matrix was performed. Perturbation method was used to linearize the usual non-linear model of such systems. A non-interactive controller to decouple the outputs and a controller to offset any expected disturbances in the boundary temperature was considered. A discrete model was established and found to predict the heat exchanger dynamics adequately. The results are acceptable and encouraging and the model has been found to be sufficient enough to achieve the objective of countering uncontrolled disturbance without requiring precise knowledge of process dynamics. The validity of the proposed control design is examined by comparing it with other models in the literature.

Description: Comparative study has been performed with various channel cross-sectional shapes and channel configurations of a zigzag printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE), which has been considered as a heat exchanging device for the gas turbine based generation systems. Three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations and heat transfer equations are solved to analyze conjugate heat transfer in the zigzag channels. The shear stress transport model with a low Reynolds number wall treatment is used as a turbulence closure. The global Nusselt number, Colburn j-factor, effectiveness, and friction factor are used to estimate the thermal–hydraulic performance of the PCHE. Four different shapes of channel cross section (semicircular, rectangular, trapezoidal, and circular) and four different channel configurations are tested to determine their effects on thermal–hydraulic performance. The rectangular channel shows the best thermal performance but the worst hydraulic performance, while the circular channel shows the worst thermal performance. The Colburn j-factor and friction factor are found to be inversely proportional to the Reynolds number in cold channels, while the effectiveness and global Nusselt number are proportional to the Reynolds number.

Description: In this work the numerical and experimental results of heat transfer in a vertical tall closed cavity are presented. The cavity has an aspect ratio of 20, one of the vertical walls receive a constant and uniform heat flux, while the opposite wall is kept at a constant temperature. The remaining walls are assumed adiabatic. The cavity is full of air. The computational fluid dynamics software Fluent 6.3 was used for the simulation and an experimental prototype was built to obtain the heat transfer coefficients. The air temperature and the fluid velocity values are higher when emissivity (ε) is 0.03 (almost pure natural convection). The experimental total heat transfer coefficient increases between 119.9 and 159.9 % when the emissivity of the walls changes from 0.03 to 0.95.

Description: We investigated a flexible wing that can function as a folding fan by vibrating smoothly on a heated surface, and the effects of this vibration on heat transfer. For flexible up–down vibrations of the wing in a pulsating flow, we propose a novel milli-scale flexible wing shape with a relatively large body and a narrow connecting leg. The shape was optimized such that its deformation became much larger at a low air flow. We performed two-way fluid–structure interaction analyses to predict performance, and an experimental validation was also conducted. The details of flow, heat transfer, and structural deformation are summarized qualitatively. Our results show that the heat transfer coefficient of a heated surface with a single flexible wing was approximately 11.3 % greater than that of a flat plate.

Description: Increasing miniaturization of high speed multi-functional electronics demands ever more stringent thermal management. The present work investigates experimentally and numerically the use of staggered perforated pin fins to enhance the rate of heat transfer in these devices. In particular, the effects of the number of perforations and the diameter of perforation on each pin are studied. The results show that the Nusselt number for the perforated pins is 45 % higher than that for the conventional solid pins and it increases with the number of perforation. Pressure drop with perforated pins is also reduced by 18 % when compared with that for solid pins. Perforations produce recirculations in the x – y as well as the x – z planes downstream of the pins which effectively increase convective heat transfer. However, thermal dissipation decreases significantly when the ratio of pin diameter to perforation diameter exceeds 0.375. This is due to both a reduction in the number of perforation per pin and the decrease in the axial heat conduction along the pin.

Description: A numerical model has been developed for plain fin of plate fin heat exchanger. Plain fin performance has been analyzed with the help of CFD by changing the various parameters of the fin, Colburn ‘ j ’ and fanning friction ‘ f ’ factors are calculated. These values compared with the standard values. The correlations have been developed between Reynolds number Re , fin height h, fin thickness t, fin spacing s, Colburn factor ‘ j ’ and friction factor ‘ f ’.

Description: This paper studies the effects of the driver housing and the resonance tube length on the temperature difference generated across the stack ends. The experiment uses air as the working fluid. The results indicate that the size of the back volume and the length of the resonance tube have affected both the optimal frequency and the temperature difference across the stack. The relationship of these parameters is necessary to the design and measurement performance of the thermoacoustic system.

Description: The focus of the first part of this numerical study is to investigate the effects of two new configurations: (1) slot with cylindrical end and (2) slot with median cylindrical hole, generated by the combination between two film cooling configurations: cylindrical hole and uniform slot. Computational results are presented for a row of coolant injection holes on each side of an asymmetrical turbine blade model near the leading edge. For each configuration, three values of the radius are taken: R = 0.4, R = 0.8 and R = 1.2. The six cases simulations, thus obtained, are conducted for the same density ratio of 1.0 and the same inlet plenum pressure. A new parameter, Rc, is defined to measure the rate of blade coverage by the film cooling. Results show that, at the pressure side; for the two new configurations, the six studied cases exceed the case baseline in cooling effectiveness term with the best result obtained for R = 0.8 (case 2). For the suction side, only configurations with R = 0.4 (cases 1 and 4) provide an increase of film effectiveness compared to the case baseline. The following configuration: Cases 1 or 4 at the suction side and case 2 at the pressure side, gets the best thermal protection because of their higher coverage and strong cooling effectiveness.

Description: Large-Eddy-Simulation of turbulent heat transfer for water flow in rotating pipe is performed, for various rotation ratios (0 ≤  N  ≤ 14). The value of the Reynolds number, based on the bulk velocity and pipe diameter, is Re  = 5,500. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the rotating pipe on the turbulent heat transfer for water flow, as well as the reliability of the LES approach for predicting turbulent heat transfer in water flow. Some predictions for the case of non-rotating pipe are compared to the available results of literature for validation. To depict the influence of the rotation ratio on turbulent heat transfer, many statistical quantities are analyzed (distributions of mean temperature, rms of fluctuating temperature, turbulent heat fluxes, higher-order statistics). Some contours of instantaneous temperature fluctuations are examined.

Description: This paper presents an experimental–numerical method for determining heat transfer coefficients in cross-flow heat exchangers with extended heat exchange surfaces. Coefficients in the correlations defining heat transfer on the liquid- and air-side were determined based on experimental data using a non-linear regression method. Correlation coefficients were determined from the condition that the weighted sum of squared liquid and air temperature differences at the heat exchanger outlet, obtained by measurements and those calculated, achieved minimum. Minimum of the sum of the squares was found using the Levenberg–Marquardt method. The uncertainty in estimated parameters was determined using the error propagation rule by Gauss. The outlet temperature of the liquid and air leaving the heat exchanger was calculated using an analytical model of the heat exchanger.

Description: Flow and heat transfer characteristics in transition and turbulent regions are studied experimentally and numerically in a horizontal smooth regular hexagonal duct under constant wall temperature boundary condition covering a range of Reynolds number from 2.3 × 10 3 to 52 × 10 3 . Two types of k -omega (standard and shear stress transport (SST)) and three types of k - ε (standard, renormalization (RNG), and realizable) turbulence model are employed for transition and turbulent regions, respectively. Both average and fully developed Darcy friction factor and Nusselt number are presented as a function of Reynolds number. It is seen that k -omega SST and k - ε realizable turbulence models gave the best agreement with the experimental data in transition and turbulent regions, respectively. All the experimental results are correlated within an accuracy of ±13 % and ±7 % for Nusselt number and Darcy friction factor, respectively. Results obtained in this study are compared with circular duct results using hydraulic diameter.

Description: The present study focused on thermal conductivity and viscosity of alumina nanoparticles, at low volume concentrations of 0.01–1.0 % dispersed in the mixture of ethylene glycol and water (mass ratio, 60:40). Sodium dodeobcylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) was applied for better dispersion and stability of alumina nanoparticles and study of its influence on both thermal conductivity and viscosity. The thermal conductivity established polynomial enhancement pattern with increase of volume concentration up to 0.1 % while linear enhancement was obtained at higher concentrations. In addition, thermal conductivity was enhanced with the rise of temperature. However, the augmentation was negligible compared to that obtained with increase of volume concentration. In contrast, viscosity data showed remarkable reduction with increase of temperature. Meanwhile, viscosity of nanofluids enhanced with loading of alumina nanoparticles. Thermal conductivity and viscosity measurements showed higher values over theoretical predictions. Results showed SDBS at different concentrations has distinct influence on thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluid.

Description: Heat transfer and fluid flow processes of natural convection melting of a phase change material are simulated numerically inside a partially heated square cavity. The momentum and energy equations are solved by using enthalpy-based lattice Boltzmann method combined with multi distribution function model. In this communication, the dependence of liquid fraction, temperatures of vertical nodes and average Nusselt number on the positions of heated plates is investigated quantitatively.

Description: The present study focuses on the effect of conical shape in the cold side of the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube which is shown to have a considerable influence on the system performance. A vortex tube is a simple circular tube with no moving parts which is capable to divide a high pressure flow into two relatively lower pressure flows with temperatures higher and lower than the incoming flow. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic model is used to analyse the mechanisms of flow inside a vortex tube. The SST turbulence model is used to predict the turbulent flow behaviour inside the vortex tube. The geometry of a vortex tube with circumferential inlet slots as well as axial cold and hot outlet is considered. Performance curves temperature separation versus cold outlet mass fraction are calculated for a given inlet mass flow rate and varying outlet mass flow rates.

Description: This experimental study reports the effect of nozzle parameters on the energy separation of the vortex tube. The results indicate that maximum energy separation is achieved with tangential nozzle orientation while the symmetry/asymmetry of nozzles has a minimal effect on the performance of the energy separation. For current selected conditions and parameters, the study shows that the optimum number of nozzles for maximum energy separation is around 4 nozzles.

Description: Maxwell’s classical model for predicting effective thermal conductivity of colloidal solution predicts the thermal conductivity of nanofluids quite satisfactorily. However, Maxwell’s model does not consider the effect of interfacial layer, Brownian motion of nano-particle and nanoparticle aggregation. In this paper, the effect of interfacial layer on thermal conductivity is considered. A simple expression has been derived to determine thermal conductivity of nanofluid considering interfacial layer formed on the nano particles. The thermal conductivity of the interfacial layer has been precisely determined and results are found to be closer to the experimental values, hence, further improving the results of classical Maxwell model.

Description: The paper represents an investigation into thermohydraulic instability in flow of a supercritical fluid with respect to a “density wave”. An analytical solution was obtained for the stability boundary separating stable and unstable modes of the fluid flow. Effects of the thermophysical properties and wall thickness on the flow stability were studied. It was shown that an increase in the thermal conductivity and the thickness of the wall leads to the increase in the flow stability. The theoretically obtained stability boundary was compared with experimental data obtained for the cooling system of superconducting magnets. Taking into account the thermal conjugation “wall-coolant” lifts the problem to the new higher level: an additional parameter is involved into the mathematical description, which causes qualitative changes in the character of the solution.

Description: The effects of magnetic field, suction/injection, nanoparticles type, and nanoparticle volume fraction on heat transfer characteristics and mechanical properties of a moving surface embedded into cooling medium consists of water with Cu, Ag or Al 2 O 3 particles are studied. The governing boundary layer equations are transformed to ordinary differential equations containing, suction/injection parameter, magnetic parameter, nanoparticle and volume fraction. These equations are solved analytically. The velocity and temperature profiles within the boundary layer are plotted and discussed in details for various values of the different parameters.

Description: This study describes an investigation on the convective heat transfer performance of aqueous suspensions of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The results suggested an increase on heat transfer coefficient of 47 % for 0.5 % volume fraction. Moreover, the enhancement observed during thermal conductivity assessment, cannot fully explain the heat transfer intensification. This could be associated to the random movements among the particles through a fluid, caused by the impact of the base fluid molecules.

Description: The paper deals with the two-dimensional stationary temperature distribution in a composite layer. The nonhomogenous body is assumed to be composed of periodically repeated two-layered laminae. The layering is inclined with an arbitrary angle to the boundary planes. The lower and upper boundary planes are assumed to be kept at given temperatures. The considered problem is solved within the framework of the homogenized model with microlocal parameters, where the continuity thermal conditions on interfaces are satisfied.

Description: Numerical simulation of Poiseuille flow of liquid Argon in a rough nano-channel using the non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation is performed. Density and velocity profiles across the channel are investigated in which roughness is implemented only on the lower wall. The Lennard–Jones potential is used to model the interactions between all particles. The effects of surface roughness geometry, gap between roughness elements (or roughness periodicity), surface roughness height and surface attraction energy on the behavior of the flow undergoing Poiseuille flow are presented. Results show that surface shape and roughness height have a decisive role on the flow behaviors. In fact, by increasing the roughness ratio (height to base ratio), the slip velocity and the maximum velocity in the channel cross section are reduced, and the density fluctuations near the wall increases. Results also show that the maximum density near the wall for a rough surface is less than a smooth wall. Moreover, the simulation results show that the effect of triangle roughness surface on the flow behavior is more than the cylindrical ones.

Description: Growth of nanostructures and nanopillars is considered in a model of deposition of atoms diffusing from solution to the forming surface structure. Surface restructuring is accounted for, yielding morphologies of interest in catalysis. Kinetic Monte Carlo approach is utilized to explore the emergence of face-centered cubic-symmetry surface features in Pt-type metal nanostructures. Results exemplify evaluation of the fraction of the active sites with desirable properties for catalysis, suggesting optimal growth regimes.

Description: In this study, steady-state forced convection heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in a horizontal rectangular cross-sectioned duct, baffles mounted on the bottom surface with different inclination angles were investigated experimentally in the Reynolds number range from 1 × 10 3 to 1 × 10 4 . The study was performed under turbulent flow conditions. Effects of different baffle inclination angles on flow and heat transfer were studied. Results are also presented in terms of thermal enhancement factor. It is observed that increasing in baffle inclination angle enhances the heat transfer and causes an increase in pressure drop in the duct.

Description: Characteristics of supersonic mixing and combustion with hydrogen injection upstream of a cavity flameholder are investigated numerically using hybrid RANS/LES (Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes/Large-Eddy Simulation) method. Two types of inflow boundary layer are considered. One is a laminar-like boundary layer with inflow thickness of $\delta_{\inf } = 0.0$ δ inf = 0.0 and the other is a turbulent boundary layer with inflow thickness of $\delta_{\inf } = 2.5\,{\text{mm}}$ δ inf = 2.5 mm . The hybrid RANS/LES method acts as a DES (Detached Eddy Simulation) model for the laminar-like inflow condition and a wall-modeled LES for the turbulent inflow condition where the recycling/rescaling method is adopted. Although the turbulent inflow seems to have just minor influences on the supersonic cavity flow without fuel injection, its effects on the mixing and combustion processes are great. It is found that the unsteady turbulent structures in upstream incoming boundary layer interact with the injection jet, resulting in fluctuations of the upstream recirculation region and bow shock, and induce quick dispersion of the hydrogen fuel jet, which enhances the mixing as well as subsequent combustion.

Description: Using six different materials to construct a water curtain, this study aims to determine the most effective spray cooling of an air cooled heat exchanger under wet conditions. The experiments were carried out at a mass flow rate of 0.005–0.01 kg/s (spraying water), an airspeed of 0.6–2.4 m/s and a run time of 0–72 h for the material degradation tests. The experimental results indicate that the cooling efficiency, the heat rejection, and the sprinkling density increase as the amount of spraying water increases, but, the air-flow of the condenser is reduced at the same time. In addition, the cooling efficiency of the pads decreases with an increase of the inlet air velocity. In terms of experimental range, the natural wood pulp fiberscan can reach 42.7–66 % for cooling efficiency and 17.17–24.48 % for increases of heat rejection. This means that the natural wood pulp fiberscan pad most effectively enhances cooling performance, followed in terms of cooling effectiveness by the special non-woven rayon pad, the woollen blanket, biochemistry cotton and kapok, non-woven cloth of rayon cotton and kapok, and white cotton pad, respectively. However, the natural wood pulp fiberscan and special non-woven rayon display a relatively greater degradation of the cooling efficiency than the other test pads used in the material degradation tests.

Description: The present paper examines the common configuration of “twin inclined jets in crossflow” that is widely present in several industrial and academic, small and large-scale applications. It is particularly found in aerodynamic and engineering applications like VTOL aircrafts, the combustion mixing process and other chemical chambers. It can also be found in some domestic applications like chimney stacks or water discharge piping systems in rivers and seas. The twin jets considered in this work are elliptic as inclined with a 60° angle and arranged inline with the oncoming crossflow according to a jet spacing of three diameters. They are examined experimentally in a wind tunnel. The corresponding data is tracked by means of the particle image velocimetry technique in order to obtain the different instantaneous and mean dynamic features (different velocity components, vortices, etc.). The same case is numerically reproduced by the resolution of the Navier–Stokes equations by means of the finite volume method together with the Reynolds stress model second order turbulent closure model. A non-uniform mesh system tightened close to the emitting nozzles is also adopted. The comparison of the measured and calculated data gave a satisfying agreement. Further assumptions are adopted later in order to improve the examined configuration: a non-reactive fume is injected within the discharged jets and the jets’ temperature is varied with reference to a constant mainstream temperature. Our aim is to evaluate precisely the impact of this temperature difference on the flow field, particularly on the dynamics of the jets in a crossflow. This parameter, namely the temperature difference, proved mainly to accelerate the discharged jet plumes in the direction of the main flow, which enhanced the mixing, particularly in the longitudinal direction. The mixing in the other directions was also increased due to the weaker density of the jets, which enabled them to progress relatively unhindered before undergoing the impact of the crossflow.

Description: In this study, we developed a two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model to simulate dynamic structure and heat and mass transfer of a vertical ceramic tiles dryer (EVA 702). The carrier’s motion imposed the choice of a dynamic mesh based on two methods: “spring based smoothing” and “local remeshing”. The dryer airflow is considered as turbulent ( Re  = 1.09 × 10 5 at the dryer inlet), therefore the Re -Normalization Group $k - \in$ model with Enhanced Wall Treatment was used as a turbulence model. The resolution of the governing equation was performed with Fluent 6.3 whose capacities do not allow the direct resolution of drying problems. Thus, a user defined scalar equation was inserted in the CFD code to model moisture content diffusion into tiles. User-defined functions were implemented to define carriers’ motion, thermo-physical properties… etc. We adopted also a “two-step” simulation method: in the first step, we follow the heat transfer coefficient evolution (H c ). In the second step, we determine the mass transfer coefficient (H m ) and the features fields of drying air and ceramic tiles. The found results in mixed convection mode (Fr = 5.39 at the dryer inlet) were used to describe dynamic and thermal fields of airflow and heat and mass transfer close to the ceramic tiles. The response of ceramic tiles to heat and mass transfer was studied based on Biot numbers. The evolutions of averages temperature and moisture content of ceramic tiles were analyzed. Lastly, comparison between experimental and numerical results showed a good agreement.

Description: A theoretical performance study on a shell and tube condenser with various refrigerant blends was conducted for various ratios proposed by other researchers in the literature. The theoretical results showed that all of the alternative refrigerants investigated in the analysis have a slightly lower convective heat transfer coefficient than their base refrigerants. The refrigerant mixture of R290/R600, R152a/R125/R32 and R32/R134a were found to be the most proper replacement refrigerant among the alternatives.

Description: In this study, experimental and numerical analysis was performed to define thermal deformation inside the head lamp because of usage plastic materials and thermal loads. Buoyancy, radiation and conjugate effects were considered. Velocity and temperature distributions were obtained and possible hot points and condense regions can be determined. Nusselt number distribution on cylindrical bulb were computed and compared with literature. Relatively important heat transfer increase in natural convection was found.

Description: A comprehensive modelling study was performed to determine volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission factors in dry building materials. In order to examine the emission characteristics of VOCs in dry building materials (carpet), an experiment was conducted, and a mathematical methodology was considered together with a numerical work for a validation. Here, a new representative airside VOCs concentration was considered in a mode different from that of previous studies, which allows us to evaluate VOCs emission factors more accurately.

Description: This study evaluated a silicon-based micro-jet impingement heat sink for electronic cooling applications. First, the pressure-drop and thermal characteristics were investigated for steady incompressible and laminar flow by solving three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations, and the performance enhancement was carried out through parametric and optimization studies. Several parallel and staggered micro-jet configurations consisting of a maximum of 16 jet impingements were tested. The effectiveness of the micro-jet configurations, i.e. inline 2 × 2, 3 × 3 and 4 × 4 jets, and staggered 5-jet and 13-jet arrays with nozzle diameters 50, 76, and 100 μm, were analyzed at various flow rates for the maximum temperature-rise and pressure-drop characteristics. A design with a staggered 13-jet array showed the best performance among the various configurations investigated in the present study. The design optimization based on three-dimensional numerical analysis, surrogate modeling and a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm were carried out to understand the thermal resistance and pumping power correlation of the micro-jet impingement heat sink. Two design variables, the ratio of height of the channel and nozzle diameter, and the ratio of nozzle diameter and interjet spacing, were chosen for design optimization. The global Pareto-optimal front was achieved for overall thermal resistance and required pumping power of the heat sink. The Pareto-optimal front revealed existing correlation between pumping power and thermal resistance of the heat sink. Of the range of Pareto-optimal designs available, some representative designs were selected and their functional relationships among the objective functions and design variables were examined to understand the Pareto-optimal sensitivity and optimal design space. A minimum of 66 °C of maximum-temperature-rise was obtained for a heat flux of 100 W/cm 2 at a pressure drop of about 24 kPa.

Description: The natural convection heat transfer characteristics and mechanism for copper micro-wires in water and air were investigated experimentally and numerically. The wires with diameters of 39.9, 65.8 and 119.1 μm were placed horizontally in water inside of a sealed tube and in air of a large room, respectively. Using Joule heating, the heat transfer coefficients and Nusselt numbers of natural convection for micro-wires in ultra pure water and air were obtained. A three dimensional incompressible numerical model was used to investigate the natural convection, and the prediction with this model was in reasonable accordance with the experimental results. With the decrease of micro-wire diameter, the heat transfer coefficient of natural convection on the surface of micro-wire becomes larger, while the Nu number of natural convection decreases in water and air. Besides, the change rate of Nu number in water decreases apparently with the increase of heat flux and the decrease of wire diameter, which is larger than that in air. The thickness of boundary layer on the wall of micro-wire becomes thinner with the decrease of diameter in both water and air, but the ratio of boundary layer thickness in water to the diameter increases. However, there is almost no change of this ratio for natural convection in air. As a result, the proportion of conduction in total heat transfer of natural convection in water increases, while the convective heat transfer decreases. The velocity distribution, temperature field and the boundary layer in the natural convection were compared with those of tube with conventional dimension. It was found that the boundary layer around the micro-wire is an oval-shaped film on the surface, which was different from that around the conventional tube. This apparently reduces the convection strength in the natural convection, thus the heat transfer presents a conduction characteristic.

Description: Experimental and numerical studies have been carried out for slot air jet impingement on a heated concave surface of a partially opened-top horizontal cylinder of length L = 20 cm. The slot jet is situated at the symmetry line of the partially opened-top cylinder along the gravity vector and impinges to the bottom of the cylinder which is designated as θ = 0°. The width of the opening at the top of the horizontal cylinder is W = 3 cm which corresponds to a circumferential angle Δθ = 50.8°. The experiments are performed by a Mach–Zehnder interferometer which enables to measure the local convection heat transfer coefficient. Also, a finite volume method based on the SIMPLE algorithm and non-orthogonal grid discretization scheme is used to solve the continuity, momentum, and energy equations. The Poisson equations are solved for (x, y) to find the grid points which are distributed in a non-uniform manner with higher concentration close to the solid regions. The effects of jet Reynolds number ( Re j ) in the range from 190 to 1,600 and the ratio of spacing between nozzle and cylinder surface to the jet width from H = 1.5 to H = 10.7 on the local and average Nusselt numbers are examined. It is observed that maximum Nusselt number occurs at the stagnation point at (θ = 0°) and the local heat transfer coefficient decreases on the circumferential surface of the cylinder with increase of θ as a result of thermal boundary layer thickness growth. Also results show that the local and average heat transfer coefficients are raised by increasing the jet Reynolds number and by decreasing the nozzle-to-surface spacing.

Description: Temporal analysis of products (“TAP”, see Gleaves et al. in Catal Rev Sci Eng 30:49, 1988 ) is a valuable tool for characterisation of porous catalytic structures. Established TAP-modelling requires a spatially constant diffusion coefficient and neglect convective flows, which is only valid in Knudsen diffusion regime. A new theoretical model is developed for estimating the number of molecules per pulse to stay in Knudsen diffusion regime under any conditions and at any time. Moreover a new methodology for generating a full three-dimensional geometrical representation of beds is presented and used for numerical simulations. In computational fluid dynamics software (ANSYS CFX ® version 14) a transient diffusive transport equation with time-dependent inlet boundary conditions is solved. Three different pellet diameters were investigated with 1E+18 molecules per pulse, which is higher than the limit from the theoretical calculation (about 1E+15). From this results, the distance from inlet can be calculated where the theoretical pressure limit ( Kn  = 2) is obtained, i.e., from this point to the end of reactor, Knudsen regime can be assumed.

Description: In the visual process the interaction between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors involves several transport phenomena. Heat from light-absorption is eliminated by blood-flow in the choroid. Transepithelial transport eliminates water from subretinal space for close interaction between photoreceptors and RPE. A recycling transport supplies the chromophore for photoreceptors. Last but not least transmembranal K + transport maintains excitability of photoreceptors and Ca 2+ enables the regulation of RPE function.

Description: The quality of the half products is conditioned by the conditions of cooling of molten steel during its transfer through the various exchangers and in particular the mold. The latter constitutes the first phase where molten steel starts to be solidified. The instantaneous solidified crust must be sufficiently thick to contain liquid steel and to avoid the phenomena of opening under the effect of the ferrostatic pressure. Among the recurring concerns of the steel industry is the appearance of the mastery of content inclusions in metallic alloys. Despite the dramatic increase in the cleanliness of steel, it still happens now that macro-inclusions (accidental) are found in the metal. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the influence of the nozzle geometrical modification of the flow structure and the behavior of the particles in the mold of the casting machine. The obtained results show the advantage of an inclined nozzle because it makes it possible to widen the recirculation zone what supports the increase in the residence time of the particles on the one hand and the formation of a solidified crust sufficient thick on the other hand. Numerical tests of the particles behavior (Al 2 O 3 ) showed the advantage of using the geometric shapes of well designed nozzles. Due to symmetry, only half of the area is considered.

Description: The present work focuses on the determination of interfacial heat transfer coefficients (IHTCs) between the casting and metal chill during casting solidification. The proposed method is established based on the least-squares technique and sequential function specification method and can be applied to calculate heat fluxes and IHTCs for other alloys. The accuracy and stability of the method has been investigated by using a typical profile of heat fluxes simulating the practical conditions of casting solidification. In the test process, the effects of various calculation parameters in the inverse algorithm are also analyzed. Moreover, numerically calculated and experimental results are compared by applying the determined IHTCs into the forward heat conduction model with the same boundary conditions. The results show that the numerically calculated temperatures are in good agreement with those measured experimentally. This confirms that the proposed method is a feasible and effective tool for determination of the casting-mold IHTCs.

Description: The effect of a geometrically-rough wall, amplified by its degree of wettability and stiffness on diffusion coefficient in cases of fluid flow in nanochannels is studied by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics. Diffusion coefficient values, either inside the grooves or as average channel values are affected by the rough wall characteristics. A significant anisotropy along the directions parallel and normal to the flow is observed inside the grooves, while a critical value of groove length below which this anisotropy is enhanced exists. Wall wettability is the property that affects diffusion the most and could be a means of controlling its behavior.

Description: A carbon nanofluid was adapted to examine the characteristics of its cooling performance in an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) cooler, compared with that of the usual working fluid water. After steady state, the heat transfer rate of water became nearly constant; however, that of the nanofluid showed a slight increase, suggesting that something happened to the nanofluid. The result shows that the cooling performance of the carbon nanofluid was a little better than that of water; however, its performance data improved with time while those of water were stable. It shows that assembly of the carbon nanoparticles changed with its circulation through the EGR cooler and the shape of the particle assembly depended on the dispersion method employed.

Description: Nanofluid-based direct solar receivers, where nanoparticles in a liquid medium can scatter and absorb solar radiation, have recently received interest to efficiently distribute and store the thermal energy. The objective of the present work is to investigate theoretically the unsteady homogeneous Hiemenz flow of an incompressible viscous nanofluid past a porous wedge due to solar energy (incident radiation). The conclusion is drawn that the temperature is significantly influenced by magnetic strength, nanoparticle volume fraction, convective radiation and porosity of the wedge sheet.

Description: Storage and disposal of greenhouse gases in saline aquifers is an important solution for reduction of these gases from atmosphere. Understanding the concepts and mechanisms involved in the storage process, especially natural convection and their impact on long-term fate of injected CO 2 are essential. Natural convection is an effective mechanism which increases solubility of carbon dioxide in the storage process. In this work, injection of carbon dioxide into aquifer is numerically simulated. First, numerical criteria are developed to provide numerical accuracy and stability by mesh resolution. Then, changes in input wave number in surface perturbation and order of element used in finite element method were analyzed. It was found that depending on Rayleigh number, there is a wave number at which instability occurs earlier and grows faster. Also, onset of CO 2 convective mixing in saline aquifers was obtained and correlated for a number of field cases. Results show that onset of convection can be approximated by a scaling relationship for dimensionless time as a function of inverse square of Rayleigh number, Ra − 2 , for Rayleigh range used in this work. This scaling relationship provides a predictive tool for onset of convection and also long-term fate of disposed CO 2 in large scale geological sequestration.

Description: In this study, nanofluids with different TiO 2 nanoparticle concentrations were synthesized and measured in different constant heat fluxes for their heat transfer behavior upon flowing through a vertical pipe. Addition of nanoparticles into the base fluid enhances the forced convective heat transfer coefficient. The results show that the enhancement of the convective heat transfer coefficient in the mixture consisting of ethylene glycol and distilled water is more than distilled water as a base fluid.

Description: This paper puts forward an approach to determine the optimal mode of doping adsorbents into the wood-based panels for control of their formaldehyde emission. Based on the optimization conclusion, a novel design method for low-emitting wood-based panels by daubing adsorbent layer on the panel’s surface is proposed. The formaldehyde emission results from the prepared laboratory specimens indicate the feasibility of the proposed method. This study provides a meaningful guidance on designing low-emitting wood-based panels.

Description: This paper reports a two-dimensional numerical prediction of premixed methane-air combustion in inert porous media burner by using of four multi-step mechanisms: GRI-3.0 mechanism, GRI-2.11 mechanism and the skeletal and 17 Species mechanisms. The effects of these models on temperature, chemical species and pollutant emissions are studied. A two-dimensional axisymmetric model for premixed methane-air combustion in porous media burner has developed. The finite volume method has used to solve the governing equations of methane-air combustion in inert porous media burner. The results indicate that the present four models have the same accuracy in predicting temperature profiles and the difference between these profiles is not more than 2 %. In addition, the Gri-3.0 mechanism shows the best prediction of NO emission in comparison with experimental data. The 17 Species mechanism shows good agreement in prediction of temperature and pollutant emissions with GRI-3.0, GRI-2.11 and the skeletal mechanisms. Also the effects of wall temperature on the gas temperature and mass fraction of species such as NO and CH 4 are studied.

Description: The aim of this work is to present a mathematical and experimental formulation of a new simple procedure for the measurement of effective molecular diffusion coefficients of a salt solution in a water-saturated building material. This innovate experimental procedure and mathematical formulation is presented in detail and experimental values of “effective” molecular diffusion coefficient of sodium chloride in a concrete sample ( w / c  = 0.45), at five different temperatures (between 10 and 30 °C) and four different initial NaCl concentrations (between 0.1 and 0.5 M), are reported. The experimental results obtained are in good agreement with the theoretical and experimental values of molecular diffusion coefficient presented in literature. An empirical correlation is presented for the prediction of “effective” molecular diffusion coefficient over the entire range of temperatures and initial salt concentrations studied.

Description: Radial flow reactor operated at cross-flow heat transfer is focused for large scale methanol synthesis. The effects of operating conditions including the reactor inlet air temperature, the heating pipe temperature and the air flow rate on the cross-flow heat transfer were investigated and results show that the temperature profile of the area in front of the heating pipe is slightly affected by all the operating conditions. The main area whose temperature profile is influenced is located behind the heating pipe. The heat transfer direction is related to the direction of the flow. In order to obtain the basic parameters for radial flow reactor designing calculation, the dimensionless number group method was used for data fitting of the bed effective thermal conductivity and the wall heat transfer coefficient which were calculated by the mathematical model with the product of Reynolds number and Prandtl number. The comparison of experimental data and calculated values shows that the calculated values fit the experimental data satisfactorily and the formulas can be used for reactor designing calculation.

Description: This paper reports the application of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system to model the forced convection heat transfer from v-shaped plate internal surfaces exposed to an air impingement slot jet. The aim of the current study is to consider the effects of the angle of the v-shaped plate $ (\Upphi ) $ , slot-to-plate spacing ratio (Z/W) and the Reynolds number (Re) variation on the average heat transfer from the v-shaped plate.

Description: Inspired by the wing vein of Lepidoptera, a designment of asymmetric bionic branching channel for electronic chips cooling is developed. Lepidoptera vein D was chosen to measure the angle of first and second branch level. Based on these regular patterns, an asymmetric bionic branching channel is designed in a 35 mm × 35 mm chip. Comparing with fractal-like branching channel, it provides a stronger heat transfer capability, lower pressure drop and lower flow resistance in the experiment.

Description: Drying characteristics of purslane was experimentally studied in a cabinet dryer. The experimental drying data were fitted best to Modified Henderson and Pabis and Midilli et al. models apart from other models to predict the drying kinetics. The effective moisture diffusivity varied from 1.12 × 10 −9 to 3.60 × 10 −9  m 2 /s over the temperature range studied and activation energy was 53.65 kJ/mol.

Description: In the present study, the potential of rectangular fins with 30° and 90° angle and 10 mm offset from the horizontal direction for heat transfer enhancement in a plate fin heat exchanger is numerically evaluated with conjugated heat transfer approach. The rectangular fins are mounted on the flat plate channel. The numerical computations are performed by solving a steady, three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equation and an energy equation by using Fluent software program. Air is taken as working fluid. The study is carried out at Re = 400 and inlet temperatures, velocities of cold and hot air are fixed as 300, 600 K and 1.338, 0.69 m/s, respectively. Colburn factor j versus Re design data is presented by using Fluent. The results show that the heat transfer is increased by 10 % at the exit of channel with fin angle of 30° when compared to channel without fin for counter flow. The heat transfer enhancement with fins of 30° and 90° for different values of Reynolds number with 300, 500 and 800 and for varying fin heights, fin intervals and also temperature distributions of fluids on the top and bottom surface of the channel are investigated for parallel and counter flow.

Description: Numerical studies of momentum and heat transfer characteristics have been investigated of a steady incompressible turbulent flow of air through channel. The channel has inclined baffles which are arranged on the walls in a periodically staggered way. The governing equations, namely, continuity, Navier–Stokes and energy, based on k–ω turbulence model to describe the turbulence phenomenon are solved using the finite volume method and the SIMPLE algorithm. Calculations are performed for a Reynolds number between 12,000 and 38,000. The axial velocity profiles, the velocity fields, the local and average coefficient of friction and the Nusselt number distribution were obtained for all the geometry considered and for different sections selected, upstream, downstream and between the two inclined baffles. Simulation results which were obtained by the use of baffles are validated by an experimental study. Good agreement is observed between numerical and experimental results data in the literature.

Description: The motion of a person wearing protective clothing induces the clothing to move periodically towards the skin causing a cyclic variation in the air gap between the fabric and the skin. At the same time, the clothing movement causes cooling air to periodically flow into the air gap between the fabric and the skin. This paper uses a finite volume model to investigate these two effects and the resultant effect of the protective clothing movement on its performance during flash fire exposure. Special attention is drawn to the air gap model since it responds directly to the clothing movement. A parametric study is carried out to investigate the influence of a wider range of clothing movement. Specifically, the effect of the variation in the periodic movement frequency and amplitude on the clothing performance was investigated. The results show that increasing the movement frequency improves the clothing protective performance, while increasing the movement amplitude worsens the clothing performance.

Description: Perishable bio-substrate behavior can be modeled during packaged storage. Local mass and heattransfer have been coupled to respiration rate and microbial growth. Validating measurements have also been performed, and a multi-objective optimization was employed to tune the model. The model is able to simulate gas composition history and local bacteria spoilage in storage modes commonly adopted by the food industry, depending on product features and temperature. Exploitation of this mathematical tool would allow for informed technical and management decisions.

Description: In this work, free convective flow and heat transfer in power-law fluids from two heated square cylinders in tandem arrangement is studied. The governing differential equations have been solved numerically over wide ranges of Grashof number, 10 ≤  Gr  ≤ 1,000, Prandtl number, 0.71 ≤  Pr  ≤ 50 and power-law index, 0.4 ≤  n  ≤ 1.8. In order to elucidate the extent of inter-cylinder interaction, the non-dimensional inter-cylinder spacing, L/d is varied in the range, 2 ≤  L/d  ≤ 6. The results are interpreted in terms of streamline and isotherm contours in the proximity of two cylinders to gain physical insights into the nature of flow. At the next level, the distribution of the local Nusselt number along the surface of the cylinders is presented. At the minimum inter-cylinder spacing due to the intense interference, the downstream cylinder contributes much less to the overall heat transfer whereas it experiences much higher hydrodynamic drag than the upstream cylinder. Broadly, the local and average Nusselt number for both cylinders show a positive dependence on both Grashof and Prandtl numbers. Also, all else being equal, shear-thinning fluid behaviour promotes the rate of heat transfer and shear-thickening fluid behaviour impedes it. Finally, the present numerical results have been correlated by using simple forms of equations thereby enabling the estimation of Nusselt number in a new application.

Description: This paper discusses the results of a study related to natural convection cooling of a heat source located on the bottom wall of an inclined isosceles triangular enclosure filled with a Cu water-nanofluid. The right and left walls of the enclosure are both maintained cold at constant equal temperatures, while the remaining parts of the bottom wall are insulated. The study has been carried out for a Rayleigh number in the range 10 4  ≤ Ra ≤ 10 6 , for a heat source length in the range 0.2 ≤ ε ≤0.8, for a solid volume fraction in the range 0 ≤  ϕ ≤0.06 and for an inclination angle in the range 0° ≤ δ≤45°. Results are presented in the form of streamline contours, isotherms, maximum temperature at the heat source surface and average Nusselt number. It is noticed that the addition of Cu nanoparticles enhances the heat transfer rate and therefore cooling effectiveness for all values of Rayleigh number, especially at low values of Ra. The effect of the inclination angle becomes more noticeable as one increases the value of Ra. For high Rayleigh numbers, a critical value for the inclination angle of δ = 15° is found for which the heat source maximum temperature is highest.

Description: In this paper the effects of curvature ratio and torsion on friction factor ( f ) and Nusselt number ( Nu ) from coiled tubes were investigated. Hot water was passed through coiled tubes placed in a cold bath. At various Reynolds numbers, Nu , f and thermal–hydraulic performance were obtained. Empirical correlations were proposed to estimate Nu and f using the genetic algorithm. The genetic algorithm-based multi-objective optimization was used for the optimization.

Description: In this study, a method of chemical cooling is put forward, that is, C–CO 2 endothermic reaction is applied to instantaneous heat removal under high heat flux. A method in which theoretical research is in combination with numerical simulation is used to study C–CO 2 endothermic reaction. In comparison with the theoretically computational results, numerical code is validated. A high heat flux of 500 W/cm 2 is applied to the research of the heat dissipation characteristics of C–CO 2 endothermic reaction. The theoretical calculation results show that, under a certain temperature and pressure condition, the C–CO 2 chemical endothermic reaction could remove heat from the system promptly; the product CO could be used as a supplementary medium of power source for cycling. Compared with water phase change, the C–CO 2 endothermic reaction appears to have stronger heat removal ability. “Species Transport” module in FLUENT was adopted to simulate the reaction. Under the same temperature and pressure condition, the numerical simulation results are found to be well congruous with theoretical results. The C–CO 2 endothermic reaction could make a high temperature in the reaction system due to a high heat flux reduce to a low temperature (below zero) promptly. The heat removal and reaction time are in consistence with theoretical calculation.

Description: In this investigation, the effects of spike as retractable drag and aerodynamic heating reduction into the reentry Earth’s atmosphere for hemispherical body flying at hypersonic flow have been numerically studied. This numerical solution has been carried out for different length, shapes and nose configuration of spike. Additional modifications to the tip of the spike are investigated in order to obtain different bow shocks, including no spike, conical, flat and hemispherical aerodisk mounted. Unsteady compressible 3-D Navier–Stokes equations are solved with k − ω (SST) turbulence model for a flow over a forward facing spike attached to a heat shield for a free stream Mach number of 6. The obtained numerical results are compared with the experimental ones, and the results shows acceptable verification. This analysis shows that the aerodisk is more effective than aerospike. The designs produced 60 and 15 % reduction in drag and wall temperature responses, respectively.

Description: In this paper, we propose a new fractal model to determine the moisture effective diffusivity of porous membrane such as expanded polytetrafluorethylene membrane, by taking account of both parallel and perpendicular channels to diffusion flow direction. With the consideration of both the Knudsen and bulk diffusion effect, a relationship between micro-structural parameters and effective moisture diffusivity is deduced. The effective moisture diffusivities predicted by the present fractal model are compared with moisture diffusion experiment data and calculated values obtained from other theoretical models.

Description: Frost predictions are needed to help the deicing operation decide. The mechanism of frost formation on aircraft surface under icing conditions has been analyzed. A simple theoretical frost growth prediction model by heat and mass transfer analysis has been presented. It produces a method to forecast the frost growth tendency. An experimental system for atmospheric frost reproduction is also presented. Effects of aircraft surface temperatures, air temperature on the frost growth is evaluated by this model.

Description: The effect of flow slip on the nanofluid boundary layer over a stretching surface is studied. The present results provide a basic understanding on the effects of the slip boundary condition on heat and mass transfer of nanofluids past stretching sheets subject to a convective boundary condition from below. The results show that an increase of thermophoresis parameter or slip factor would decrease the reduced Nusselt number in some cases.

Description: Transesterified vegetable oils are becoming increasingly important as alternative fuels for diesel engines due to several advantages. Biodiesel is a renewable, inexhaustible and green fuel. This paper presents the various properties of the oils derived from Jatropha and Pongamia, their mixes and biodiesels derived from the mixes. An innovative lab scale reactor was designed and developed for biodiesel production from mixed vegetable oils and used for the study of optimization of biodiesel yield [ 1 ]. Also, the analysis of data of experimental investigations carried out on a 3.75 kW computerized CI engine at injection pressures of 160 and 180 bar with methyl esters of mixed Jatropha and Pongamia in various proportions are also presented. The brake thermal efficiency for biodiesel blends was found to be higher than that of petrodiesel at various loading conditions. In case of Composite biodiesel blended fuels, the exhaust gas temperature increased with increase in load and the amount of composite biodiesel. The highest exhaust gas temperature was observed as 213 °C for biodiesel among the five loading conditions. When petrodiesel was used the exhaust gas temperature was observed to be 220 °C. The CO 2 , CO, HC and NO x emissions from the biodiesel blends were lower than that of petrodiesel.

Description: In this study, forced convection heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids are investigated by numerical analysis of incompressible transient laminar flow in a circular duct under step change in wall temperature and wall heat flux. The thermal responses of the system are obtained by solving energy equation under both transient and steady-state conditions for hydro-dynamically fully-developed flow. In the analyses, temperature dependent thermo-physical properties are also considered. In the numerical analysis, Al 2 O 3 /water nanofluid is assumed as a homogenous single-phase fluid. For the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids, Hamilton–Crosser model is used together with a model for Brownian motion in the analysis which takes the effects of temperature and the particle diameter into account. Temperature distributions across the tube for a step jump of wall temperature and also wall heat flux are obtained for various times during the transient calculations at a given location for a constant value of Peclet number and a particle diameter. Variations of thermal conductivity in turn, heat transfer enhancement is obtained at various times as a function of nanoparticle volume fractions, at a given nanoparticle diameter and Peclet number. The results are given under transient and steady-state conditions; steady-state conditions are obtained at larger times and enhancements are found by comparison to the base fluid heat transfer coefficient under the same conditions.

Description: In this study the fouling of calcium carbonate CaCO 3 and calcium sulfate dehydrate CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O each from single salt solutions on stainless steel surfaces as well as modified surfaces was investigated. Based on experimental investigations a mathematical model for estimation of the induction time was developed. The model was integrated in a software code, computed and compared with experimental data. As a criterion for the induction period the corresponding ratio of Biot numbers was applied.

Description: Impinging air jets of various shapes, sizes and configurations are commonly used in heating, cooling and drying industrial processes. An analytical study has been carried out to optimise the thermal performance of single and multiple nozzle systems using impinging air jets. The optimisation of the nozzle array was given for practical purposes. The results show that within practical limits, a narrower nozzle size results in a greater heat and mass transfer coefficient. An economical analysis of the drying processes is also given for slot nozzles.

Description: A computer simulation using MATLAB is investigated to predict the distribution of air stream parameters (humidity ratio and temperature) as well as desiccant parameters (temperature and concentration) inside the parallel plate absorber. The present absorber consists of fourteen parallel plates with a surface area per unit volume ratio of 80 m 2 /m 3 . Calcium chloride as a liquid desiccant flows through the top of the plates to the bottom while the air flows through the gap between the plates making it a cross flow configuration. The model results show the effect of desiccant mass flow rate on the performance of the dehumidifier (moisture removal and dehumidifier effectiveness). Performance comparisons between present cross-flow dehumidifier and another experimental cross-flow dehumidifier in the literature are carried out. The simulation is expected to help in optimizing of a cross flow dehumidifier.

Description: Three turbulence models SST Gamma Theta, k-ω and k-ε which all found in ANSYS CFX were used. Velocity contours, pressure coefficient profiles and turbulence levels contours were discussed. Results indicate that three models calculated the cross flow boundary layer with different thicknesses. This leads to a difference in calculation each the momentum of the cross flow fluid closer to the jet exit and cooling performance. At M = 0.5 from range X/D = 5:40, the average centerline effectiveness values in case SST Gamma Theta model and k-ω model were 21 and 9.2 % larger than k-ε model, respectively. While at high blowing ratios 1 and 1.4, the effectiveness values in case SST Gamma Theta model and k-ω model were 16, 24.4 % and 32, 46 % less than k-ε model, respectively. k-ω model shows a larger backflow regions than others which a maximum negative value of u/u ∞  = −0.198 is reached in zone 4.

Description: The effects of structural parameters for internally-ribbed tube on heat transfer and flow characteristics of supercritical water were studied numerically. The results show that the heat transfer and pressure loss increases with the increase of mass flow or heat flux. The Heat transfer and resistance coefficients of supercritical water increase with the spiral rising angle decrease or rib height increase, while rib width has a weak influence on heat transfer and pressure drop.

Description: In the present study, the applicability of air atomized spray with the salt added water has been studied for ultra fast cooling (UFC) of a 6 mm thick AISI-304 hot steel plate. The investigation includes the effect of salt (NaCl and MgSO 4 ) concentration and spray mass flux on the cooling rate. The initial temperature of the steel plate before the commencement of cooling is kept at 900 °C or above, which is usually observed as the “finish rolling temperature” in the hot strip mill of a steel plant. The heat transfer analysis shows that air atomized spray with the MgSO 4 salt produces 1.5 times higher cooling rate than atomized spray with the pure water, whereas air atomized spray with NaCl produces only 1.2 times higher cooling rate. In transition boiling regime, the salt deposition occurs which causes enhancement in heat transfer rate by conduction. Moreover, surface tension is the governing parameter behind the vapour film instability and this length scale increases with increase in surface tension of coolant. Overall, the achieved cooling rates produced by both types of salt added air atomized spray are found to be in the UFC regime.

Description: In this work, we perform three dimensional finite element simulations on the binding reaction kinetics of the commonly used analyte–ligand protein pairs, namely, C-reactive protein (CRP) and anti-CRP, in a reaction chamber (microchannel) of a biosensor. For the diffusion limited binding biomolecular pairs, due to the slower transport speed of the analyte and the faster reaction rate of analyte–ligand complex, diffusion boundary layers often develop on the reaction surface. To enhance the performance of a biosensor by accelerating the transport speed, a non-uniform AC electric field is applied to induce the electrothermal force to stir the flow field. The swirling flow in the fluid can accelerate the transport of the analyte to and from the reaction surface and hence enhance the association and dissociation of analyte–ligand complex. Four types of biosensors with different arrangements of the geometric locations of the electrode pair and the reaction surface are designed to study the effects of varying geometric configuration on the binding efficiency. The simulation results show that the performance of a biosensor can be better improved by placing the electrodes and the reaction surface on the same side of the microchannel against the opposite side. For the best case studied in this work, the maximum initial slope of the binding curve can be raised up to 6.94 times (with respect to the field-free value) in the association phase, under applying AC field of 15 V rms and operating frequency of 100 kHz. Another important result with applying electrothermal effect is that it is feasible to use the slower sample flow in the microchannel to save a lot of sample consumption without sacrificing the performance of a biosensor. Several control factors not studied in our previous works such as the thermal boundary condition and the effect of electrical conductivity are also discussed.

Description: Velocity, turbulent intensity, static pressure and temperature measurements over the flat plate and blocked surfaces were investigated in a low speed wind tunnel in the presence of free stream velocity and block height. The experiments were carried out for free stream velocities of 5, 7 and 10 m/s encompassing the transitional region and for block heights of 10, 15 and 20 mm forming the different flow samples. A constant-temperature anemometer, a micro-manometer and copper-constant thermocouples were used for measurements of velocity and turbulent intensity, static pressure and temperature, respectively. The results showed that the flow separations and reattachments occurred on the blocked surfaces which enhanced the average heat transfer up to 1.54, 1.71 and 1.84 fold of the flat plate value at 5 m/s for the rising block height, 1.49, 1.68 and 1.80 at 7 m/s, and 1.44, 1.63 and 1.78 at 10 m/s, respectively.

Description: A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the pyrolysis of a Loy Yang low-rank coal in a pressurised drop tube furnace (pdtf) was undertaken evaluating Arrhenius reaction rate constants. The paper also presents predictions of an isothermal flow through the drop tube furnace. In this study, a pdtf reactor operated at pressures up to 15 bar and at a temperature of 1,173 K with particle heating rates of approximately 10 5 K s −1 was used. The CFD model consists of two geometrical sections; flow straightner and injector. The single reaction and two competing reaction models were employed for this numerical investigation of the pyrolysis process. The results are validated against the available experimental data in terms of velocity profiles for the drop tube furnace and the particle mass loss versus particle residence times. The isothermal flow results showed reasonable agreement with the available experimental data at different locations from the injector tip. The predicted results of both the single reaction and competing reaction modes showed slightly different results. In addition, several reaction rate constants were tested and validated against the available experimental data. The most accurate results were being Badzioch and Hawksley (Ind Eng Chem Process Des Dev 9:521–530, 1970 ) with a single reaction model and Ubhayakar et al. (Symp (Int) Combust 16:427–436, 1977 ) for two competing reactions. These numerical results can provide useful information towards future modelling of the behaviour of Loy Yang coal in a full scale tangentially-fired furnace.

Description: A one dimensional mathematical model is developed to optimize the design parameters of desiccant wheel. The result shows that after some value of design parameters, change in moisture removal is negligible. The optimum isotherm shape should be R = 0.1. At this isotherm optimum value of wheel length, and channel pitch should be in the range of 0.2–0.25 and 0.003–0.004 m respectively.

Description: As one of the natural refrigerants, CO 2 is a potential substitute for synthesized refrigerants with favorable environmental properties. In order to improve the performance of rankine cycle (RankC), the coupled system cycle (CSC) was designed and the performance was analyzed in this paper, which the CSC is combined by the RankC and the transcritical CO 2 heat pump cycle with an expander. Based on thermodynamic principles, the performance analysis platform was designed and the performance analysis was employed. The results show that the average efficiency of the RankC is about 30 %, and the extraction cycle is about 32 %, while the CSC is about 39 %, and the last one is better than the others at the same parameters. With increasing of the boiler feed water temperature, the efficiencies of the three kinds of cycles show increasing trend. With increasing of pressure in conderser–evaporator or outlet temperature of gas cooler, the efficiency of the CSC shows a downward trend. Some fundamental data were obtained for increasing the RankC efficiency by waste heat recovery, and play an active role in improvement the efficiency of power plants.

Description: The effect of spacing between two identical square cylinders placed side by side on the fluid flow and heat transfer is numerically investigated using $ k - \omega - \overline{{\upsilon^{2} }} - f $ k − ω − υ 2 ¯ − f turbulence model. The present study is performed at Pr  = 0.7 and Re  = 10,000, 21,000 for different scaled gap spacing between cylinders in the range of Gl  = 0.5–6. It should be noted all geometrical lengths such as Gl are scaled with cylinders side. In order to show the accuracy of $ k - \omega - \overline{{\upsilon^{2} }} - f $ k − ω − υ 2 ¯ − f model, part of the results such as various flow patterns (flip-flop, in-phase and anti-phase) and global quantities are compared with the available numerical and experimental results and also a Large Eddy Simulation study of the present work. Based on this comparison, a close agreement is observed. The local and averaged flow and thermal quantities are also compared for two side by side square and circular cylinders and some significant similarities and differences are presented. Progressive increasing and decreasing of the distance between cylinders indicates that the hysteresis phenomenon appears for the gap spacing in the range of Gl  = 1–2.5. In the hysteresis range, two different patterns are observed for each distance in the aforementioned range. Also in this range, two different values are found for different quantities such as lift and drag coefficients, Strouhal number and Nusselt number.

Description: Estimating rate of evaporation from undisturbed water surfaces to moving and quiet air has been the topic a vast number of research activities. The obvious presence of various shapes of gravity waves on the water body surfaces was the motivation of this experimental investigation. In this investigation experimental measurements have been done to quantify evaporation rate from wavy water surfaces in free, mixed and forced convection regimes. The effects of a wide range of surface gravity waves from low steepness, round shaped crest with slow celerity, to steep and very slight spilling crest waves, on the water evaporation rate have been investigated. A wide range of ${\text{Gr}}/{\text{Re}}^{2} (0.01 \le {\text{Gr}}/{\text{Re}}^{2} \le 100)$ Gr / Re 2 ( 0.01 ≤ Gr / Re 2 ≤ 100 ) was achieved by applying different air flow velocities on a large heated wave flume equipped with a wind tunnel. Results reveal that wave motion on the water surface increase the rate of evaporation for all air flow regimes. For free convection, due to the effect of wave motion for pumping rotational airflows at the wave troughs and the dominant effect of natural convection for the air flow advection, the maximum evaporation increment percentage from wavy water surface is about 70 %. For mixed and forced convection, water evaporation rate increment is more sensitive to the air flow velocity for the appearance of very slight spilling on the steep wave crests and the leeward air flow structures.

Description: A symmetric helically coiled tube steam generator that operates by methane has been simulated analytically and numerically. In the analytical method, the furnace has been divided into five zones. The numerical method computes the total heat absorbed in the furnace, while the existing analytical methods compute only the radiation heat transfer. In addition, according to the numerical results, a correlation is proposed for the Nusselt number in the furnace.

Description: Numerical simulations of the flow field and heat transfer require the conjugate solution of the Navier–Stokes and energy equations, a highly compute-intensive process. Here a semi-analytical approach is proposed to solve the energy equation in curved pipes. It requires the flow velocity field, the wall temperature, and the temperature at only one point of the flow cross-section to provide the entire temperature field.

Description: Automotive designers should design a robust engine cooling system which works well in both normal and severe driving conditions. When vehicles are keyed-off suddenly after some distance of hill-climbing driving, the coolant temperature tends to increase drastically. This is because heat soak in the engine could not be transferred away in a timely manner, as both the water pump and cooling fan stop working after the vehicle is keyed-off. In this research, we aimed to visualize the coolant temperature trend over time before and after the vehicles were keyed-off. In order to prevent coolant temperature from exceeding its boiling point and jeopardizing engine life, a numerical model was further tested with prolonged fan and/or water pump operation after keying-off. One dimensional thermal-fluid simulation was exploited to model the vehicle’s cooling system. The behaviour of engine heat, air flow, and coolant flow over time were varied to observe the corresponding transient coolant temperatures. The robustness of this model was proven by validation with industry field test data. The numerical results provided sensible insights into the proposed solution. In short, prolonging fan operation for 500 s and prolonging both fan and water pump operation for 300 s could reduce coolant peak temperature efficiently. The physical implementation plan and benefits yielded from implementation of the electrical fan and electrical water pump are discussed.

Description: Using physical experiments we investigated the evolution of thermally driven melt patterns in a semi-infinite solid crystalline phase subjected to uniform heating from one side, maintaining melting temperature. We treat the melt initiation phenomenon theoretically in the perspective of two-phase interactions on the microscopic level, and propose a new reaction–diffusion model based on the prey – predator dynamics . This model predicts the fractal behavior of melt fronts observed in the experiments.