ALBERT

Description: Context    Soluble organic nitrogen is considered to reflect the effect of forest types on soil nitrogen status. As a major process affecting the soil-soluble organic nitrogen pool, degradation of insoluble organic nitrogen in the production of soluble organic nitrogen is mediated by a suite of soil enzymes. Aims    This study aims to examine soil-soluble organic nitrogen pools and their relationships with the activities of soil enzymes in natural secondary forest stands and adjacent larch plantation stands. Methods    Four pairs of larch plantation stands and secondary forest stands were randomly selected from a mountainous area, and the top 15 cm of the mineral soils were sampled from each field. Results    The soil-soluble organic nitrogen concentrations were up to 2-fold greater in the secondary forest stands than in the larch plantation stands, whereas the ratio of soluble organic nitrogen/total nitrogen was comparable between the two forest types. The concentrations of soluble organic nitrogen were positively correlated with approximately 2-fold differences in urease and protease activities, a 1.2-fold difference in N -acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and a 1.7-fold difference in l -asparaginase between the two forest types. Conclusions    Our results suggest that relationships between soil-soluble organic nitrogen and enzyme activities are independent on sampling time, and that the soil enzyme activities can be used as potential indicators of soil soluble organic nitrogen pools in the temperate forest ecosystem. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0198-z Authors Kai Yang, Qingyuan Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016 People’s Republic of China Jiaojun Zhu, Qingyuan Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016 People’s Republic of China Qiaoling Yan, Qingyuan Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016 People’s Republic of China Jinxin Zhang, Qingyuan Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016 People’s Republic of China Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   The scaling-up approach (which requires the use of individual tree biomass equations and data) is one of the most commonly used methods for estimating stand biomass at a local scale. However, biomass prediction over large management areas requires more efficient methods. Aims   Two methods of estimating aboveground stand biomass were developed and compared: stand biomass equations (SBE) including observed stand variables, and SBE including biomass expansion factors (BEF) and stand volume. Methods   Two types of systems of additive equations were fitted simultaneously for components and total aboveground stand biomass, to ensure additivity. Inherent correlations among biomass components were also taken into account in the fitting process. Results   The systems explained a high percentage of the observed variability. The SBE systems that included observed stand variables provided more accurate estimates than those that included BEF and stand volume. However, the latter were found to be more precise for stem wood and total aboveground biomass prediction. Conclusions   Both approaches provide a direct link between forest inventory data, outputs from whole-stand growth models, and biomass estimates at stand level. Taking into account that the inventory effort is similar for both alternatives, the choice of which to use will depend on the data available and on the relative importance of the biomass components for the end-users. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0191-6 Authors Fernando Castedo-Dorado, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León. Escuela Superior y Técnica de Ingeniería Agraria, Avda. de Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, León, Spain Esteban Gómez-García, Departamento de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Escuela Politécnica Superior, R/ Benigno Ledo, Campus Universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain Ulises Diéguez-Aranda, Departamento de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Escuela Politécnica Superior, R/ Benigno Ledo, Campus Universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain Marcos Barrio-Anta, Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo. Escuela Politécnica de Mieres, C/Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós, 33600 Mieres, Asturias, Spain Felipe Crecente-Campo, Departamento de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Escuela Politécnica Superior, R/ Benigno Ledo, Campus Universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context    There is little information about inter- and intra-specific variation in fuelwood properties of trees/shrubs in West Africa. • Aims    We studied variation in fuelwood properties of Balanites aegyptiaca , Combretum glutinosum , Guiera senegalensis , Piliostigma reticulatum , and Zizyphus mauritiana in the Sahelian and Sudanian ecozones of Mali. • Methods    Trees were sampled on different soil (sandy, sandy/loam, or rocky), land use (parkland agroforest or woodland), and terrain (flat, temporarily flooded, or hill slope) types in five regions extending from the drier eastern to the more humid western parts of Mali. Basic density, volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash content, moisture content, gross calorific value, and fuel value index were measured for each tree and adjusted for tree age. • Results    All fuelwood properties differed significantly among species, but there were significant species by region interactions. Most fuelwood properties of four species differed significantly among regions. Soil and/or land use type had significant effects on a few fuelwood properties of four species. • Conclusion    In general, fuelwood production is recommended in all regions for G. senegalensis , in drier regions for B. aegyptiaca and C. glutinosum , in more humid regions for Z. mauritiana , and on rocky soils for all species. Fuelwood production of P. reticulatum is not recommended. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0195-2 Authors Carmen Sotelo Montes, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Sahel Office, B. P. E 5118 Bamako, Mali John C. Weber, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Sahel Office, B. P. E 5118 Bamako, Mali Dimas A. Silva, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner, 900, CEP: 80270-170 Curitiba, Brazil Clarice Andrade, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner, 900, CEP: 80270-170 Curitiba, Brazil Graciela I. B. Muñiz, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner, 900, CEP: 80270-170 Curitiba, Brazil Rosilei A. Garcia, Instituto de Florestas, Departamento de Produtos Florestais, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, km 07, 23890-000, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Antoine Kalinganire, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Sahel Office, B. P. E 5118 Bamako, Mali Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    Fir species are mainly distributed across the high latitudes, preferring cold climates. The phylogeographic origins of those subtropical fir species that occur in low latitudes in southern China remain elusive, as does the nature of any inter-lineage hybridization. Aims    In fir species, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is maternally inherited and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) is paternally inherited, and the genetic variations in the two make them particularly useful for examining species’ hybridizations and evolutionary histories. Materials and methods    We sequenced four DNA fragments: two of mtDNA and two of cpDNA for 161 individuals from four subtropical endangered fir species ( Abies beshanzuensis , Abies ziyuanensis , Abies yuanbaoshanensis , and Abies fanjingshanensis ) and two more northerly distributed ones ( Abies recurvata and Abies fargesii ) from central and southwest China. Results    Three mitotypes and four chlorotypes were recovered from the four southern species. In most populations, individuals share a single fixed mitotype and chlorotype. Three mitotypes clustered into two distinct clades, each associated with one of the northern species examined. For four chlorotypes, one occurred in A. ziyuanensis , A. beshanzuensis , A. fargesii , and A. recurvata , another in A. ziyuanensis and A. recurvata , the remaining two differed from others by two mutations exclusively in A. fanjingshanenis and A. yuanbaoshanensis. Conclusion    Phylogeographic origins of the subtropical fir species are complex, and genetic admixtures occurred during the evolutionary history of A. ziyuanensis . The genotyped populations further provide basic frames for genetic delimitation and effective conservation of these endangered species in the future. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0170-3 Authors Yanling Peng, Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming System, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China Shuming Yin, Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming System, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China Jing Wang, Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming System, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China Bin Tian, Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming System, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China Guangpeng Ren, Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming System, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China Qiuhong Guo, Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming System, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China Jianquan Liu, Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming System, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context and aim    This study aimed to examine the effect of the tension wood G‐layer on the viscoelastic properties of wood. Methods    Tension wood and opposite wood samples were obtained from six French Guianese tropical rainforest species ( Sextonia rubra , Ocotea guyanensis , Inga alba , Tachigali melinoni , Iyranthera sagotiana and Virola michelii ); the tension wood of the former three of these species had a G‐layer, whilst the tension wood from the latter three had no G‐layer. Tensile dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was performed on green never dried wood samples in the longitudinal direction with samples submerged in a water bath at a temperature (30°C) and frequency (1 Hz) representative of the conditions experienced by wood within a living tree. Then, DMA was repeated with samples conditioned to an air-dried state. Finally, samples were oven-dried to measure longitudinal shrinkage. Results    Tension wood did not always have a higher longitudinal storage (elastic) modulus than opposite wood from the same tree regardless of the presence or absence of a G‐layer. For the species containing a G‐layer, tension wood had a higher damping coefficient and experienced a greater longitudinal shrinkage upon drying than opposite wood from the same species. No difference was found in damping coefficients between tension wood and opposite wood for the species that had no G‐layer. Conclusion    It is proposed that the different molecular composition of the G-layer matrix has an influence on the viscoelasticity of wood, even if a biomechanical gain is not yet clear. This study shows that rheological properties and longitudinal shrinkage can be used to detect the presence of a G‐layer in tension wood. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0164-1 Authors J. Paul McLean, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil (LMGC), Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, Montpellier, France Olivier Arnould, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil (LMGC), Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, Montpellier, France Jacques Beauchêne, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (ECOFOG), CIRAD, Kourou, French Guiana Bruno Clair, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil (LMGC), Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, Montpellier, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   The past management of Pinus brutia forests in Lebanon has led to diverse stand structures that cannot be easily classified as even-aged (EA) or uneven-aged (UA). Most stands are between these stand types, and they may be called as “semi-even-aged”. This is a very common characteristic throughout the Mediterranean conifer forests and makes the choice between the EA and UA approaches problematic, in both management and modelling. However, previous research has devoted little attention to the performance of growth and yield models when applied to transitional stand structures. Aims   The aim of this study was to find the best modelling approach and to recommend equations for simulating the dynamics of the semi-even-aged P. brutia stands of Lebanon on an individual-tree basis. Methods   Fifty sample plots were measured in Lebanon. Individual-tree growth models were fitted to the whole dataset using either UA or EA modelling approach. Models were also fitted using two sub-samples containing the most EA and the most UA plots. The performance and accuracy of the two modelling approaches were evaluated in all three datasets. Results   The article provides the first complete growth model for uneven-aged P. brutia stands. The EA sub-models presented better statistical fitting. However, the UA sub-models enabled more accurate predictions of wood production and were almost as good as the EA sub-models when predicting stand dynamics of the EA plots. The EA approach provided poor predictions, and the errors were high when it was applied to UA stands. Conclusions   In structurally complex stands, the UA modelling approach is to be preferred since it predicts the whole stand dynamics more accurately and enables simulations of a broader range of silvicultural treatments. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0171-2 Authors Sergio de-Miguel, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland Timo Pukkala, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland Nabil Assaf, Paris Sorbonne University (Paris IV), 1Rue Victor Cousin, 75005 Paris, France José Antonio Bonet, Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Ctra. Sant Llorenç de Morunys, km 2, 25280 Solsona, Spain Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Introduction   The logging of several spruce plantations is planned for the next years in the Eifel National Park (Western Germany). To understand the ecological mechanisms of spontaneous forest regeneration that follows these impacts, it is crucial to investigate the species composition and functional diversity of the buried germinable seeds in those stands. Methods   We analysed the soil seed bank by germination method and characterised germination dynamics and distribution of seedlings throughout the samples according to a sigmoid model and cumulative curves, respectively. To compare the proportions of functional and syntaxonomical groups between seed bank and aboveground vegetation, we applied the Fisher’s exact test. Additionally, we described the spatial distribution of the species in the seed bank according to semivariograms. Results   The studied seed bank reached a density of about 5,300 seed m −2 . Most of the species detected in the seed bank are related to open vegetation, forest fringes and early successional stages of forest regeneration. In spite of a low floristic similarity between seed bank and aboveground vegetation, the functional and syntaxonomical composition is very similar. Further studies considering the distribution of seeds in the soil and the changes of the seed bank composition during the regeneration process are required. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0174-z Authors Miguel Alvarez, INRES-Vegetation Ecology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Nußallee 9, 53115 Bonn, Germany Katja Seis, Institute of Silviculture, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Tennenbacherstr. 4, 79085 Freiburg, Germany Bodo Maria Möseler, INRES-Vegetation Ecology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Nußallee 9, 53115 Bonn, Germany Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    Rotation length is known to affect timber quality in many plantation species, but its effect on the properties of Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis ) structural timber has not been quantified. Aim    Te purpose of this study was to compare selected wood properties and grade recovery of Sitka spruce structural timber cut from different radial positions within a log reflecting different cambial ages. Methods    Structural timber was sawn from 60 logs harvested from an 83-year-old stand in Great Britain. Five specimens were tested from each log: four from consecutive radial positions out from the pith and the fifth a random selection from outside the innermost 15 rings. Results    Mean modulus of elasticity and bending strength of timber from the outermost radial position were 51% and 41% greater, respectively, than for timber from adjacent to the pith. Wood density differed by 9% between these positions. The amount of distortion (spring, twist and bow), knot frequency and total knot area was significantly higher in timber cut from adjacent to the pith. Conclusion    Whilst longer rotations result in timber with improved mechanical properties and less distortion, economic and windthrow considerations may limit their implementation in Great Britain. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0168-x Authors John R. Moore, Forest Products Research Institute, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH10 5DT UK Andrew J. Lyon, Forest Products Research Institute, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH10 5DT UK Stefan Lehneke, Forest Products Research Institute, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH10 5DT UK Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    Pinus radiata D. Don is the most widely planted conifer in the Inter-Andean Valleys of Bolivia. However, Bolivia lacks knowledge on stand dynamics and yield prediction of radiata pine, and the particular Bolivian conditions prevent a straightforward application of equations developed elsewhere. Aims    This study developed site index models, individual tree diameter increment models, individual tree height models, and self-thinning models for Bolivian P. radiata plantations. Methods    Dominant height was modeled using the algebraic difference approach. Diameter increment was modeled as a function of tree size, site index, and competition. Individual tree height was modeled as a function of tree diameter, dominant height, and dominant diameter. Self-thinning was modeled as a function of quadratic mean tree diameter. Results    By using the models, it can be calculated that the mean annual increment in volume with the optimal rotation length is less than 10 m 3 ha −1 on poor sites and 25 m 3 ha −1 on the best sites. Rotation lengths that maximize wood production are 25–30 years for very good sites and 35–40 years for poor sites. Conclusion    The models were assembled into a growth and yield simulator, allowing the simulation of stand development and making it possible to predict future yields and to compare alternative management schedules. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0162-3 Authors Gustavo Guzmán, Escuela de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Final Av. Atahuallpa s/n, Temporal de Cala Cala, Barrio Prefectural, Cochabamba, Bolivia Timo Pukkala, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland Marc Palahí, Mediterranean Regional Office, European Forest Institute, Sant Pau Historic Site, Santa Victoria Pavilion, St. Antoni M. Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain Sergio de-Miguel, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    Turkish red pine ( Pinus brutia Ten.) is widespread in the eastern Mediterranean Basin. In the late 1970s, four common gardens were established along steep altitudinal transects extending from the coast to about 1,200 m in the Taurus Mountains (Antalya, Turkey). Aims    The aim was to study the role of altitude in shaping Turkish red pine genetic diversity and population structure as well as to evaluate the existence of local adaptation along altitudinal gradients in this species. Methods    Genetic diversity and population structure were evaluated in replicated altitudinal gradients using chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) markers. Genetic differentiation for neutral markers was compared with quantitative differentiation for growth traits for the same populations evaluated at different altitudes. Results    Genetic differentiation among altitudinal groups was higher than among transects. A high portion of the genetic variance corresponded to families within populations (up to 10.75%). Overall quantitative genetic differentiation ( Q ST ) was higher than molecular differentiation in most test sites for all the traits and ages considered. Conclusion    Turkish red pine shows signatures of local adaptation to environmental gradients related to altitude. For forestry practices, such as selection of seed sources, both altitude and the family level of variation need to be considered. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0169-9 Authors Yusuf Kurt, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Akdeniz University, 07058 Antalya, Turkey Santiago C. González-Martínez, Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, CIFOR-INIA, P.O. Box 8111, 28080 Madrid, Spain Ricardo Alía, Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, CIFOR-INIA, P.O. Box 8111, 28080 Madrid, Spain Kani Isik, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Akdeniz University, 07058 Antalya, Turkey Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   Forest scientists build models to simulate stand growth and forests dynamics. Dedicated computer tools are often developed to implement these models in order to run silvicultural scenarios and explore simulation results. Aims   Our objective was to encourage software reuse and simplify model implementation. Methods   The scheme was to develop a framework and methodology allowing to simplify the implementation, integration, simulation and comparison of forest models by providing a set of common and standard tools. Results   Capsis provides an open and modular software architecture based on various components, allowing to run forest growth simulations and display the results. The benefits of this framework are shown with the Samsara2 model, an individual-based and spatialised tree model. Capsis has been used successfully in many similar projects. In addition, the Capsis methodology defines how developers, modellers and end-users may interact. Conclusion   The Capsis framework facilitates collaborative and shared software development. Moreover, it is a powerful way to support scientific animation in the frame of forest science. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0140-9 Authors Samuel Dufour-Kowalski, INRA, UMR931 AMAP, Botany and Computational Plant Architecture, TA A-51/PS2, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Benoît Courbaud, CEMAGREF, Mountain Ecosystems Research Unit, 2 rue de la Papeterie, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères, France Philippe Dreyfus, INRA, UR629 URFM, Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, Site Agroparc, Domaine Saint Paul, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France Céline Meredieu, INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, 69 route d’Arcachon, 33612 Cestas Cedex, France François de Coligny, INRA, UMR931 AMAP, Botany and Computational Plant Architecture, TA A-51/PS2, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Objectives    We examined canopy gap structure and regeneration patterns at the landscape scale using a combination of remote sensing and field-based surveys. Methods    The study was carried out in the forest reserve of Lom, an old-growth Fagus-Abies-Picea forest located within the Dinaric Alps in the north-western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A high-resolution (1-m panchromatic and 4-m multispectral) Kompsat-2 satellite image was orthorectified and classified through an unsupervised pixel-based classification using an artificial neural network method. Results    This approach allowed the identification of 650 canopy gaps, ranging in size from 32 to 1,776 m 2 . Only 20 intermediate to large gaps (〉250 m 2 ) were identified, and they were mainly present near the perimeter of the reserve. The origin of these large openings was associated with past human-caused disturbances or topographic conditions. The species composition of regeneration within large, human-caused gaps differed markedly from small gaps and non-gap sites in the core area of the reserve. Shade-intolerant species dominated the seedling and sapling layers in large openings. The landscape approach employed in this study confirmed the hypothesis that small gaps predominate at Lom, especially within the core area of the reserve. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0177-9 Authors Matteo Garbarino, Department of AGROSELVITER, University of Torino, Via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy Enrico Borgogno Mondino, Department of DEIAFA, University of Torino, Via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy Emanuele Lingua, Department of TESAF, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy Thomas A. Nagel, Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, University of Ljubljana, Vecna Pot 83, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Vojislav Dukić, Faculty of Forestry, University of Banja Luka, Vojvode Stepe Stepanovića 75a, 78000 Banja Luka, Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Zoran Govedar, Faculty of Forestry, University of Banja Luka, Vojvode Stepe Stepanovića 75a, 78000 Banja Luka, Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Renzo Motta, Department of AGROSELVITER, University of Torino, Via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   Microfibril angle (MFA) is one of the key determinants of solid timber performance due to its strong influence on the stiffness, strength, shrinkage properties and dimensional stability of wood. Aims   The aim of this study was to develop a model for predicting MFA variation in plantation-grown Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L). A specific objective was to quantify the additional influence of growth rate on the radial variation in MFA. Methods   Twenty-three trees were sampled from four mature Scots pine stands in Scotland, UK. Pith-to-bark MFA profiles were obtained on 69 radial samples using scanning X-ray diffractometry. A nonlinear mixed-effects model based on a modified Michaelis–Menten equation was developed using cambial age and annual ring width as explanatory variables. Results   The largest source of variation in MFA (〉90 %) was within trees, while between-tree variation represented just 7 % of the total. Microfibril angle decreased rapidly near the pith before reaching stable values in later annual rings. The effect of ring width on MFA was greater at higher cambial ages. Conclusion   A large proportion of the variation in MFA was explained by the fixed effects of cambial age and annual ring width. The final model is intended for integration into growth, yield and wood quality simulation systems. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0248-6 Authors David Auty, Forest Research, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9SY Scotland, UK Barry A. Gardiner, Forest Research, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9SY Scotland, UK Alexis Achim, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6 Canada John R. Moore, Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited), Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, 3046 New Zealand Andrew D. Cameron, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU Scotland, UK Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   We investigated the relationships between decay classes, morphological characteristics and chemical compounds in Abies alba Mill. and Fagus sylvatica L. stumps in two forest stands in the central Apennines (Italy). The analysis of deadwood decomposition is important in estimating carbon sequestration potential and carbon residence time in forest ecosystems. In addition, deadwood decomposition affects nutrient cycling and microhabitat distribution. Aims   The overall aim of this study was to investigate the decomposition processes in a mountainous Mediterranean ecosystem, and specifically to assess changes in chemical variables (lignin, cellulose, carbon and nitrogen content) in deadwood during the decomposition process, in relation to decay classes and to the species. Methods   Cross-sections were collected from stumps. Samples were assigned to visually discernible decay classes, and cellulose, lignin and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content in relation to total dry mass were analysed during the decay process. Results   Results showed how C/N ratio decreased over decades due to an increase in nitrogen content. On the contrary, carbon concentration in stumps remained substantially stable. Lignin degraded slowly in comparison with cellulose and differences between species were observed. Conclusion   The hypothesis that the conifer species would decompose faster than deciduous species did not prove correct. The slower decay of lignin compared to cellulose suggested that lignin could be an important long-term source of soil organic carbon, and that this process could be greatly affected by forest species mixtures. Finally, decomposition processes in the investigated montane–Mediterranean forests were definitely faster than in the colder climates of northern Europe. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0230-3 Authors F. Lombardi, Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Laboratorio EcoGeoFor, Università degli Studi del Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, IS, Italy P. Cherubini, Landscape Dynamics Unit—Dendroecology, WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland R. Tognetti, Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Laboratorio EcoGeoFor, Università degli Studi del Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, IS, Italy C. Cocozza, Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Laboratorio EcoGeoFor, Università degli Studi del Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, IS, Italy B. Lasserre, Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Laboratorio EcoGeoFor, Università degli Studi del Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, IS, Italy M. Marchetti, Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Laboratorio EcoGeoFor, Università degli Studi del Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, IS, Italy Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    Implementing nature-based silviculture requires understanding the structural and compositional changes that occur in forested stands under known disturbance types and intensities. Aims    The objectives were to assess the (a) resistance of hardwood forests to change, (b) their trajectory of recovery following disturbance, and (c) how closely resulting forests resemble original forests. Methods    We characterized tree structure and composition at three points in time (pre-disturbance, 1-year post-disturbance, and ∼15 years following disturbance) along a harvesting disturbance gradient created by removing trees in different forest canopy strata. Results    Significant differences to pre-disturbance conditions were noted immediately post-harvest for tree basal area, density, species richness, and tree species composition; treatment differences were observed for all parameters except diversity. Plots exposed to the least extreme harvesting disturbances (cutting small and intermediate trees) had returned to pre-disturbance conditions for most parameters after 15 years, while the most extreme harvesting disturbance (cutting large trees) had not yet recovered. Conclusions    Although not initially resistant, Central Appalachian eastern hardwoods are fairly resilient to the removal of trees in the subcanopy or a mixture of the subcanopy and canopy; only the removal of solely canopy trees (i.e., high grading) and complete removal (i.e., clearcutting) appear to impose harvesting disturbances to which these forests may not be resilient. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0242-z Authors Eric K. Zenner, School of Forest Resources, The Pennsylvania State University, 305 Forest Resources Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA Yvette L. Dickinson, School of Forest Resources, The Pennsylvania State University, 117 Forest Resources Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA JeriLynn E. Peck, School of Forest Resources, The Pennsylvania State University, 117 Forest Resources Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   Corymbia F1 hybrids have high potential for plantation forestry; however, little is known of their reproductive biology and potential for genetic pollution of native Corymbia populations. • Aims   This study aims to quantify the influence of reproductive isolating barriers on the success of novel reciprocal and advanced generation Corymbia hybrids. • Methods   Two maternal taxa, Corymbia citriodora subsp. citriodora and Corymbia torelliana , were pollinated using five paternal taxa, C. citriodora subsp. citriodora , C. torelliana , one C. torelliana × C. citriodora subsp. citriodora hybrid and two C. torelliana × C. citriodora subsp. variegata hybrids. Pollen tube, embryo and seed development were assessed. • Results   Reciprocal hybridisation between C. citriodora subsp. citriodora and C. torelliana was successful. Advanced generation hybrids were also created when C. citriodora subsp. citriodora or C. torelliana females were backcrossed with F1 hybrid taxa. Prezygotic reproductive isolation was identified via reduced pollen tube numbers in the style and reduced numbers of ovules penetrated by pollen tubes. Reproductive isolation was weakest within the C. citriodora subsp. citriodora maternal taxon, with two hybrid backcrosses producing equivalent capsule and seed yields to the intraspecific cross. • Conclusions   High hybridising potential was identified between all Corymbia species and F1 taxa studied. This provides opportunities for advanced generation hybrid breeding, allowing desirable traits to be amplified. It also indicates risks of gene flow between plantation and native Corymbia populations. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0231-2 Authors Geoffrey R. Dickinson, Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry—Queensland, P.O. Box 1054, Mareeba, QLD 4880, Australia Helen M. Wallace, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558, Australia David J. Lee, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558, Australia Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   Silver fir is declining and dying at its southern margin on the Mediterranean area, where climate is expected to be warmer and drier. At a regional scale, silver fir seems to be vulnerable to drought, and at a forest stand scale, tree death seems to be distributed according to soil water availability. Aim   To understand the vulnerability of silver fir to drought, factors involved in the regulation of transpiration were assessed with respect to soil properties in order to document the spatial distribution of death rates. Methods   Soil properties were characterized by electric resistivity measurements. Sap flow density and predawn needle water potential were recorded on sampled trees during several years, and crown specific transpiration was estimated. In addition, the vulnerability of coarse roots and branches to cavitation was quantified. Results and conclusion   Trees growing on soils with a large water storage capacity were the most vulnerable to drought induced soil water deficits. Transpiration was down-regulated as soon as predawn water potential decreased. The vulnerability to cavitation was low, which protected the trees from run-away xylem embolism. Severe soil water deficits led to a rapid decrease of transpiration, which was still visible the following year. The drop-off in transpiration was mainly due to inner sap flow that almost ceased after the drought on all monitored trees. Our results suggest that root dynamic and the ability of roots to take up water were modified by soil water deficit over several years. Such a regulation scheme needs to be better documented and included in models to address silver fir forest responses to drought. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0229-9 Authors Marie Nourtier, UMR1114, Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des AgroHydrosystèmes, INRA, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France André Chanzy, UMR1114, Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des AgroHydrosystèmes, INRA, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France Maxime Cailleret, UR629, Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, INRA, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France Xie Yingge, UMR1114, Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des AgroHydrosystèmes, INRA, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France Roland Huc, UR629, Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, INRA, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France Hendrik Davi, UR629, Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, INRA, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   Many tree breeding programmes rely entirely on clonal seed orchards as the link between breeding activities and forestry, and are thereby also exposed to yearly fluctuations in the orchard crops. • Aims   The main objective was to study the impact of year and clone fluctuations in strobili production on genetic worth, as well as on genetic diversity, of 18 consecutive commercial seed orchard crops. • Methods   In a mature Abies nordmanniana clonal seed orchard, a yearly visual assessment of female and male strobili was carried out on a total of 18 clones (260 ramets), and coupled with clone breeding values. • Results   Despite large annual and clone variation, and year-by-clone interaction in strobili production, the orchard’s genetic worth was somewhat uniform when considering four evaluated traits in the 11 years of superior or medium crop size. These years accounted for 95% of the accumulated cone crop over the whole period (18 years). Noteworthy deviations were only seen in the seven poorest seed years, comprising the remaining 5% of the total cone crop, where genetic diversity measures were also low. • Conclusion   Avoiding small crop years seems to be a reasonable way to avoid fluctuations in the commercial seed orchard product. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 69-80 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0159-y Authors Ulrik B. Nielsen, Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Ole K. Hansen, Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560 Journal Volume Volume 69 Journal Issue Volume 69, Number 1

Description: • Context   This review paper provides an overview of approaches to which we may resort for handling the complex decision problems involving uncertainty and risk that climate change implies for forest managers. Modelling approaches that could support adaptive management strategies seem to be called for, not only as climate change denotes increased economic uncertainty but also because new and more reliable information becomes available as time passes and climate changes. • Aims   The paper (1) provides a broad overview of state-of-the-art methods for optimal decision making under risk and uncertainty in forestry and (2) elaborates on the possible use of these methods in adaptive forest management under climate change. • Method   A survey of the current literature is carried out to identify approaches and developments that may prove most promising in relation to different challenges to the adaptive management of forest ecosystems under climate change. • Results   Most studies focusing on changing, typically increasing, risks in forest management under climate change tend to build on existing approaches about changes in risk levels contingent on climate change scenarios. • Conclusion   Finally, we discuss what to emphasise in future studies to improve the understanding of adaptive forest management and decision support tools needed to cope with climate change. Content Type Journal Article Category Review Paper Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0153-4 Authors Rasoul Yousefpour, Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Jette Bredahl Jacobsen, Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Bo Jellesmark Thorsen, Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Henrik Meilby, Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Marc Hanewinkel, Eidg. Forschungsanstalt WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland Karoline Oehler, Regional Office EFICENT-OEF, European Forest Institute, Wonnhaldestr. 4, D-79100 Freiburg, Germany Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560 Journal Volume Volume 69 Journal Issue Volume 69, Number 1

Description: • Context   This research was conducted in a 62-year-old stone pine ( Pinus pinea L.) forest within the National Natural Reserve of the Roman Coast, Italy. Net under-canopy precipitation was measured between September 2004 and December 2008 in a unthinned and a thinned area of about 1 ha each. • Aims   The goals were to document and compare net under-canopy rainfall (throughfall and stemflow) in thinned and unthinned stands, and evaluate how the re-growth of tree crowns following thinning influences canopy interception. • Methods   Thinning was carried out during the winter of 2002 and reduced the number of trees by 56% and leaf area index (LAI) by 63%. Rainfall, throughfall, and stemflow were measured and analysed. • Results   Interception loss averaged 23% and 40% in the thinned and unthinned areas respectively, but difference decreased during larger rainfall events. Net under-canopy precipitation was always higher ( P  〈 0.001) in the thinned area, and showed a significant ( P  = 0.041) relationship with LAI. Stemflow was very low. • Conclusion   These results highlight the positive effect of thinning, which reduces water loss from precipitation caused by interception of rainfall in Mediterranean forests that have never been thinned. Thinning guarantees a greater flow of water under the canopy, particularly in the driest months and for lower amounts of rainfall, and improves stand growth rates. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1323-1332 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0142-7 Authors Gianluigi Mazza, Research Centre for Silviculture, Agriculture Research Council, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy Emilio Amorini, Research Centre for Silviculture, Agriculture Research Council, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy Andrea Cutini, Research Centre for Silviculture, Agriculture Research Council, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy Maria Chiara Manetti, Research Centre for Silviculture, Agriculture Research Council, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560 Journal Volume Volume 68 Journal Issue Volume 68, Number 8

Description: Introduction   Knowledge of vertical variation in hydraulic parameters would improve our understanding of individual trunk functioning and likely have important implications for modeling water movement to the leaves. Specifically, understanding how foliage area ( A l ), sapwood area ( A s ), and hydraulic specific conductivity ( k s ) vary with canopy position to affect leaf-specific conductivity (LSC) and whole-tree leaf-specific hydraulic conductance ( K l ) may explain some of the contrasting patterns of A l / A s reported in the literature. Objective   The general aim of the study was to characterize and compare the aboveground relationships between cumulative A l , A s , and k s for two Pacific Northwest coniferous species with contrasting sapwood areas to give insight into size-related design of trees for water transport through changes in LSC and K l . Results   The 230-year-old ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ) trees had slightly smaller basal diameters than the 102-year-old Douglas-fir ( Pseudostuga menziesii ) trees, but contained 85% sapwood at the base compared to 30% in Douglas-fir. At the tree base, there was no evidence that A l / A s decreased with tree age or with tree size. In both species, A l / A s of branches was significantly higher than A l / A s at the tree base, but it was not different from A l / A s measured in the trunks at the top of the tree. Douglas-fir had higher A l / A s at the base than did ponderosa pine (0.42 vs. 0.24 m 2 cm −2 ), similar patterns of change in A l / A s with height, and similar values of k s , such that LSC in Douglas-fir was 77% the value of LSC in ponderosa pine. Compensating changes to increase LSC between short and tall trees occurred through an increased in k s in tall trees but not through a reduction in A l . LSC increased logarithmically with branch path length or trunk path length whereas K l decreased significantly from top to base of old trees, but not between sections from old and young trees of similar cambial age. Conclusions   Even though ponderosa pine had three times more sapwood than Douglas-fir, this study revealed a common relationship of declining K l with increasing tree height and diameter between the two species, within age classes and among trees. There was no compensating decrease in A l / A s as trees got taller, which showed that a homeostasis in K l was not maintained during growth. The trend of higher allocation of biomass to sapwood over leaves in ponderosa pine is consistent with this species’ tendency to inhabit drier sites than Douglas-fir. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 17-27 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0154-3 Authors Jean-Christophe Domec, ENITAB, UMR 1220 TCEM, 33175 Gradignan, France Barbara Lachenbruch, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Michele L. Pruyn, Department of Biological Sciences, Plymouth State University, Plymouth, NH 03264, USA Rachel Spicer, Department of Botany, Connecticut College, New London, CT 06320, USA Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560 Journal Volume Volume 69 Journal Issue Volume 69, Number 1

Description: Context   The reforestation of degraded tropical pastures requires innovative tree planting systems that consider land user needs. Aim   We established a silvopastoral reforestation system and assessed the effects of companion trees on the native timber tree Tabebuia rosea in Panama. Timber tree individuals were established in (1) solitary plantings (TSol) or in companion plantings with (2) Guazuma ulmifolia (TGua) or (3) the nitrogen-fixing Gliricidia sepium (TGli). Methods   We quantified growth characteristics and herbivory of T. rosea , and analyzed leaf chemistry (including the stable isotopes δ 15 N and δ 13 C) and structure (leaf mass per area). Results   Companion trees significantly affected stem diameter growth of T. rosea . Stem diameter growth was as high in TGli trees as in TSol trees but was reduced in TGua trees. Furthermore, TGua trees had higher leaf water content, and lower δ 13 C and lower leaf mass-to-area ratio than TGli trees, suggesting there were effects of shading by G. ulmifolia on T. rosea . Herbivory was high but not affected by planting regimes. Leafing phenology did not differ between planting regimes and G. sepium did not increase nitrogen content in T. rosea leaves. Conclusion   Companion tree planting can support timber tree growth in silvopastoral reforestations, but adequate species selection is crucial for successful implementation of this planting system. Tree–tree interactions seem to be more relevant for timber tree growth than herbivory in the studied system. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0239-7 Authors Judith Riedel, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Applied Entomology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland Silvia Dorn, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Applied Entomology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland Mirco Plath, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Applied Entomology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland Karsten Mody, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Applied Entomology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   The transition of microfibril angle (MFA) values from juvenile to mature wood marks the change from variable, low-quality wood to stronger and more consistent wood that can produce higher value products. • Aims   We evaluate the utility of different statistical models that predict how much of a log is higher quality mature wood based on MFA. • Methods   MFA was measured from pith to bark at breast height in six lodgepole pine stands in western Canada. Six different forms of two-segment regression models were assessed to determine the point of transition (TP) in MFA from juvenile to mature wood. • Results   All six models provided useful and significant TP estimates. In the first segment (juvenile phase), the quadratic form produced the most conservative TPs, the linear form the least conservative, and the exponential form was intermediate. A linear second segment (mature phase) was only a minor improvement over a constant. There were significant differences in MFA TP among some sites. Analyses of the relationships between TP and tree variables, e.g., DBH, height, were inconclusive. • Conclusions   Any of the six two-segment models can be used objectively to estimate MFA transition points; the choice of model will allow mill managers to manage risk in product out-turn. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0226-z Authors Mingliang Wang, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Hinton, AB, Canada James D. Stewart, Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 5320 122 Street, Edmonton, AB, Canada Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   Mediterranean pines share many common life-history traits. They are found at almost all altitudinal levels around the Mediterranean Basin, from sea level to high-elevation mountains, and from hot and dry to wet and cold bioclimates. Their distribution ranges from widespread to regional and narrow, and from dense extensive populations to small populations of scattered individuals. They have been extensively used by human civilizations for millennia. Aims   I show which are the main phylogenetic, ecological, and climatic factors explaining the patterns of within and among-population genetic diversity in Mediterranean pines. Methods   I use a narrative synthesis approach and multiple examples from the literature on pine species from the Mediterranean Basin and California. Results   While Mediterranean pines have the highest levels of differentiation worldwide, their genetic diversity increases from west to east and is significantly reduced in low-elevation species. Factors such as ancestral adaptation to wildfire, reduction of effective population size during the Last Glacial Maximum, long distance dispersal during the Holocene, and more recent adaptation to patchy environmental conditions could explain these patterns. Conclusion   Because of contrasted ecological, demographic, historical, and geographical processes, and despite their common biological attributes, pines of the Mediterranean Basin display complex biogeographic patterns at neutral gene level that can help retrace their evolutionary history. Although individual species often represent unique case studies that make generalizations risky, locating habitats of significantly high and low genetic diversity is key for detecting and understanding the major factors affecting gene diversity and may prove useful for profiling areas of high conservation value in the Mediterranean. Content Type Journal Article Category Review Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0219-y Authors Bruno Fady, INRA, UR629, Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Domaine St Paul, site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   The Mediterranean Basin is a fire-prone area. Pinus halepensis Mill. is a naturally growing conifer which is frequently used for reforestation and restoration as it displays some degree of adaption to fire. One of the traits conferring tolerance to fire is the frequent presence of serotinous cones that are thought to protect seeds from fire damage. • Aim   We checked for the physiological responses of seeds to different intensities of fire and related them to the degree of serotiny of the cones. • Methods   Germination percentage, mean germination rate and enzymatic activity (α-amylase and protease) were recorded for seeds burned either free or enclosed in cones. We included as experimental factors the following: fire intensity, serotiny and time during which seeds were stored in cones after harvesting and germination stage. • Results   Burned seeds (released and enclosed) developed in serotinous cones exhibited higher heat insulation. In released seeds, germination was decreasing according to increasing fire intensity, although we found differences depending on site, serotiny and time stored after harvesting. The enzymatic activity was also found to be related to serotiny and fire intensity. • Conclusion   Serotiny is an adaptive trait increasing the tolerance to fire which should be promoted in natural and restored populations. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0236-x Authors Daniel Moya, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain Jorge De las Heras, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain Rossella Salvatore, Facoltá di Agraria, Università della Basilicata, via Ateneo Lucano 10, I-85100 Potenza, Italy Edelmira Valero, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain Vittorio Leone, Facoltá di Agraria, Università della Basilicata, via Ateneo Lucano 10, I-85100 Potenza, Italy Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   The Salzmann pine ( Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii ) is an endemic subspecies of black pine native to the Western Mediterranean basin. In Spain, Salzmann pine covers extensive areas (approx. 350 000 ha), while in France where few scattered populations subsist, its distribution area is estimated at approx. 3 000 ha. • Method   We used a dendroecological approach to understand the impact of climate fluctuations on Salzmann pine from France. Spatial and temporal variability of radial growth response was compared in three ecologically different populations (Conflent, Gorges du Tarn, Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert). • Results   The Conflent population showed a strong sensitivity to spring precipitation deficits (March to June), while at Gorges du Tarn and Saint-Guilhem sites, autumn (October) of the previous year and winter (February) temperatures explained more variance than precipitations and were, respectively, negatively and positively correlated to radial growth. • Conclusion   Although covering a limited distribution range in France, Salzmann pine demonstrated large differences in radial growth response to climate and soil variations. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0237-9 Authors Thomas Amodei, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie (IMBE), UMR CNRS 6116, Aix-Marseille Université, Europôle méditerranéen de l’Arbois, Pavillon Villemin, BP 80, 13 545 Aix en Provence Cedex 4, France Frédéric Guibal, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie (IMBE), UMR CNRS 6116, Aix-Marseille Université, Europôle méditerranéen de l’Arbois, Pavillon Villemin, BP 80, 13 545 Aix en Provence Cedex 4, France Bruno Fady, INRA, UR629, Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes(URFM), Domaine Saint-Paul, 84 914 Avignon Cedex 9, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context    The rising demand of energy wood for heating purposes in Germany leads to concerns regarding the overexploitation of forests. A major aspect is the impact of whole-tree harvesting on long-term productivity of forest soils. • Aims    This study aimed to analyze the effects of nutrient removal on productivity using the historically prevalent practice of litter raking. Since there is a lack of controlled whole-tree harvesting experiments in Germany, we used litter raking as a surrogate management practice entailing the removal of nutrients from forest stands. • Methods    We used three sites with documented litter raking to analyze the effects of nutrient removal on productivity using dendroecological methods: two recent litter removal experiments in two Scots pine stands (Siegenburg and Burglengenfeld) and one oak stand (Eichhall) with documented historic litter raking. Basal area increment (BAI) and tree-ring characteristics were compared between periods with litter raking and the preceding periods for both treatment and control plots. • Results    For the two Scots pine sites with a relatively short litter raking period, no effects of litter raking on BAI could be ascribed to nutrient removal. On the oak site with a longer history of litter utilization, the loss in BAI due to litter raking amounts to 22 % during the period with active raking and to still 17 % in the recovery period. • Conclusions    These results contribute to the still very limited understanding about the impact of whole-tree harvesting on forest productivity in Germany by laying down an upper limit of possible effects due to nutrient removal, as nutrient loss by litter raking tends to be higher than nutrient loss by whole-tree harvesting. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0238-8 Authors Christian Zang, Chair of Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany Andreas Rothe, Faculty of Forestry, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 3, 85354 Freising, Germany Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   Harsh environmental conditions in xeric sites of Andean Patagonia, affect the emergence, survival, and growth of either naturally grown or planted Austrocedrus seedlings. • Aims   We evaluated the effects of nurse shrubs and tree shelters on the survival and growth of Austrocedrus seedlings as compared to unprotected (control) areas and how differently produced seedling types perform under these treatments. • Methods   In 2006, two Austrocedrus seedling types (1 + 2 = S1 and Plug 2 + 1 = S2) were planted under shrub cover (C1), tree shelter (C2), and control (C3). Soil surface temperature and moisture were measured for each treatment during the first growing season, while seedling survival and height were recorded during 5 years. • Results   Survival was not affected by cover type the first year, but it was affected by seedling type (S1 〉 S2). After an extremely dry second growing season, seedling survival significantly decreased in relation to either cover or seedling type. Five years after plantation, survival was significantly higher for C1 and C2 (40–60 %) as compared to C3-S2 (18 %). Seedling height was significantly affected by cover, but not by seedling type. • Conclusions   The use of nurse shrubs and/or tree shelters is useful in Austrocedrus seedling restoration trials. Seedling morphology appears as relevant for survival in semiarid environments. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0234-z Authors María Florencia Urretavizcaya, Área de Conservación y Manejo de Bosques, Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAPCONICET) and Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia, San Juan Bosco, Sede Esquel, Ruta 259, C.C. 14-(9200), Esquel, Chubut, Argentina Guillermo E. Defossé, Área de Conservación y Manejo de Bosques, Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAPCONICET) and Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia, San Juan Bosco, Sede Esquel, Ruta 259, C.C. 14-(9200), Esquel, Chubut, Argentina Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   For Central Europe, climate projections foresee an increase in temperature combined with decreasing summer precipitation, resulting in drier conditions during the growing season. This might negatively affect forest growth, especially at sites that are already water-limited, i.e., at low elevation. At higher altitudes trees might profit from increasing temperatures. Aims   We analyzed variations in radial growth of silver fir ( Abies alba Mill.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) along an altitudinal gradient from 400 until 1,140 m a.s.l. in the Black Forest, to assess climate responses with increasing elevation. Methods   Climate–growth relationships were analyzed retrospectively using tree-ring and climate data. In total, we sampled stem discs of 135 trees to build 27 species- and site-specific chronologies ( n fir  = 13, n spruce  = 14). Results   Our results indicate distinct differences in climate–growth relations between fir and spruce along the gradient. Growth of high-altitude fir was positively related to temperature from January till March. Growth of low-altitude fir and spruce at all elevations was positively related to precipitation and negatively to temperature during the growing season, particularly in July. A self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index underlined summer drought sensitivity of these trees. Conclusion   Overall, we found that climatic control of tree growth changes over altitude for fir. For spruce, a remarkable synchrony in growth variation and climate response was shown, which indicates that this species is drought sensitive at all studied elevations. In a future warmer climate, the growth of low-altitude fir and spruce along the entire studied gradient may be negatively affected in the Black Forest, if an increased evaporative demand cannot be compensated by increased water supply. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0241-0 Authors Marieke van der Maaten-Theunissen, Institute for Forest Growth, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany Hans-Peter Kahle, Institute for Forest Growth, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany Ernst van der Maaten, Institute for Forest Growth, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Introduction   In the context of global environmental changes, better understanding of tree response to soil drought in young mixed species stands is needed to anticipate forest adaptation and management practices for the future. • Materials and methods   We investigated the functional response of five co-occurring broad-leaved tree species growing in a 15- to 25-year-old mixed stand in northeastern France during the 2006 summer drought. We measured functional traits related to water acquisition (phenology, rooting pattern and vulnerability of xylem to cavitation) and the ecophysiological response (sap flux density, leaf water potential) of these species to soil water shortage. • Results   Our study highlights contrasted drought response strategies among these species and a trade-off between leaf phenology, resistance of xylem to cavitation and root system depth. • Conclusion   At this site, a deep root system seemed to be a key functional trait for the species to cope with drought. Quercus robur and Salix capreae can be characterised as drought-avoidance species as they possess a deep root system and therefore did not strongly experience soil drought. Despite deep rooting capacity, Betula pendula did not really avoid soil drought and strongly regulated transpiration during dry periods. Nevertheless, the earliness of budburst of this species contributes to high annual growth rate. In contrast, Carpinus betulus and Fagus sylvatica both displayed typical characteristics of drought-sensitive species. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0233-0 Authors Marion Zapater, INRA, UMR 1137 INRA—Université de Lorraine, Forest Ecology and Ecophysiology, 54280 Champenoux, France Nathalie Bréda, INRA, UMR 1137 INRA—Université de Lorraine, Forest Ecology and Ecophysiology, 54280 Champenoux, France Damien Bonal, INRA, UMR 1137 INRA—Université de Lorraine, Forest Ecology and Ecophysiology, 54280 Champenoux, France Sylvia Pardonnet, INRA, UMR 1137 INRA—Université de Lorraine, Forest Ecology and Ecophysiology, 54280 Champenoux, France André Granier, INRA, UMR 1137 INRA—Université de Lorraine, Forest Ecology and Ecophysiology, 54280 Champenoux, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   European beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) is considered threatened by anticipated climate change, but the physiological causes of potential beech decline or mortality remains poorly understood. Aims   The purpose of the present study was to fuel debate about the assumption that carbohydrate depletion is involved in the decline of mature European beech. Methods   The health status of beech trees from a severely declining stand was visually assessed by examining their crown condition. Content and radial distribution of non-structural carbohydrates (starch and soluble carbohydrate) were analyzed in the trunks and compared to those reported earlier in trunks of healthy beech trees. Results and discussion   The distribution of carbohydrate in the beech trunks recorded here seemed affected by decline. We found a stronger radial decrease of starch content than those reported earlier for healthy beech trees. Carbohydrate reserves appear partially maintained in the outermost rings while starch depletion occurred in older wood rings in declining trees that may be able to mobilize carbohydrate reserves from older wood rings in response to successive climatic constraints. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0240-1 Authors Bastien Gérard, INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, 54280 Champenoux, France Nathalie Bréda, INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, 54280 Champenoux, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   This study investigates post-fire natural regeneration of Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis ) forests at Ilia region (Peloponnesus, Greece) following the catastrophic fire of 2007. Aims   The objective of this study is the prediction of P. halepensis post-fire regeneration at a regional scale through an integrated geographic information systems (GIS) model as a basis for post-fire management plans. Methods   The model was developed in three interconnected stages: (1) field data collection, (2) development of two prediction models (based on interpolation of field data and multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) that combined factors known to affect regeneration), and (3) combination of applied models using Bayesian statistics. Results   Post-fire pine regeneration presented high variation among the studied plots. Redundancy analysis revealed the positive effect of fallen branches and a negative correlation with altitude. Both modeling approaches (geostatistical and MCE) predicted the post-fire pine regeneration with high accuracy. A very significant correlation ( r  = 0.834, p  〈 0.01) was found between the combined final model and the actual number of counted seedlings, illustrating that less than 10 % of the studied area corresponds to sites of very low post-fire pine regeneration. Conclusions   The combination of GIS models increased the prediction success of different levels of pine regeneration. Low-altitude areas with low grass cover overlying tertiary deposits were proved the most suitable for pine regeneration, while stands developing on limestone proved least suitable. The proposed methodology provides management authorities with a sound tool to quickly assess Aleppo pine post-fire regeneration potential. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0222-3 Authors Kostas S. Poirazidis, WWF Greece, 21, Lembessi St., 11743 Athens, Greece Konstantina Zografou, WWF Greece, 21, Lembessi St., 11743 Athens, Greece Panagiotis Kordopatis, WWF Greece, 21, Lembessi St., 11743 Athens, Greece Dionissios P. Kalivas, Department of Natural Resources Management and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75, Iera Odos, 118 55 Athens, Greece Margarita Arianoutsou, Department of Ecology and Systematics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Ilisia, 15784 Athens, Greece Dimitrios Kazanis, Department of Ecology and Systematics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Ilisia, 15784 Athens, Greece Evangelia Korakaki, WWF Greece, 21, Lembessi St., 11743 Athens, Greece Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Conservation, ecology, restoration, and management of Mediterranean pines and their ecosystems: challenges under global change Content Type Journal Article Category Letter to the Editor Pages 1-3 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0221-4 Authors Eric Rigolot, INRA, UR629, Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Site Agroparc, Domaine St Paul, 84914 Avignon cedex 9, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   Since the 2003 drought and heat wave, there have been many reports of Douglas-fir decline and dieback in France. Given the climate change that is predicted, more frequent drought episodes could induce recurrent decline processes. The nature and background of this threat requires a careful assessment. Aims   The objectives of this study were: (1) to test the hypothesis that the major climate hazard that accounts for the decline in Douglas-fir growth is drought, and (2) to identify the main vulnerability factors involved. Methods   Decline and recovery of radial growth were quantified of Douglas-fir in two particularly affected regions with a dendroecological approach; 899 trees were sampled on 58 plots. Mean climate data, ecological and dendrometric stand characteristics were tested in order to identify potential vulnerability factors Results   A clear relationship was evidenced between growth and soil water deficit. A severe decline of radial growth was induced by the 2003 drought and was maintained during subsequent years due to recurrent drought episodes. Growth recovery at the stand level was enhanced by soil nutrient fertility. Conclusion   Radial growth of Douglas-fir is clearly driven by the intensity of drought. In a context of climate change, an adaptive silvicultural strategy is required in order to cope with more frequent drought events. To mitigate the frequency and the intensity of water shortage episodes, site selection must take into account not only local climate characteristic but also soil properties like maximum extractable water content. Soil nitrogen fertility was found to play a key role for an efficient recovery of radial growth after drought episodes and thus must be preserved. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0220-5 Authors Anne-Sophie Sergent, INRA, UR0588, Unit Genetic improvement and forest Physiology, F-45075 Orléans, France Philippe Rozenberg, INRA, UR0588, Unit Genetic improvement and forest Physiology, F-45075 Orléans, France Nathalie Bréda, INRA-UHP UMR 1137 Forest Ecology and Ecophysiology Unit, F-54280 Champenoux, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   Clonal variation of flower production has been investigated thoroughly in coniferous tree species because of the importance of flowering in seed production from seed orchards. However, the inheritance of flower production by progeny test has not been previously studied well, so the heritability of male flower production of Cryptomeria japonica , the most important species for forestry and the main cause of pollinosis in Japan, was estimated to provide fundamental data for pollen control in seed orchards and plantation forests. Methods   Male flower production in C. japonica was investigated for three years using 20 full-sib families created by a diallel mating design with six parents using gibberellin treatment to promote flowering. Results   The narrow-sense individual tree heritability of male flower production in each year was estimated as ranging from 0.777 ± 0.339 to 1.050 ± 0.346 by sib analyses. The contribution of general combining ability to the total variance varied from 24.1 to 35.6 %. The highest contribution of specific combining ability was 1.42 %. By selecting the top 50 % of parental clones for reduced male flower production, the genetic gain in lowering male flower productivity was predicted as 46.1–53.0 %. Conclusion   Our results suggest that male flower production in C. japonica is under strong genetic control and that control of male flowering by breeding is possible with a well-designed program. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0223-2 Authors Miyoko Tsubomura, Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 3809-1 Ishi, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki 319-1301, Japan Eitaro Fukatsu, Kyushu Regional Breeding Office, Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 2320-5 Suya, Koshi, Kumamoto 861-1102, Japan Ryogo Nakada, Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 3809-1 Ishi, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki 319-1301, Japan Yoko Fukuda, Hokkaido Regional Breeding Office, Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 561-1 Bunkyodai, Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-0836, Japan Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Introduction, Material and Methods   The genetic structure and diversity of ten natural populations of Juniperus phoenicea L. from the western part of the species range have been studied using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. • Results and discussion   Among 10 analyzed primers only 3 reproduced consistently across successful PCR reactions and gave 45 loci. The percentage of polymorphic loci ( P ) and Nei’s heterozygosity ( H e ) have average values of 64.9% and 0.177. The average expected heterozygosity of particular populations positively correlate with latitude and negatively with altitude ( τ  = 0.556, P  = 0.025; τ  = −0.494, P  = 0.047, respectively). The proportion of genetic variation contributed by the differences between populations was low ( G ST   =  0.056). The gene flow ( N m ) has an average value of 4.2, and was higher in subsp. turbinata (7.3) than in subsp. phoenicea (4.1). Significant proportion of the variation (Φ ST  = 0.106) was attributable to differences among populations, as revealed in analysis of molecular variance analysis of pair-wise RAPD distances. No evidence for isolation by distance was detected in Mantel test on genetic (Φ ST ) and geographic distances. European populations differed at a higher level from the African, subsp. phoenicea from turbinata (3.97% and 3.14% of total variance, respectively). The significant level of differences between European and African populations can result from (1) the earlier divergence and considerably low level of gene flow between them, or (2) a different mutation rate within population of different continent. • Conclusion   The results suggest rather local forest economy with J. phoenicea , without seed exchange on large distance. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1341-1350 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0150-7 Authors Artur Dzialuk, Department of Genetics, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland Małgorzata Mazur, Department of Botany, Kazimierz Wielki University, Al. Ossolińskich 12, 85-093 Bydgoszcz, Poland Krystyna Boratyńska, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, Parkowa 5, 63-036 Kórnik, Poland Jose M. Montserrat, Institut de Cultura de Barcelona, Jardí Botànic de Barcelona, C/ Font i Quer 2, 08038 Barcelona, Spain Angel Romo, Botanical Institute of Barcelona (CSIC-ICUB), Passeig del Migdia s/n. Parc de Montjuïc, 08038 Barcelona, Spain Adam Boratyński, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, Parkowa 5, 63-036 Kórnik, Poland Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560 Journal Volume Volume 68 Journal Issue Volume 68, Number 8

Description: • Context   Maritime Pine forests cover important mountain areas in Portugal and are known to be a particularly fire-prone forest type. Understory composition plays an important role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services after recurrent wildfires. • Aims   This study aims to improve the knowledge on the germination ecology of understory species of Maritime Pine forests, focusing on the importance of seed provenance, including in relation to germination enhancement by heating. • Methods   The selected species were Cistus ladanifer L . , Erica australis L., Erica umbellata L . , Pterospartum tridentatum L. (Willk), and Genista triacanthos Brot. Seeds were collected from two or three distant populations. Besides a control treatment, two heating regimes were applied, i.e., 100°C during 5 min and 80°C during 30 min. • Results   Heating treatments significantly enhanced germination in four out of the five species. Differences between provenances were most evident for C. ladanifer and E. australis , especially following the heating treatments. Overall, the seeds from the southern provenances germinated better and, at the same time, were smaller. • Conclusion   The present results confirmed that seed provenance should not be ignored as a key factor in germination ecology, so that further work is needed to untangle the roles of environmental and genetic factors in the observed differences between provenances. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0206-3 Authors Ana Vasques, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal Paula Maia, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal Mariana Pedro, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal Conceição Santos, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal V. Ramón Vallejo, Fundación CEAM, Parque Tecnológico C/Charles R. Darwin, 14-46980 Valencia, Spain J. Jacob Keizer, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    The multi-trait analyses of a progeny trial presented here will provide advice for including wood and fibre traits in the current Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) breeding programs. Aims    Fibre length and fibre width were analysed together with area-weighted earlywood and latewood densities and growth traits in a Scots pine full-sib progeny trial to estimate heritabilities, genetic correlations and genetic gain. Methods    Wood density was analysed by X-ray diffraction of increment cores and fibre dimensions with a Kajaani FiberLab analyser. Genetic parameters were estimated using the ASReml statistical software. Results    Heritabilities for fibre width, fibre length, height growth and earlywood, latewood and whole-ring density were 0.22 to 0.49. Fibre width exhibited positive genetic correlation with height growth ( r A  = 0.24) and wood density ( r A  = 0.096 to 0.32). Fibre length exhibited negative correlations with height and stem diameter ( r A  = −0.27 and r A  = −0.59, respectively) but positive with wood densities ( r A  = 0.26 to 0.37). Growth traits and wood densities were negatively genetically correlated. Conclusions    Selecting the trees in the top 10 % for height will give minor increase in fibre width (+1 %), and decrease in relative fibre length (−0.84 %) and area-weighted earlywood, latewood and whole-ring densities (−1 % to 1.9 %) indicating limited scope for combining improvements in wood and fibre traits with increased growth through breeding. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0202-7 Authors Anders Fries, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    The current fire regime threatens black pine ( Pinus nigra Arn.) persistence in the Mediterranean Basin, which recommends larger-scale fuel treatments. Prescribed burning is an option for stand protection but its use in young stands (which are particularly at risk) is hindered by the scarce knowledge on post-fire tree survival. Aims    The objectives were to characterize bark thickness as a fire-resistance trait in P. nigra and to describe how post-fire tree survival responds to tree size and fire effects in a 16-year-old plantation. Methods    Bark thickness was related to diameter at breast height and height in the stem. Metrics describing tree size and stem and crown damage were measured 1 year after prescribed burning in 259 trees. Tree survival was modeled with logistic regression and Classification and Regression Tree analysis. Results    Bark thickness increased linearly with diameter at breast height (dbh) and decreased with height in the stem. Tree survival was primarily a function of crown injury. Stem damage was an influent factor in small trees. Conclusion    Due to thinner bark and lower tolerance to crown damage, young P. nigra trees are less fire-resistant than other Mediterranean pines, e.g., Pinus pinaster . Prescribed fire should not be attempted if dbh 〈10 cm. Mechanical clearing is the treatment of choice in young stands with a significant shrub layer. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0211-6 Authors Paulo M. Fernandes, Departamento de Ciências Florestais e Arquitetura Paisagista, Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-Ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, Vila Real, 5001-801 Portugal Manuel M. Fernandes, Departamento de Ciências Florestais e Arquitetura Paisagista, Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-Ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, Vila Real, 5001-801 Portugal Carlos Loureiro, Departamento de Ciências Florestais e Arquitetura Paisagista, Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-Ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, Vila Real, 5001-801 Portugal Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   The altitude of timberlines in the central Apennines has lowered over the past few thousand years due to interacting natural and anthropogenic disturbances. These timberlines are usually sharp and consist of coppiced beech forests. • Aims   We found scattered individuals of European black pine ( Pinus nigra Arn.) at two high elevation sites above the timberline on limestone slopes. We investigated the spatial and temporal pattern expansion of black pine and assessed vigour and growth dynamics of pine trees. • Methods   Over 250 individuals were mapped in the two sites using GPS. Several site and tree parameters were measured. Tree-ring widths and the frequency of intra-annual density fluctuations were also recorded. • Results   Black pine expansion started around 30 years ago. Pine trees are randomly distributed at higher elevations with no visible spatial pattern. Germination peaks were synchronous in the two sites, and tree growth displayed very similar chronologies, with synchronous occurrence of intra-annual density fluctuations. • Conclusion   We hypothesise that the reduced livestock grazing over the last decades as well as climate warming are the major driving forces behind the high-altitude expansion of black pine on the central Apennines, where this species was present in pre-historic times. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0207-2 Authors Alma Piermattei, Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy Francesco Renzaglia, Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy Carlo Urbinati, Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Comment on “Sap flow measurements by a single thermal dissipation probe: exploring the transient regime” — Ann. For. Sci. 66 (2009) by Mahjoub et al. and “Sap flow measurement by a single thermal dissipation probe in transient regime: implementation of the method and test under field conditions” — Ann. For. Sci. 1-9 (2012) by Masmoudi et al. Content Type Journal Article Category Letter to the Editor Pages 1-3 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0212-5 Authors Maurits W. Vandegehuchte, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Kathy Steppe, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: A better understanding of functional roles of fungi in the decomposition process: using precursor rRNA containing ITS regions as a marker for the active fungal community Content Type Journal Article Category Letter to the Editor Pages 1-4 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0210-7 Authors Witoon Purahong, Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ—Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany Dirk Krüger, Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ—Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   Forests are important carbon sinks, but increasing temperatures may favour increases in insect populations, resulting in greater damage to trees. This, in turn, would lead to lower levels of carbon sequestration, intensifying global warming. • Aim   It is therefore important to predict the impact of insect defoliation on tree growth accurately. The main insect defoliators of conifers in Southern Europe and North Africa are pine and cedar processionary moths (Lepidoptera, Thaumetopoeidae). • Method   We conducted a meta-analysis based on 45 study cases, to estimate the effect of processionary moth defoliation on tree growth. • Result   Overall, processionary moth defoliation had a significant impact on tree growth, regardless of the tree and moth species considered. Mean relative tree growth loss increased with the rate of defoliation levelling out at ca. 50 %; it was significantly larger for young than for old trees. • Conclusion   These results suggest that estimates of processionary moth defoliation could easily be incorporated into tree growth models, to predict the effect of processionary moth outbreaks on carbon sequestration in Mediterranean forests. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0209-0 Authors Jean-Sébastien Jacquet, Laboratory of Forest Entomology & Biodiversity, INRA-UMR1202 BIOGECO, 33612 Cestas, France Christophe Orazio, EFI–Atlantic, 33612 Cestas, France Hervé Jactel, Laboratory of Forest Entomology & Biodiversity, INRA-UMR1202 BIOGECO, 33612 Cestas, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   Root rot and stem canker caused by Oomycete species belonging to the genus Phytophthora often seriously limit culture of true firs ( Abies spp.) • Aim   An investigation of the variation of resistance among Abies species to Phytophthor a cinnamomi was carried out to identify potential sources of resistance in the genus. • Methods   Thirty-two Abies species were grown in a greenhouse for 2 and/or 3 years from seed. Seedlings were moved to an outdoor lath house, inoculated with rice grains colonized with P. cinnamomi , and subsequent mortality was assessed biweekly for 16 weeks. • Results   Disease developed rapidly resulting in 88.1 % overall mortality 16 weeks after inoculation. Mortality was less in two of the eight taxonomic sections of the genus evaluated, Momi (0.65 ± 0.0252) and Abies (0.79 ± 0.0193). Mortality in all other sections exceeded 93 %. Final species mortality ranged from 10.6 % ( Abies firma ) to 100.0 % (several species). • Conclusions   Although several caveats apply, results have identified potential sources of Abies to be used as (1) resistant planting stock, (2) grafting rootstock, and (3) parents in hybridization/backcrossing programs in order to mitigate losses caused by P. cinnamomi . Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0205-4 Authors John Frampton, Department of Forestry & Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Box 8008, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA D. Michael Benson, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    Mediterranean pine woodlands are strongly affected by wildfires; however, there are knowledge gaps in the role of fire severity on Pinus pinaster Ait. regeneration. Objectives    The principal questions were: (a) does post-fire regeneration of Maritime Pine differ where canopies were consumed to a low vs. high degree and (b) which factors, besides fire severity, could explain these differences. Methods    Pine recruitment was monitored from 2 to 36 months after a summer wildfire in 18 25 m 2 plots, equally divided over two fire severity classes based on crown consumption. Besides the degree of crown consumption, three quantitative fire severity indices as well as post-fire site conditions, seed input and understory vegetation recovery were measured. Results    Pine seedling densities were consistently higher in the plots with low than high crown consumption but due to marked spatial variability, they were only significantly different at two out of the eight sampling occasions. This variability could be explained by a quantitative index based on the diameter of twigs, as well as by seed input and post-fire site conditions (ash and litter cover). Conclusion    Fire severity was found to strongly affect the pine recruitment following wildfire, using both a qualitative visual severity index and a quantitative, more labour-intensive one. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0203-6 Authors Paula Maia, CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal Juli G. Pausas, CIDE—Centre for Research on Desertification, CSIC, Valencia, Spain Ana Vasques, CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal Jan Jacob Keizer, CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Introduction    Pinus is a diverse genus of trees widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Understanding pine life history is critical to both conservation and fire management. Objectives    Here I lay out the different pathways of pine life history adaptation and a brief overview of pine evolution and the very significant role that fire has played. Results    Pinus originated ~150 Ma in the mid-Mesozoic Era and radiated across the northern continent of Laurasia during the Cretaceous Period. Pines have followed two evolutionary strategies interpreted as responses to competition by the newly emerging angiosperms. The Strobus lineage mostly has radiated into stressful sites of low nutrient soils and extremes in cold or heat. The Pinus (subgenus) lineage has radiated into fire-prone landscapes with diverse fire regimes. Examination of life history traits illustrates syndromes associated with fire-avoider , fire-tolerater , fire-embracer , and fire-refuge strategies. Conclusion    Understanding the current pattern of pine distribution requires interpreting their evolution in terms of climate, geology, and fire. All three of these factors have played a role since the Mesozoic origin of the genus. All are important to the appropriate management of these resources. Content Type Journal Article Category Review Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0201-8 Authors Jon E. Keeley, U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Sequoia-Kings Canyon Field Station, Three Rivers, CA 93271, USA Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Background   This study was designed to evaluate the internal nutrient cycling of litterfall in different elevation subtropical forests of Central Taiwan. Methods   The litterfall of evergreen hardwoods at three elevations, specifically Mt. Peitungyen (2,078 m), Hui-Sun experimental forest (HSEF) (1,066 m), and Lienhauchi (782 m) in central Taiwan, was collected monthly using traps and sorted into leaves, twigs, reproductive litter, and miscellaneous material. In addition, the litter on the forest floor was collected trimonthly. All the samples were weighed and measured for C, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations and fluxes from March 2009 to February 2010. Results   The annual litterfall productions were 6.58, 8.24, and 9.17 Mg ha −1  year −1 at Mt. Peitungyen, HSEF, and Lienhauchi, respectively. At more than 60 %, leaves were the main component of the total litterfall. There was smallest decomposition constant (0.487) at Mt. Peitungyen. The nutrient fluxes increased as elevation decreased. The litterfall correlated positively with rainfall at Lienhauchi, with temperature at HSEF, and with temperature and rainfall at Mt. Peitungyen. Conclusion   The annual litterfall decreased with an increase in elevation. The turnover rate was faster at HSEF than at Mt. Peitungyen. Thus, the forest managers should pay more attention to understand and monitor plant community responses to global warming and nutrient loss. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0213-4 Authors Shu-Wei Lu, Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan Chiung-Pin Liu, Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context    Dispersal and recruitment play a critical role in determining the abundance and the spatial structure of regeneration. • Aim    In this study, we estimated landscape scale seed dispersal using the inverse modeling method by fitting seedling counts to seed tree location and fertility in the European silver fir Abies alba Miller. • Methods    Seed trees and seedlings from three age cohorts were counted in 30 plots on Mont Ventoux (southeastern France) at elevations from 995 to 1,605 m, where the following ecological variables were measured: elevation, slope, aspect, light availability, and tree density. We developed and fitted a dispersal model, including a new parameter, recruitment rate, which depended both on the ecological characteristics of the plots and on seed production. • Results    Elevation was the factor that affected seedling recruitment the most, with an optimum value at around 1,200 m. Estimated A. alba seed dispersal distances were short (median values for the three cohorts, respectively, 16.4–13.2–19.6 m). • Discussion    We demonstrated that including the ecological characteristics of plots and post-dispersal recruitment processes realistically reduced estimates of seed dispersal distances which are otherwise grossly over-estimated using inverse modeling procedures. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0208-1 Authors Annabelle Amm, INRA, UR 629, Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France Christian Pichot, INRA, UR 629, Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France Philippe Dreyfus, INRA, UR 629, Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France Hendrik Davi, INRA, UR 629, Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France Bruno Fady, INRA, UR 629, Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Erratum to: A review of decision-making approaches to handle uncertainty and risk in adaptive forest management under climate change Content Type Journal Article Category Erratum Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0192-5 Authors Rasoul Yousefpour, Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Jette Bredahl Jacobsen, Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Bo Jellesmark Thorsen, Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Henrik Meilby, Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Marc Hanewinkel, Eidg. Forschungsanstalt WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland Karoline Oehler, Regional Office EFICENT-OEF, European Forest Institute, Wonnhaldestr. 4, D-79100 Freiburg, Germany Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    Taxus woodlands suffer from a lack of natural regeneration across its whole distribution range. Aims    In Knyazhdvir Reserve in Ukraine Taxus baccata primarily competes with Abies alba . It has been assumed that in the conditions of deep shade, yews have a greater competitive advantage than firs. Methods    To verify this hypothesis, a plot with both species growing under the canopy was established. Wood samples were taken from 20 trees of T. baccata and 20 trees of A. alba . Results    There were no differences in the mean tree-ring width, height and age between both species. Due to a lack of spatial separation of both species, yews and firs inhabited the same area in the analysed plot. Fir seedlings (up to 0.5 m) were recorded to grow under yew saplings (above 0.5 m), but the inverse situation of yew seedlings growing under fir saplings was not seen. Conclusion    Seedling distribution, tree-ring growth rate, possibility of growth of fir seedlings under yew saplings and greater potential growth suggested that fir was predisposed to having the competitive edge over yew. Our results may confirm the hypothesis that T. baccata has a restricted distribution because of weak competitive abilities and can exist only in habitats where faster growing species are absent. The results call into question the prevailing opinion that human influences are the principal cause for the decline of T. baccata . Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0193-4 Authors Grzegorz Iszkuło, Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland Yakiv Didukh, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, 2, Tereschenkivska str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine Marian J. Giertych, Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland Anna K. Jasińska, Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland Karolina Sobierajska, Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland Janusz Szmyt, Departament of Sylviculture, Faculty of Forestry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 69, 60-625 Poznań, Poland Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context    It has been estimated that about half of a plant’s total hydraulic resistance is located belowground, but it is not well known how temperate tree species differ in root hydraulic properties and how these traits vary with the species’ drought tolerance. • Aims    We examined root anatomical and hydraulic traits in five broad-leaved tree species with different drought tolerance, analyzed the relation between root anatomy and hydraulic conductivity and root embolism, and investigated the relation of these traits to the species’ drought tolerance. • Methods    In small-diameter roots (2–6 mm), we measured vessel diameters and vessel density, specific hydraulic conductivity, and the percental loss of conductivity (“native” embolism) during summer in a mixed forest. • Results    Specific conductivity was positively related to vessel diameter but not to vessel density. Drought-tolerant Fraxinus showed the smallest mean vessel diameters and drought-sensitive Fagus the largest. Specific conductivity was highly variable among different similar-sized roots of the same species with a few roots apparently functioning as “high-conductivity roots”. • Conclusion    The results show that coexisting tree species can differ largely in root hydraulic traits with more drought-sensitive trees apparently having larger mean vessel diameters in their roots than tolerant species. However, this difference was not related to the observed root conductivity losses due to embolism. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0189-0 Authors Paul Köcher, Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany Viviana Horna, Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany Ingo Beckmeyer, Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany Christoph Leuschner, Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: The CAQ network in France: 15 years of brainstorming and cooperative work to connect forest resources and wood quality through modelling approaches and simulation software Content Type Journal Article Category Editorial Notes Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0185-4 Authors Daniel Auclair, INRA; UMR AMAP (Botanique et Bioinformatique de l’Architecture des Plantes), Montpellier, 34398 France Gérard Nepveu, INRA; UMR LERFoB (Laboratoire d’Étude des Ressources Forêt-Bois), Champenoux, 54280 France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   Nowadays, harvest operations are predominantly performed fully mechanized using heavy tractors or forestry machines. The resulting soil compaction may negatively affect the soil ecosystem. Aims   We wanted to draw general conclusions concerning the impact of mechanized harvesting on forest soil bulk density and the influencing factors. Method   Therefore, we combined the data of several studies using a meta-analysis approach. Results   The impact decreased from the surface towards deeper soil layers. At 0–10 cm depth, the impact on clayey soils was highest although not significantly different from the impact on sandy soils. Higher initial bulk densities, i.e., on already compacted forest soils, generally led to smaller extra increases of bulk density after machine traffic. For sandy soils, the impact was also significantly smaller when machines were lighter. No significant relationship was observed between the compaction degree and traffic intensity. Conclusions   We observed clear compaction on both clayey and sandy soils, especially in case of low initial soil compaction degrees and heavy machines. The compacted initial state of many forest soils, the long recovery period, and the generally high impact of the first passes that is frequently mentioned in literature all count in favour of designated skid trails and an adjustment of the machine type to the job. Content Type Journal Article Category Review Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0199-y Authors Evy Ampoorter, Laboratory of Forestry, Department Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergse Steenweg 267, 9090 Gontrode, Belgium An de Schrijver, Laboratory of Forestry, Department Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergse Steenweg 267, 9090 Gontrode, Belgium Lotte van Nevel, Laboratory of Forestry, Department Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergse Steenweg 267, 9090 Gontrode, Belgium Martin Hermy, Division Forest, Nature and Landscape Research, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200e – bus 2411, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium Kris Verheyen, Laboratory of Forestry, Department Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergse Steenweg 267, 9090 Gontrode, Belgium Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   The gain in accuracy of breeding values with the use of single trial spatial analysis is well known in forestry. However, spatial analyses methodology for single forest genetic trials must be adapted for use with combined analyses of forest genetic trials across sites. Aims   This paper extends a methodology for spatial analysis of single forest genetic trial to a multi-environment trial (MET) setting. Methods   A two-stage spatial MET approach using an individual-tree model with additive and full-sib family genetic effects was developed. Dispersion parameters were estimated using Bayesian techniques via Gibbs sampling. The procedure is illustrated using height growth data at age 10 from eight large Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. second-generation full-sib progeny trials from two series established across seven sites in British Columbia (Canada) and on one in Washington (USA). Results   The proposed multi-environment spatial mixed model displayed a consistent reduction of the posterior mean and an increase in the precision of error variances ( s e 2 ) than the model with “sets in replicates” or incomplete block alpha designs. Also, the multi-environment spatial model provided an average increase in the posterior means of the narrow- and broad-sense individual-tree heritabilities ( h N 2 and h B 2 , respectively). No consistent changes were observed in the posterior means of additive genetic correlations ( r A jj ′ ). Conclusion   Although computationally demanding, all dispersion parameters were successfully estimated from the proposed multi-environment spatial individual-tree model using Bayesian techniques via Gibbs sampling. The proposed two-stage spatial MET approach produced better results than the commonly used nonspatial MET analysis. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0179-7 Authors Eduardo P. Cappa, Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada Alvin D. Yanchuk, British Columbia Forest Service, Tree Improvement Branch, PO Box 9519, Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 9C2, Canada Charlie V. Cartwright, British Columbia Forest Service, Tree Improvement Branch, PO Box 9519, Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 9C2, Canada Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   Understanding the effects of exogenous factors on tree development is of major importance in the current context of global change. Assessing the structure development of trees is difficult given that they are large and complex organisms with lifespan of several decades. Aims   We used a retrospective analysis to derive the ontogenetic trends in silver fir development and assess the effects of climate or light environment on tree architecture. Methods   Thanks to the identification of relevant growth markers (bud cataphylls and pseudo-whorl branches), a retrospective analysis allowed to record annual shoot extension and to date them on silver firs of various sizes under different environmental conditions. Results   The length of successive annual shoots located on different axes clearly show gradual trends related to the physiological age of meristems. Within- and between-tree variations are noted due to the plasticity of development and growth induced by light environment and climate. Conclusion   Retrospective analysis is an efficient method for getting information on the history of trees architecture and subsequently to relate it to environmental factors. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0188-1 Authors Olivier Taugourdeau, Université Montpellier 2, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, 34000 France Jean Dauzat, CIRAD, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, 34000 France Sébastien Griffon, CIRAD, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, 34000 France Sylvie Sabatier, CIRAD, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, 34000 France Yves Caraglio, CIRAD, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, 34000 France Daniel Barthélémy, INRA, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, 34000 France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   Forest resource projections are required as part of an appropriate framework for sustainable forest management. Suitable large-scale projection models are usually based on national forest inventory (NFI) data. However, sound projections are difficult to make for heterogeneous resources as they vary greatly with respect to the factors that are assumed to drive forest dynamics on a large spatial scale, e.g. geographically varying growth conditions (here represented by NFI regions), tree species composition (here broadleaf-dominated, conifer-dominated and broadleaf-conifer mixed stands) and stand structure (here high forest, coppice forest and high-coppice forest mixture). • Question and objective   Our question was how does the variance of forest dynamics parameters (i.e. growth, felling and mortality, and recruitment processes) and that of 20-year forest resource projections partition between these factors (NFI region, tree species composition and stand structure), including their interactions. Our objective was to capitalise on the suitability of an existing multi-strata, diameter class matrix model for the purposes of making projections for the highly heterogeneous French forest resource. • Methods   The model was newly calibrated for the entire territory of metropolitan France based on most recent NFI data, i.e. for years 2006–2008. The forest resource was divided into strata by crossing the factors NFI region, tree species composition and stand structure. The variance partitioning of the parameters and projections was assessed based on a model sensitivity analysis. • Results   Growth, felling and mortality varied mainly with NFI region and species composition. Recruitment varied mainly with NFI region and stand structure. All three factors caused variations in resource projections, but with unequal intensities. Factor impacts included first order and interaction effects. • Conclusions   We found, by considering both first order and interaction effects, that NFI region, species composition and stand structure are ecologically relevant factors that jointly drive the dynamics of a heterogeneous forest resource. Their impacts, in our study, varied depending on the forest dynamics process under consideration. Recruitment would appear to have a particularly great impact on resource changes over time. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-16 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0196-1 Authors Holger Wernsdörfer, AgroParisTech, UMR1092, Laboratoire d’Etude des Ressources Foret Bois (LERFoB), ENGREF, 14 rue Girardet, 54000 Nancy, France Antoine Colin, IGN, Chateau des Barres, 45290 Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France Jean-Daniel Bontemps, AgroParisTech, UMR1092, Laboratoire d’Etude des Ressources Foret Bois (LERFoB), ENGREF, 14 rue Girardet, 54000 Nancy, France Hélène Chevalier, IGN, Chateau des Barres, 45290 Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France Gérôme Pignard, Direction Départementale des Territoires et de la Mer de l’Hérault, Mission des Systèmes d’Information (MSI), 34064 Montpellier, France Sylvain Caurla, AgroParisTech, UMR356, Laboratoire d’Economie Forestiere (LEF), ENGREF, 14 rue Girardet, 54000 Nancy, France Jean-Michel Leban, ENSTIB, LERMaB, Université de Lorraine, 88000 Epinal, France Jean-Christophe Hervé, IGN, Chateau des Barres, 45290 Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France Meriem Fournier, AgroParisTech, UMR1092, Laboratoire d’Etude des Ressources Foret Bois (LERFoB), ENGREF, 14 rue Girardet, 54000 Nancy, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    High temperature stress in nurseries germinating Eucalyptus globulus seed is an important problem affecting germination synchrony and rate. Where there is a risk of high-temperature stress, then the choice of female parent may be important. This issue is particularly relevant to the production of full-sib families from mass-supplementary pollination where there may be opportunities for seed producers to manipulate the directionality of the crossing done in seed orchards. Aims    This study aimed to quantify the maternal versus paternal influence of seed sensitivity to high temperature stress during germination. Methods    A diallel crossing scheme involving four genotypes was used to test the relative importance of male and female genetic influences on the germination and development of E. globulus seed and their response to high temperature stress. Seed was germinated at optimum (25°C) and supra-optimal (32°C and 37°C) temperatures, and six traits describing the proportion and rate of seed germination and early seedling development were assessed. Results    Both paternal and maternal effects affected the germination response, arguing for at least some influence of the nuclear genotype of the embryo. However, the response to high temperature stress was more influenced by the maternal than paternal parent. Conclusion    Both the male and female genotype may affect various aspects of seed germination and early seedling development independent of seed size; however, some facets of the germination response will be mainly affected by the female parent. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0190-7 Authors Kieren D. Rix, School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia Alistair J. Gracie, School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia Bradley M. Potts, School of Plant Science and Cooperative Research Centre for Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia Phillip H. Brown, Centre for Plant and Water Science, Central Queensland University, Locked Bag 3333, Bundaberg, QLD 4670, Australia Cameron J. Spurr, School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia Peter L. Gore, seedEnergy Pty Ltd, 2 Derwent Avenue, Margate, TAS 7054, Australia Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    Southern Hemisphere plantation forestry has grown substantially over the past few decades and will play an increasing role in fibre production and carbon sequestration in future. The sustainability of these plantations is, however, increasingly under pressure from introduced pests. This pressure requires an urgent and matching increase in the speed and efficiency at which tools are developed to monitor and control these pests. Aim    To consider the potential role of semiochemicals to address the need for more efficient pest control in Southern Hemisphere plantations, particularly by drawing from research in other parts of the world. Results    Semiochemical research in forestry has grown exponentially over the last 40 years but has been almost exclusively focussed on Northern Hemisphere forests. In these forests, semiochemicals have played an important role to enhance the efficiency of integrated pest management programmes. An analysis of semiochemical research from 1970 to 2010 showed a rapid increase over time. It also indicated that pheromones have been the most extensively studied type of semiochemical in forestry, contributing to 92% of the semiochemical literature over this period, compared with research on plant kairomones. This research has led to numerous applications in detection of new invasions, monitoring population levels and spread, in addition to controlling pests by mass trapping or disrupting of aggregation and mating signals. Conclusion    The value of semiochemicals as an environmentally benign and efficient approach to managing forest plantation pests in the Southern Hemisphere seems obvious. There is, however, a lack of research capacity and focus to optimally capture this opportunity. Given the pressure from increasing numbers of pests and reduced opportunities to use pesticides, there is some urgency to develop semiochemical research capacity. Content Type Journal Article Category Review Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0200-9 Authors Ryan L. Nadel, Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa Michael J. Wingfield, Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa Mary C. Scholes, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050 South Africa Simon A. Lawson, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation and University of the Sunshine Coast, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia Bernard Slippers, Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    Clustering forest harvest stands reduces the movements of the harvesters, forwarders and staff. Moreover, it simplifies the subsequent log transport, when compared with dispersed stands. Aims    Harvesting activities are generally based on silvicultural motivated planning data. The development of an analytical method to cluster harvest stands with respect to the spatial network of roads should improve the harvesting effort. Material and method    The clustering of harvest stands was developed for Aracruz (Brazil) in 2004, where it is used there successfully since. The hierarchical method ‘single linkage cluster analysis’ is applied. As a distance function, the Euclidian distance was substituted by the shortest path on the spatial network. Result    The clustering method is based on the minimum spanning tree, which is the spatial equivalent to the dendrogram of an ordinary cluster analysis. Applying the Delaunay triangulation to fill the distance matrix reduces the distance calculation time from O ( n 2 ) to O ( n ). The method is illustrated by a planning district of the Aracruz enterprise. Conclusion    Harvesting units are properly clustered spatially by the discussed method. Topographic obstacles are automatically avoided and the need to relocate machinery is reduced as well as the total driving distance. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0182-7 Authors Thomas Smaltschinski, Institute for Forest Utilization and Work Science, University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 6, 79085 Freiburg, Germany Ute Seeling, German Centre for Forest Work and Technology (KWF), Sprembergerstr. 1, 64823 Groß-Umstadt, Germany Gero Becker, Institute for Forest Utilization and Work Science, University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 6, 79085 Freiburg, Germany Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context    The genetic and environmental control of microfibril angle (MFA) and its genetic correlations with other wood and growth traits are still not well established in Eucalyptus sp. • Aims    To determine the narrow-sense heritability estimates ( h 2 ) of MFA, wood density (D), Klason lignin (KL) content, syringyl to guaiacyl (S/G) ratio and growth traits, their variation from pith to cambium and their genetic correlations. • Methods    Heritability and correlations were assessed in 340 control-pollinated progenies of 14-year- Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake using near infrared spectroscopic models. • Results    Moderate to high heritability were found for MFA ( h 2  = 0.43), D ( h 2  = 0.61), S/G ( h 2  = 0.71) and LK ( h 2  = 0.76). The genetic control of D and MFA and the genetic and residual correlation between chemical and growth traits varied with age. The genetic correlation C × D was always strongly negative ( r  〈 −0.80) while the correlation D × MFA remained constant and positive in the juvenile wood ( r  = 0.7), before disappearing in the mature wood. These results could be explained by gene pleiotropic effect, low microfibril angle compensating for low wood density and fast growth or by linkage disequilibrium induced by sampling. Variations in MFA and KL in the mature wood were also genetically controlled. • Conclusions    These findings provide the opportunity for developing breeding strategies for pulpwood, fuelwood and sawntimber production in Eucalyptus sp. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0186-3 Authors Paulo Ricardo Gherardi Hein, CIRAD, UPR Bois Tropicaux, 34398 F- Montpellier, France Jean-Marc Bouvet, CIRAD, UMR AGAP, 34398 F- Montpellier, France Eric Mandrou, CIRAD, UMR AGAP, 34398 F- Montpellier, France Philippe Vigneron, CIRAD, UMR AGAP, 34398 F- Montpellier, France Bruno Clair, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil (LMGC), CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, Place E. Bataillon, cc48, 34095 Montpellier, France Gilles Chaix, CIRAD, UMR AGAP, 34398 F- Montpellier, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    Recent works have showed the possibility of measuring sap flow density ( u) by a single heated probe using the transient regime just after the heating current is switched off. The method (SP-T) is based on a thermal index ( I) which involves the temperature of the probe at three different times of the cooling kinetics (beginning, intermediate time, and end), the latter representing wood temperature at equilibrium. Aims    The present paper re-examines the method to better estimate wood temperature and to account for possible variations in probe-wood thermal properties. Methods    After a recalibration of the method on an olive branch with a hydraulic bench, the SP-T method is used to measure sap flow on two olive trees under field conditions. Results    Estimated flow densities are compared to those obtained with the transient thermal dissipation-dual probe method (TTD-DP) of Do and Rocheteau. Conclusions    Obtained results show that: (1) wood reference temperature is better estimated when using the probe temperatures just before heating and at the end of the cooling phase; (2) calibration relationships based on a “normalized” thermal index K t   = (I − I o )/I o , where I o represents the value of I under zero flow conditions, better account for differences in the wood-probe thermal properties; (3) I o , taken as the lowest I over a 24-h span, has shown consistent stability for a given probe-tree complex; (4) the SP-T method used in its normalized form appears to be in good agreement with the TTD-DP method. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0194-3 Authors M. M. Masmoudi, INAT, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia I. Mahjoub, INAT, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia J. P. Lhomme, IRD (UMR LISAH), Montpellier SupAgro, 2 place Viala, 34 060 Montpellier, France N. Ben Mechlia, INAT, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   The details of fecundity, such as its distribution and timing, can have important consequences for forest dynamics. • Aims   We detail two aspects of the reproductive ecology of an exotic population of Pinus nigra in New Zealand. We compare our findings with those reported for P. nigra in southern France and Britain. • Methods   We describe variation in fecundity, both within the population and through time, and relate seed release to climatic conditions. • Results   On average, trees entered reproduction earlier than reported in European studies. Although the mean number of cones per tree varied through time, the distribution of cone production among trees was consistently best described using a negative binomial or mixed gamma-exponential distribution. Both distributions are right skewed and trees maintained fecundity hierarchies over time, suggesting that some trees in the population have much higher lifetime reproduction than others. We found that trees released significantly more seeds when conditions were dry and windy, potentially increasing the proportion of seeds that disperse long distances. • Conclusions   Right-skewed fecundity distributions have the potential to slow spread rates, while preferentially releasing seeds in dry windy conditions is likely to increase spread rates. The net effect of these processes is an open question. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0184-5 Authors Shaun R. Coutts, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Building 8, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia Paul Caplat, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Building 8, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia Katrina Cousins, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Building 8, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia Nick Ledgard, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Building 8, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia Yvonne M. Buckley, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Building 8, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Introduction   Siberian larch ( Larix sibirica ) is a highly climate sensitive species. Presently, the Altay Mountains is covered by widespread forests dominated by Siberian larch and thus has a great potential for dendroclimatological studies. However, tree-ring network of the Altay Mountains has not yet been well developed. The development of the new chronologies and the knowledge about the influence of climatic variables on tree growth is needed. • Method   X-ray densitometric techniques were applied to obtain ring width (RW) and maximum latewood density (MXD) of Siberian larch from two upper tree line sites in the Altay Mountains, China. Climatic responses in ring widths and maximum latewood densities from the Altay Mountains (China, Russia, and Mongolia) were investigated by simple correlation analyses. To assess the common growth forces among the individual sites of the Altay Mountains, simple correlation, principal component analyses, and spatial correlation analysis were applied over the common period of the chronologies. • Results   Ring width and maximum latewood density increases with decreasing precipitation, increasing temperature from late spring to late summer during the growing season. Based on the results of principal component analyses and spatial correlation analysis, summer temperature (June–July) is the most important forces on the Siberian larch growth of the Altay Mountains. The growth of Siberian larch in the Altay Mountains captures the current warming trend. The growth of Siberian larch did not clearly lose its sensitivity under most recent warming in our study areas. • Conclusions   The new MXD chronologies is presently the longest, absolutely dated, tree-ring density record yet developed from China. The climate response analysis shows that the RW and MXD of Siberian larch have strong responses to temperature in the growing season. Thus, MXD and RW of Siberian larch provides the best information for climate reconstruction in the warm season. Tree-rings of Siberian larch allow detecting the recently observed warming trend and putting it into the long-term climatic context in the Altay Mountains, due to the strong growth sensitivity to temperature change. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0187-2 Authors Feng Chen, Key Laboratory of Tree-ring Physical and Chemical Research of China Meteorological Administration, China Meteorological Administration, Institute of Desert Meteorology, 46 Jianguo Road, Urumqi, 830002 China Yu-jiang Yuan, Key Laboratory of Tree-ring Physical and Chemical Research of China Meteorological Administration, China Meteorological Administration, Institute of Desert Meteorology, 46 Jianguo Road, Urumqi, 830002 China Wen-shou Wei, Key Laboratory of Tree-ring Physical and Chemical Research of China Meteorological Administration, China Meteorological Administration, Institute of Desert Meteorology, 46 Jianguo Road, Urumqi, 830002 China Zi-ang Fan, Key Laboratory of Tree-ring Physical and Chemical Research of China Meteorological Administration, China Meteorological Administration, Institute of Desert Meteorology, 46 Jianguo Road, Urumqi, 830002 China Tong-wen Zhang, Key Laboratory of Tree-ring Physical and Chemical Research of China Meteorological Administration, China Meteorological Administration, Institute of Desert Meteorology, 46 Jianguo Road, Urumqi, 830002 China Hua-ming Shang, Key Laboratory of Tree-ring Physical and Chemical Research of China Meteorological Administration, China Meteorological Administration, Institute of Desert Meteorology, 46 Jianguo Road, Urumqi, 830002 China Rui-bo Zhang, Key Laboratory of Tree-ring Physical and Chemical Research of China Meteorological Administration, China Meteorological Administration, Institute of Desert Meteorology, 46 Jianguo Road, Urumqi, 830002 China Shu-long Yu, Key Laboratory of Tree-ring Physical and Chemical Research of China Meteorological Administration, China Meteorological Administration, Institute of Desert Meteorology, 46 Jianguo Road, Urumqi, 830002 China Chun-rong Ji, Key Laboratory of Tree-ring Physical and Chemical Research of China Meteorological Administration, China Meteorological Administration, Institute of Desert Meteorology, 46 Jianguo Road, Urumqi, 830002 China Li Qin, Key Laboratory of Tree-ring Physical and Chemical Research of China Meteorological Administration, China Meteorological Administration, Institute of Desert Meteorology, 46 Jianguo Road, Urumqi, 830002 China Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   Information about variations in basic density (BD) and carbon content (%C) along tree stems is key to assessing forest carbon sinks. Aims   The aim of the study was to determine any differences in %C and BD between different woody tissues (bark, sapwood and heartwood) in two widespread European oak species ( Quercus pyrenaica and Quercus petraea ). Methods   Twenty trees were felled in northern Spain, and 317 discs cut from the trees were dried and analysed to determine %C and BD. Results   There were significant differences in %C between bark, heartwood and sapwood, and between species. There were also significant differences in BD between the tissues (heartwood 〉 sapwood 〉 bark), and the BD was higher in Q. petraea than in Q. pyrenaica . Both %C and BD varied along the stem. Conclusion   More accurate estimates of carbon contents were obtained by using specific values for different heights and anatomical parts, than by using single values. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0183-6 Authors Javier Castaño-Santamaría, Department of Biology, Escuela Politécnica de Mieres, University of Oviedo, C/Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós s/n, 33600 Mieres, Spain Felipe Bravo, Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-INIA, ETS Ingenierías Agrarias, University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 44, 34071 Palencia, Spain Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   To increase the wood supply to its industry, the government of Québec has allocated dead and sound wood (recently dead merchantable stems, DSW) to the wood supply chain in addition to the annual allowable cut of living trees. However, DSW is often criticized by sawmillers for its perceived poor quality and lower value. Aims   The objective of this study was to compare the lumber visual grade yield and value from live and recently dead merchantable trees in three different states of wood decomposition. Methods   In total, 162 black spruce trees [ Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP] were felled from three different sites comprising three different states of wood decomposition and three diameter classes. The state of decomposition of each standing tree was categorized following Hunter’s classification (decay stages 1 & 2, 3 and 4) and the DSW classification developed by the Government of Québec. Results   Large trees (〉 20 cm) of the Hunter 4 class have a lower value as a result of inferior quality. Conclusion   Considering the current economic difficulties facing the forest industry and the requirements of ecosystem-based management, we recommend leaving in the forest trees that have reached such a state of deterioration. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0178-8 Authors Julie Barrette, Université Laval, Pavillon Abitibi-Price, 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 0A6, Canada David Pothier, Université Laval, Pavillon Abitibi-Price, 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 0A6, Canada David Auty, Université Laval, Pavillon Gene-H.-Kruger, 2425 rue de la Terrasse, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 0A6, Canada Alexis Achim, Université Laval, Pavillon Gene-H.-Kruger, 2425 rue de la Terrasse, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 0A6, Canada Isabelle Duchesne, Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055, rue du P.E.P.S., Case postale 10380 succ, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada Nancy Gélinas, Université Laval, Pavillon Gene-H.-Kruger, 2425 rue de la Terrasse, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 0A6, Canada Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   Mediterranean landscapes are composed of different interacting vegetation patches. Pine and oak ecosystems form contiguous patches within these landscapes, in pure stands, or as mixed pine–oak ecosystems. During the nineteenth century, pine forest distribution in the Mediterranean Basin increased dramatically as a result of large-scale re-forestation and spontaneous forest regeneration. At the same time, secondary succession of abandoned agricultural land allowed development of pine and oak ecosystems. Consequently, a pine–oak mosaic has developed, which created opportunities for cross-colonization, i.e. species colonization from one ecosystem in the reciprocal system. Pines shed their wind-dispersed seeds and colonize Mediterranean oak vegetation. Oaks regenerate in different ecosystems, including pine forest understories. Research question   This paper reviews fire-free landscape-scale dynamics of pine–oak Mediterranean mosaics and analyze how landscape-scale interactions are leading to pine–oak ecosystems by different processes. Results   Published information from the Mediterranean Basin illustrates pathways of pine–oak ecosystems formation. Using Mediterranean literature, I try to elucidate the factors that (1) control colonization potential and (2) modulate the resistance to colonization, in different habitats, land uses, and landscape settings. Conclusion   Management implications for these mixed pine–oak ecosystems are suggested. The question of whether they are novel ecosystems is discussed. Content Type Journal Article Category Review Paper Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0181-0 Authors Efrat Sheffer, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100 Israel Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   In tropical areas, studies based on the retrospective analysis of tree development have focused principally on growth ring research. The interpretation of primary growth markers is overlooked although it opens perspectives to provide long time-series on tree-crown development. Aims   This study focused on Parkia velutina , an emergent tree of neotropical rain forests. Our objectives were (1) to characterize the phenological cycle of this species, and (2) to identify temporally interpretable morphological and anatomical markers. Methods   We collected dominant branches in 14 adult trees and identified growth markers that limit longitudinal and radial increments. We coupled this approach with a 2-year phenological survey of 20 trees. Results   Leaf shedding, growth unit elongation and growth ring formation define the phenological cycle. At tree scale, this cycle is synchronous and affects all axes. At population scale, trees can be desynchronized. This cycle is annual despite some slight variability. Successive growth units and growth rings are easily identifiable. Conclusion   Dating a branch by counting the number of growth units or growth rings is possible in many years with a reasonable error. Nevertheless, estimating their precise month of formation in order to study climatic influences remains difficult. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0172-1 Authors Eric Nicolini, Unité Mixte de Recherche CIRAD-CNRS-INRA-IRD-Université Montpellier 2 “botAnique et bioinforMatique de l’Architecture des Plantes” (AMAP), BP 701, Kourou, 97387 French Guiana Jacques Beauchêne, CIRAD, UMR ECOFOG, BP 701, Kourou, 97387 French Guiana Benjamin Leudet de la Vallée, CIRAD, UMR ECOFOG, BP 701, Kourou, 97387 French Guiana Julien Ruelle, INRA, UMR ECOFOG, BP 701, 97387 Kourou, French Guiana Thomas Mangenet, Unité Mixte de Recherche CIRAD-CNRS-INRA-IRD-Université Montpellier 2 “botAnique et bioinforMatique de l’Architecture des Plantes” (AMAP), BP 701, Kourou, 97387 French Guiana Patrick Heuret, INRA, UMR ECOFOG, BP 701, 97387 Kourou, French Guiana Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   Modulus of elasticity (MOE) is an important mechanical property determining the end-use and value of loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) lumber. Aim   In this study, a model was developed to predict the within tree variation of MOE, from pith-to-bark and stump-to-tip, using data collected from a 21-year-old unthinned stand where trees were planted under seven initial stand density levels (746–2,243 trees/hectare). Methods   The study was laid out in a randomized complete block design, with seven levels of initial planting density, replicated three times. Seven trees were destructively sampled from each plot, and bolts were cut from each tree at heights of 2.4, 7.3, and 12.2 m. Static bending samples (of dimension 2.5 × 2.5 × 40.6 cm) representing pith-to-bark variation were cut from each bolt and MOE measured. A three-parameter logistic function was used to model the pith-to-bark variation in stiffness with distance from pith as an explanatory variable. Results   Based on the final fitted model, it was found that the asymptotic parameter (maximum outerwood MOE = 13.48 GPa) was not influenced by sampling height, initial planting density, and stem slenderness. However, the inflection and scale parameters were significantly influenced by these variables. Conclusions   In summary, we found that initial planting density had a significant influence on the amount of corewood produced with higher initial planting densities producing a lower proportion of corewood as indicated by a linear decrease in inflection point with an increase in planting density. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0180-1 Authors Finto Antony, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Laurence R. Schimleck, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Lewis Jordan, Southern Timberlands R&D, Weyerhaeuser Company, P.O. Box 2288, Columbus, MS 39704, USA Richard F. Daniels, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Alex Clark, USDA Forest Service, Athens, GA 30602, USA Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    Pinus pinaster Ait. is found in the Iberian Peninsula under Mediterranean and Atlantic conditions. Both climates encounter each other in Galicia (NW Spain), where two bioclimatic regions can be differentiated: coastal and inland. A breeding program was launched in the coastal area, with two breeding and deployment areas delimited. Aims    We analyse plasticity patterns across regions in a coastal breeding population to assess the suitability of current breeding areas and how genetic material will likely respond to future climate. Methods    Total height at ages 3 and 8 years was assessed in 16 trials established along the coast and in inner Galicia. Clustering of environments with similar genotypic performance, family sensitivities to climatic factors and stability analyses were performed. Results    Sizeable genetic variation in plasticity was found among families, and crossover genotype-by-environment interactions were detected within and between regions. It was unfeasible to regionalize Galicia into alternative areas of stable genotypic performance. Only the cold regime was found to noticeably underlie the array of phenotypic responses to changing environmental conditions. Conclusions    Results suggest that previous delimitation in two breeding areas is pointless and indicate reduced effects of a changing climate towards Mediterranean conditions on decreasing population fitness. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0173-0 Authors Raúl de la Mata, Misión Biológica de Galicia, MBG-CSIC, Apdo. 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain Jordi Voltas, Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain Rafael Zas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, MBG-CSIC, Apdo. 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   The bark beetle, Pityogenes chalcographus , is one of the main pests in Picea abies stands, and it has also been found on other European Pinaceae species. With massive introductions of North American conifer species into European forests, this insect has extended its host range to exotic Pinaceae species. Aim   This study assessed whether a wider host range has influenced the genetic structure of P. chalcographus and has led to host specialization. Methods   Insects were collected from two different regions of France, where eight native and exotic conifer species coexist and were analyzed using mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers. Results   Considerable haplotypic diversity was observed within the regions and within host species from where P. chalcographus populations were collected. No genetic differentiation, especially with respect to host species associations, could be detected. Moreover, no relationship could be established between closely related P. chalcographus haplotypes and taxonomically related conifer species. Conclusion   The capacity of P. chalcographus for host shifting and dispersal may have played a key role in the rapid extension of its host range. These findings are important for pest management in forests and health and phytosanitary measures in the timber trade, especially for risk assessment in mixed coniferous forests including tree species of major economic importance. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0161-4 Authors Coralie Bertheau, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures UPRES EA 1207, rue de Chartres, Université d’Orléans, B.P. 6759, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France Stéphanie Bankhead-Dronnet, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures UPRES EA 1207, rue de Chartres, Université d’Orléans, B.P. 6759, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France Carine Martin, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures UPRES EA 1207, rue de Chartres, Université d’Orléans, B.P. 6759, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France François Lieutier, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures UPRES EA 1207, rue de Chartres, Université d’Orléans, B.P. 6759, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France Géraldine Roux-Morabito, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures UPRES EA 1207, rue de Chartres, Université d’Orléans, B.P. 6759, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    Drought and frost resistances are key factors for the survival and distribution of tree species. Aims    In this study, the vulnerability to drought-induced embolism and frost resistance of four species were analysed, whereby different sites and altitudes were compared and seasonal variation was considered. Methods    Fagus sylvatica L., Sorbus aucuparia L., Picea abies L. Karst and Larix decidua Mill samples were harvested at high and low altitude sites in France and Austria, respectively, and sampling occurred in winter and summer. Pressure at 50% loss of conductivity ( P 50 ), specific hydraulic conductivity ( k s ) and temperature lethal for 50% of cells (LT 50 ) were determined, and soluble carbohydrate and starch content were quantified. Results    No site-, altitude- or season-specific trend in P 50 was observed, except for S. aucuparia , which showed P 50 to decrease with altitude. Within regions, k s tended to decrease with altitudes. LT 50 was between −48.4°C (winter) and −9.4°C (summer) and more negative in Tyrolean trees. Starch content was overall lower and carbohydrate content higher in winter than in summer, no site-specific or altitudinal trend was observed. Conclusion    Studied species obviously differed in their strategies to withstand to frost and drought, so that site-related, altitudinal and seasonal patterns varied. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0160-5 Authors Katline Charra-Vaskou, Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Guillaume Charrier, INRA, UMR A547 PIAF, Site INRA de Crouelle, 234 av. du Brezet, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Rémi Wortemann, INRA, UMR A547 PIAF, Site INRA de Crouelle, 234 av. du Brezet, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Barbara Beikircher, Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Hervé Cochard, INRA, UMR A547 PIAF, Site INRA de Crouelle, 234 av. du Brezet, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Thierry Ameglio, INRA, UMR A547 PIAF, Site INRA de Crouelle, 234 av. du Brezet, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Stefan Mayr, Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Introduction    Deterministic single-tree models are commonly used in forestry. However, there is evidence that stochastic events may interact with the nonlinear mechanisms that underlie forest growth. As a consequence, stochastic and deterministic simulations could yield different results for the same single-tree model and the same initial conditions. This hypothesis was tested in this study. • Material and methods    We used a single-tree growth model that can be implemented either stochastically or deterministically. Two data sets of 186 and 342 plots each were used for the comparisons. For each plot, the simulations were run on a 100-year period using 10-year growth steps. Three different response variables were compared. • Results    The results showed that there were differences between the predictions from stochastic and deterministic simulations for some response variables and that randomness alone could not explain these differences. In the case of deterministic simulations, the fact that predictions are reinserted into the model at each growth step is a concern. These predictions are actually random variables and their transformations may result in biased quantities. Forest growth modellers should be aware that deterministic simulations may not correspond to the mathematical expectation of the natural dynamics. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0112-0 Authors Mathieu Fortin, INRA, AgroParisTech, UMR1092, Laboratoire d’Etude des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), Centre INRA de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France Luc Langevin, Direction de la recherche forestière, Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune du Québec, 2700 Einstein, Québec, QC, Canada G1P 3W8 Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   Light availability in forest understory is essential for many processes; it is, therefore, a valuable information regarding forest management. However, its estimation is often difficult and direct measurements are tedious. Models can be used to compute understory light, but they often require a lot of field data to accurately predict light distribution, particularly in the case of heterogeneous canopies. • Aims   The influence of the precision level of crown description was studied with a model (MμSLIM) that can be used with both detailed and coarse parameterization with the aim of reducing field data requirements to a minimum. • Methods   We analyzed the deterioration of the prediction quality of light distribution to the reduction of inputs by comparing simulations to transmitted light measurements in forests of increasing complexity in three different locations. • Results   With a full set of parameters to describe the tree crown (i.e., crown extension in at least eight directions, crown height and length), the model accurately simulated the light distribution. Simplifying crown description by a geometric shape with a mean radius of crown extension led to deteriorated but acceptable light distributions. Allometric relationships used to calculate crown extension from trunk diameter at breast height seriously reduced light distribution accuracy. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0139-2 Authors David Da Silva, Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, 237 Hunt Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA Philippe Balandier, Research Unit on Forest Ecosystems, Cemagref, 45290 Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France Frédéric Boudon, CIRAD, Virtual Plants INRIA Team, UMR AGAP, TA A-108/02, Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34398 France André Marquier, UMR 547 (INRA–Université B. Pascal) PIAF, INRA, Site de Crouel, 234 Avenue du Brézet, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 2, France Christophe Godin, INRIA, Virtual Plants INRIA Team, UMR AGAP, TA A-108/02, Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34398 France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context    Distribution of removed trees among species and diameter classes is usually used to characterize selection harvesting. This information is, however, rarely available when analysing past time series. The challenge is then to determine the minimal level of information required to characterize harvests. • Aims    We tested in this work whether an algorithm based on the total number of trees and volume to be removed enabled the reconstruction of harvesting diameter distributions, when combined with stand diameter distribution before harvest. • Methods    We tested the algorithm against empirical data in the case of selection system, comparing distributions by χ² tests, and extended its evaluation to more diversified theoretical situations. • Results    Observed harvesting distributions were well-reconstructed in most empirical cases, with better results when considering mean simulated distributions. The algorithm was also effective for other thinning and harvesting strategies: low thinning, thinning of dominants, and mechanical thinning, whatever the structure of the stand before being cut. • Conclusion    Total number of trees and volume harvested appeared thus sufficient to reconstruct DBH distribution of removed trees in diverse situations, provided that the distribution before harvest was known. This algorithm, therefore, enables the simulation of complex harvesting operations with minimal information. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0155-2 Authors Valentine Lafond, Cemagref–EMGR, 2 rue de la Papeterie, BP 76, 38402 Saint-Martin-d’Hères Cedex, France Thomas Cordonnier, Cemagref–EMGR, 2 rue de la Papeterie, BP 76, 38402 Saint-Martin-d’Hères Cedex, France François De Coligny, INRA, UMR AMAP, TA40/PS2, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Benoît Courbaud, Cemagref–EMGR, 2 rue de la Papeterie, BP 76, 38402 Saint-Martin-d’Hères Cedex, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   Modelling annual shoot development processes is a key step towards functional–structural modelling of trees. Various patterns of meristem activity can be distinguished in tree shoots, with active periods of phytomer production followed by rest periods. This approach has seldom been integrated in functional–structural tree models. • Aims   This paper presents theoretical research work on modelling and computation of the dynamics of tree annual shoots using stochastic processes with various development patterns: continuous or rhythmic, monocyclic or polycyclic, “seasonal” or “a-seasonal”, with preformation or neoformation produced from meristem functioning. • Methods   The renewal theory is used to compute stochastic aspects of phytomer production, resulting from meristem extension or rest periods and meristem mortality. • Results   Continuous development can be modelled with a Bernoulli process, while rhythmic development is modelled by alternation between extension and rest periods, the duration of each period following specific distributions. • Conclusion   The application of such stochastic modelling is the estimation of organ production during tree development as a component of the demand in functional–architectural tree models, used for computing biomass production and partitioning. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0151-6 Authors Philippe de Reffye, CIRAD, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, 34000 France MengZhen Kang, State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, LIAMA, NLPR, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China Jing Hua, Chinese Academy of Sciences; LIAMA; NLPR, Institute of Automation, Beijing, 100190 China Daniel Auclair, INRA, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, 34000 France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Introduction   In pure and even-aged stands, the allometry between mean tree size and maximum stand density—or self-thinning relationship—has long been considered a constant among tree species. Although the self-thinning allometric coefficient has been shown to be species-dependent, estimates available for a given species also differ. Whether this coefficient truly varies across species thus remains an open issue. A potential cause of variation in the coefficient may lie in a departure from the allometric assumption in the self-thinning relationship. Methods   We analysed the species dependence of the self-thinning relationship for 11 temperate and Mediterranean tree species growing in pure and even-aged stands in France based on the French National Forest Inventory (NFI) data. Self-thinning relationships were fitted using a ‘stochastic frontier’ technique. Pairwise comparison tests of the self-thinning allometric coefficients were implemented. We also investigated the allometric nature of the relationship by testing a linear and a curvilinear model of log density against the log quadratic mean diameter. Results   Self-thinning relationships were clearly evidenced from the NFI data and displayed significant differences between species. The curvilinear model was significantly more accurate for 7 out of 11 species and depicted a concave relationship, suggesting a decrease in self-tolerance over ontogeny. Conclusion   As a major finding, the self-thinning relationship significantly varies across species. We emphasise the need to consider a high number of species to show such specific variations in the self-thinning relationship. Another important outcome is that the self-tolerance depends on the developmental stage. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0149-0 Authors Marie Charru, AgroParisTech, ENGREF, Equipe Ecologie Forestière, UMR 1092 Laboratoire d’Etude des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), 14 rue Girardet, 54000 Nancy, France Ingrid Seynave, INRA, Centre de Nancy, UMR 1092 Laboratoire d’Etude des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), 54280 Champenoux, France François Morneau, Inventaire Forestier National, Direction Technique, Château des Barres, 45290 Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France Michaël Rivoire, AgroParisTech, ENGREF, Equipe Ecologie Forestière, UMR 1092 Laboratoire d’Etude des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), 14 rue Girardet, 54000 Nancy, France Jean-Daniel Bontemps, AgroParisTech, ENGREF, Equipe Ecologie Forestière, UMR 1092 Laboratoire d’Etude des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), 14 rue Girardet, 54000 Nancy, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Introduction    Branch size and branch status (dead or alive) are important characteristics closely related to tree growth and wood quality. The aim of this study was to design models for the diameter and status of branches in Atlas cedar ( Cedrus atlantica Manetti). • Material and methods    The models were developed from data collected on a set of 32 trees with a wide range of heights (from 3 to 36 m), girths (from 13 to 226 cm), and ages (from 20 to 95 years). A single general segmented model was designed for both whorl and interwhorl branch diameter, taking into account the tree and annual growth unit random effects. • Results    The model’s “potential x reducer” form describes the maximum branch diameter profile along the tree and the acrotonic gradient observed in annual shoots. The diameter and status of every branch were modeled based on the vertical position on the trunk and on the height of the base of the living crown. The tree diameter and the branch diameter were used as additional explanatory variables in the branch diameter model and the branch status model, respectively. • Conclusion    The model structure is sufficiently general to be suited after re-parameterization for many coniferous species with interwhorl branches such as Spruces, Firs, and Larches. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0156-1 Authors François Courbet, INRA, Ecologie des Forêts méditerranéennes, UR629, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France Jean-Christophe Hervé, IFN, Château des Barres, 45290 Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France Etienne K. Klein, INRA, Biostatistiques et Processus Spatiaux, UR546, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France Francis Colin, INRA-AgroParisTech, Laboratoire d’Etudes des Ressources Forêt-Bois, UMR 1092, 54280 Champenoux, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   Forest stand dynamics models simulate the growth of trees in stands; based on field measurements and system knowledge, they provide a relatively precise representation of forest growth and are well adapted for forest management purposes. Architectural models describe the structure of plants according to ontogenetic development processes; as a support of biomass production and partitioning at organ scale, they simulate individual tree development. • Aims   The aim of this study was to link a stand dynamics model and an architectural model to simulate stand dynamics, in which the ecological or silvicultural modelling from the stand model and the architecture representation could be integrated, to provide individual tree details at the stand level. • Methods   Stand-level simulations of Austrian black pine dynamics provided global results on tree growth from the empirical forest growth model PNN, and branching details for individual trees were provided by the functional–structural plant model (FSPM) GreenLab. • Results   Individual tree dynamics were computed, and the simulated trees were integrated at the stand level for visualizing two different management scenarios. • Conclusion   By combining a stand dynamics model adapted to forest management with an FSPM with detailed tree architecture, it is possible to simulate individual tree structure with consistent dimensions, adapted to ecological and silvicultural modelling for decision support in forest management. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0144-5 Authors Lu Feng, UMR AMAP (botAnique et bioinforMatique de l’Architecture des Plantes), CIRAD, TA A-51/PS2, Bd. de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France Philippe de Reffye, UMR AMAP (botAnique et bioinforMatique de l’Architecture des Plantes), CIRAD, TA A-51/PS2, Bd. de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France Philippe Dreyfus, URFM, INRA, 84914 Avignon, France Daniel Auclair, UMR AMAP, INRA, 34398 Montpellier, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Introduction   The abandonment of rural areas has led to an increase of the fire-prone European gorse ( Ulex europaeus L.) communities in some regions, where prescribed burning is a technique applied to control them. Understanding flammability changes after treatments is crucial for the sustainable use of fire. • Objectives   The objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) any differences in the flammability of gorse plant parts 1 and 5 years after burning and (2) the flammability of whole plants, assessing complementarities of the results between full-scale and bench-scale tests. • Results   Results showed the importance of the effect of the different scales and types of methods used to determine the four components of flammability of forest fuels: (1) Ignitability was highly dependent on the type of ignition source. (2) Combustibility was more dependent on the dead fraction than on live plant part characteristics. (3) Sustainability was mainly related to physical characteristics, like air flow interaction with fuel compactness. (4) Consumability, in terms of residual mass fraction, was similar at both scales. • Conclusions   The results suggest the need for intensive management of gorse shrubland to maintain them at a very young age in order to reduce flammability associated with the rapid physiological and structural changes in this kind of vegetation. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0165-0 Authors Javier Madrigal, Centro de Investigación Forestal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain Eva Marino, Centro de Investigación Forestal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain Mercedes Guijarro, Centro de Investigación Forestal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain Carmen Hernando, Centro de Investigación Forestal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain Carmen Díez, Centro de Investigación Forestal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   Remote sensing methods, and in particular very high (metric) resolution optical imagery, are essential assets to obtain forest structure data that cannot be measured from the ground because they are too difficult to measure or because the areas to sample are too large or inaccessible. • Aim   To understand what kind of, and how precisely and accurately, information on forest structure can be inverted from RS data, we propose a modeling framework allowing to produce forest canopy images for any type of forest based on basic inventory data. • Methods   This framework combines a simple 3D forest model named “Allostand,” based on empirically or theoretically derived diameter at breast height distributions and allometry rules, with a well-established radiative transfer model, discrete anisotropic radiative transfer. • Results   Resulting simulated images appear of good realism for textural analysis. The potential of the approach for the development of quantitative methods to assess forest structure, dynamics, matter and energy budgets, and degradation, including in tropical contexts, is illustrated emphasizing broad-leaved natural forests. • Conclusion   Consequently, this theoretical framework appears as a valuable component for developing inversion methods from canopy images and studying their sensitivity to structural and instrumental effects. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0116-9 Authors Nicolas Barbier, IRD-UMR AMAP, Boulevard de la Lironde, TA A-51/PS2, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 05, France Pierre Couteron, IRD-UMR AMAP, Boulevard de la Lironde, TA A-51/PS2, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 05, France Jean-Philippe Gastelly-Etchegorry, Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la Biosphère (CESBIO), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, CNES, IRD, 18 Av. Ed. Belin, 31401 Toulouse, France Christophe Proisy, IRD-UMR AMAP, Boulevard de la Lironde, TA A-51/PS2, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 05, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Introduction    The self-thinning relationship established by Reineke in 1933 assumes a relationship between the number of stems and the quadratic mean diameter in fully stocked pure stands. This rule is extensively used for management purposes, but it has been initially calibrated for pure, even-aged stands for relatively few species. Objectives    Here, we extend this relationship to mixed-species and mixed-size forests through a generalized modeling approach. Reineke’s rule can be seen as a particular case of this generalized approach. Resource sharing is taken as a starting point; thus, both site fertility and diameter heterogeneity are taken into account. Discussion    Calibration on actual inventories is made on a dataset of 82 French stands. The theoretical relationship is successfully adjusted for species in which enough data were available, namely, common beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.), oak ( Quercus petraea [Mattuschka] Liebl and Quercus robur L.), and Norway spruce ( Picea abies [L.] Karst). Conclusion    Self-thinning exponents obtained for beech and oak (1.86 and 1.76, respectively) can be used in the mixed-species equation that we developed. These results encourage calibrating the parameters for other species if appropriate data are available. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0158-z Authors Michaël Rivoire, INRA, Centre de Nancy, UMR 1092 Laboratoire d’Etude des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), 54280 Champenoux, France Gilles Le Moguedec, INRA, Centre de Nancy, UMR 1092 Laboratoire d’Etude des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), 54280 Champenoux, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   Functional–structural models (FSM) of tree growth have great potential in forestry, but their development, calibration and validation are hampered by the difficulty of collecting experimental data at organ scale for adult trees. Due to their simple architecture and morphological properties, “model plants” such as Cecropia sciadophylla are of great interest to validate new models and methodologies, since exhaustive descriptions of their plant structure and mass partitioning can be gathered. • Aims   Our objective was to develop a model-based approach to analysing the influence of environmental conditions on the dynamics of trophic competition within C. sciadophylla trees. • Methods   We defined an integrated environmental factor that includes meteorological medium-frequency variations and a relative index representing the local site conditions for each plant. This index is estimated based on model inversion of the GreenLab FSM using data from 11 trees for model calibration and 7 trees for model evaluation. • Results   The resulting model explained the dynamics of biomass allocation to different organs during the plant growth, according to the environmental pressure they experienced. • Perspectives   By linking the integrated environmental factor to a competition index, an extension of the model to the population level could be considered. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0131-x Authors Véronique Letort, Department of Applied Mathematics and Systems (MAS), Ecole Centrale Paris, Grande voie des Vignes, Chatenay-Malabry, 92295 France Patrick Heuret, UMR AMAP, INRA, Montpellier, 34000 France Paul-Camilo Zalamea, UMR AMAP, IRD, Montpellier, 34000 France Philippe De Reffye, UMR AMAP, CIRAD, Montpellier, 34000 France Eric Nicolini, UMR AMAP, CIRAD, Montpellier, 34000 France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   While past studies on epicormics in oak ( Quercus sp.) have focused on the effect of thinning on epicormic shoots emergence, the consequences of this emergence on the epicormic ontogeny and future wood quality have rarely been asked. • Aims   This paper aims to quantifying the relationship between past emergence and current composition of epicormics. • Methods   Three thinning experiments with Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. or Quercus robur L. were investigated. Epicormic shoots were regularly tallied and epicormic composition recorded recently. Some logs were scanned using X-ray computed tomography (CT). • Results   Past tallies on both species were mainly and positively related to the current frequency of bud clusters and burls. This was due to the production of buds by epicormic shoots for only certain trees, as evidenced by CT, and mainly to correlated numbers of current epicormic shoots, bud clusters and burls, all originating from a past common set of buds and bud clusters. • Conclusion   The important tree effect on both species suggests that oak silviculture can be optimized by the early selection of crop trees with few epicormics and/or eventually a first and heavy thinning that helps in spotting remaining individuals being prone to the development of multiple epicormics. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0148-1 Authors Jean-Baptiste Morisset, LERFoB (Forest and Wood Resource) UMR 1092 INRA/AgroParisTech-ENGREF, Centre INRA de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France Frédéric Mothe, LERFoB (Forest and Wood Resource) UMR 1092 INRA/AgroParisTech-ENGREF, Centre INRA de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France Bruno Chopard, ONF Département R&D 10, Rue Pasteur, 51470 Saint Memmie, France Didier François, ONF-Département R&D, 21 Rue du Muguet, 39100 Dole, France Florence Fontaine, UFR Sciences, Laboratoire SDRP, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Moulin de la Housse, B.P. 1039, 51 687 Reims Cedex 2, France Francis Colin, LERFoB (Forest and Wood Resource) UMR 1092 INRA/AgroParisTech-ENGREF, Centre INRA de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   A century and more after a major reforestation program, large areas in the French Southern Alps have moved to a landscape mosaic of old pine plantations and new, heterogeneous and uneven-aged, mixed stands. These conditions are challenging foresters in silvicultural practices and management choices. • Aims   The aims of this study are to understand, analyze, model, and simulate the ongoing phenomena, and to propose a decision-making tool. • Methods   An individual-based forest dynamics model considering recruitment, growth, and mortality (as related to the spatial arrangement of stands and species, to site conditions and competition) and a simulation system including spatial sampling are designed and calibrated to allow simulation of both silviculture treatments at the stand level and management strategies at the forest or landscape level. • Results   By keeping track of the trees while simulating at the forest level, they offer an alternative to upscaling strategies and a suitable tool for prediction of stand and forest characteristics in situations influenced by strong driving forces such as colonization and forest maturation. • Conclusion   This approach is a straightforward means for adjusting forest management to trends such as expansion of shade-tolerant species; as spatial and temporal variation in site conditions are accounted for, it is also a promising way towards predicting their warming-induced upward shift. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-21 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0163-2 Authors Philippe Dreyfus, INRA, UR629 URFM, Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, Site Agroparc, Domaine Saint-Paul, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Introduction   Fagacées is a growth model that has been developed for pure Oak or Beech stand management in even-aged high forests and coppice with standards forests. It has been calibrated for the plain forests of northern France. • Objectives   This paper presents all the characteristics of this model: general structure, equations, and parameters. It can be classified as a distance-independent tree-centered model. Its main originality is that tree growth is organised according to a top–down organisation. • Result   At first, the growth is computed at the stand level. Then it is allocated between the individual trees. The paper presents and discusses successively these two parts. In addition, the model delivers the stem profile of each tree: rings and compartments within the stem. Some other additional modelling that have been defined for batch mode purposes are also briefly presented. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0157-0 Authors Gilles Le Moguédec, INRA, UMR 1092, Laboratoire d’Etude des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), Centre INRA de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France Jean-François Dhôte, INRA, UMR 1092, Laboratoire d’Etude des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), Centre INRA de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Aims    This study aims to evaluate the effects of wood ash application on nutrient dynamics and soil properties of an acidic forest soil (Arenosol). Methods    Treatments were loose and pelleted ash application (11 Mg ha −1 ), alone or together with N fertiliser, and control treatment in a lysimeter experiment. Nutrient leaching was followed during a 2-year period and soil chemical and biological properties were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Results    Wood ash increased leaching of total N, NH 4 + -N, base cations and P, mainly during the first months, the effect being more pronounced for the loose formulation. At the end of the study period, a positive effect on soil nutrient availability and soil acidity reduction was seen. The application of loose and pelleted ash alone decreased N leaching and increased N microbial biomass at the end of the experiment. The C dynamics was weakly affected. Conclusion    Wood ash can be used to improve nutrient availability and balance nutrient exported by tree harvesting in acid forest soils, the effects at short-term being stronger for loose than for pelleted ash. However, their application should be carried out when vegetation is established to minimise nutrient losses at short-term and reduce the potential risk for water bodies. In N-limited soils, wood ash should be applied with N fertilisers to counteract N immobilisation. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0175-y Authors María X. Gómez-Rey, Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal Manuel Madeira, Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal João Coutinho, Dpto Biologia e Ambiente, Centro de Química, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-911 Vila Real, Portugal Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    Increased knowledge on diversity in wood properties would have implications both for fundamental research and for promoting a diversification of uses as material. Aims    The objective is to contribute to overcoming the critical lack of data on the diversity of wood dynamic mechanical/viscoelastic vibrational properties by testing lesser known species and categorising sources of variability. Methods    Air-dry axial specific dynamic modulus of elasticity ( E′ / γ ) and damping coefficient (tan δ ) were measured on a wide sampling (1,792 specimens) of 98 wood types from 79 species. An experimental device and protocol was designed for conducting systematic (i.e. rapid and reproducible) characterisations. Results    Diversity at the specimens’ level corroborates the “standard” relationship between tan δ and E′ / γ , which is discussed in terms of orientation of wood elements and of chemical composition. Diversity at the species level is expressed on the basis of results for normal heartwood, with specific gravity ( γ ) ranging from 0.2 to 1.3. Axial E′ / γ ranges from 9 to 32 GPa and tan δ from 4 × 10 −3 to 19 × 10 −3 . Properties distribution follows a continuum, but with group characteristics. The lowest values of tan δ are only found in certain tropical hardwoods. Results can also suggest alternative species for musical instruments making. Conclusion    The variations in specific gravity, in stiffness or in “viscosity” appear to be predominantly linked to different levels of diversity: between species or between wood types (reaction wood or taxonomy-related differences in heartwood extractives). Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0166-z Authors Iris Brémaud, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil (LMGC), CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, Place E. Bataillon, cc 048, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France Yves El Kaïm, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil (LMGC), CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, Place E. Bataillon, cc 048, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France Daniel Guibal, UPR Production et Valorisation des Bois Tropicaux et Méditerranéens, CIRAD, BP 5035, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France Kazuya Minato, Laboratory of Forest Resources Circulatory System, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, 606-8522 Japan Bernard Thibaut, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil (LMGC), CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, Place E. Bataillon, cc 048, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France Joseph Gril, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil (LMGC), CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, Place E. Bataillon, cc 048, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Background    Tree breeders continue to use visual assessments of stem shape and branching habit as part of their selection criteria because these are key features used by timber merchants in assessing stand value. However, it is not known how effective these assessments are in introducing real improvements in stem and branching traits to breeding and production populations of Sitka spruce. This study determined the genetic characteristics of several traits associated with stem straightness and branching, and examined whether these traits are suitable as future selection criteria. Methods    Trees were sampled from 33 families selected from a 20-year-old half-sibling progeny trial growing in northern Scotland and a control of directly imported material from Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada. Stem straightness and branching habit were ‘scored’ for quality in addition to direct measurements made on growth and branching characteristics. Results    Results indicate that heritability values for most external stem and branching properties evaluated visually are sufficiently strong to enable effective selection in tree improvement programmes. Estimated genetic correlations suggest that substantial improvements in branch and stem quality could be achieved without a reduction in growth rate. Conclusions    Visual scoring systems appear to successfully target families of good growth and small branch size relative to the control population. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0167-y Authors Andrew D. Cameron, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU UK Stuart G. Kennedy, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU UK Steven J. Lee, Forestry Commission, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9SY UK Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    Forest structure characterisation approaches using LiDAR data and object-based image analysis remain scarce to forestry agencies as these automated procedures usually require the use of expensive software and highly skilled analysts. The integration of forest expert opinion into semi-automated approaches would simplify the access of forest managers to new technologies and would allow the incorporation of personal experience and the introduction of specific forest management criteria. Aim    The aim of this study is to explore new alternatives to a previously published automated approach based on LiDAR data and object-based image analysis. Methods    We compare four approaches, ranging from null to high incorporation of expert opinion and from fully automated to fully manual. These four approaches consist of three stages: (1) forest stand identification from LiDAR models, (2) forest stand classification into forest structure classes (manual and based on cluster analysis), and (3) validation. Results    Quantitative attributes for validation (i.e. hypsographs and percentiles) provided slightly lower degree of separability for forest structure classes, in the mixed procedures with increasing incorporation of expert opinion than for the fully automated approach. Conclusions    The new mixed approaches proposed are comparable to the automated procedures for the characterisation of forest structure in heterogeneous pine forest stands. They also offer additional advantages: (1) they make it possible to give a specific management focus and (2) they provide accessibility by the forest managers to the source of LiDAR information. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0232-1 Authors Cristina Pascual, Department of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), E.T.S. I. Montes, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain Luis G. García-Montero, Department of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), E.T.S. I. Montes, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain Lara A. Arroyo, Centro de Investigación del Fuego (CIFU), Fundación General del Medio Ambiente de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio ICAM, Campus Fábrica de Armas UCLM, Avenida Carlos III S/N, 45071 Toledo, Spain Antonio García-Abril, Department of Projects and Rural Planning, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), E.T.S. I. Montes, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   Understanding the range of possible climate change impacts on forests and the interactions between them is vital to sustainable forest management. Aims   We examine whether the combined influence of climate change and timber harvest will affect tree species distribution and productivity beyond predictions based on climate alone. Methods   We used the landscape disturbance model LANDIS-II to simulate two climate and two harvest scenarios in 14,000 ha of managed watersheds. Results   The elevated temperature led to a decline in the abundance of boreal species and a substantial increase in some temperate and pioneer species. Importantly, the interaction of climate change and timber harvest yielded changes in the distribution of some species that would not be expected based on climate alone. Conversely, some late-successional species exhibited resistance to climate-driven changes in their distribution. Climate change caused an increase in forest productivity when harvest was simulated, but a decrease in no-harvest scenarios. A time lag in forest response was likely responsible for this decrease in the absence of widespread mortality. Conclusions   The finding that disturbance may drive the range expansion of early-successional broadleaved species and cause a decline of red spruce has implications for forest community associations, as well as for forest management where conifers are favoured for pulp production. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0235-y Authors James W. N. Steenberg, School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, 6100 University Ave, Suite 5010, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2 Peter N. Duinker, School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, 6100 University Ave, Suite 5010, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2 Peter G. Bush, School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, 6100 University Ave, Suite 5010, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2 Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    Loss of woodlands and degradation of vegetation and soil have been described for all Mediterranean-type ecosystems worldwide. In the Western Iberian Peninsula, overexploitation of evergreen cork oak land use systems has led to soil erosion, failures in oak recruitment, and loss of forests. Degraded and dry sites are quickly colonised by pioneer heathland rockrose ( Cistus spp.) shrubs forming highly persistent patches. Aims    Although traditionally shrublands have been considered as a transient successional state, we present evidence that they can represent persistent alternative states to former cork oak forests. Review trends and conclusions    We first describe how Mediterranean vegetation evolved in the Iberian Peninsula and the role of fire and long-term human management as main disturbances. We then discuss alternative pathways through state-and-transition models indicating the ecological and land use variables that halt cork oak regeneration and recruitment and drive vegetation transitions towards persistent shrublands. Unless concerted management actions and restoration programmes are undertaken, the cork oak land use systems will not be sustainable. Content Type Journal Article Category Review Paper Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0197-0 Authors Vanda Acácio, Centro de Ecologia Aplicada Prof. Baeta Neves, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal Milena Holmgren, Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context    The dipterocarp forests in the Central Highland of Vietnam are threatened by overharvesting. In addition, wildfires frequently affect their dynamics. Sustainable management of this unique forest type is of important concern. Aims    This study aims at providing a first set of operational information for forest management with a model-based approach. Specifically, we (a) evaluate selected cutting regimes with focus on maximum sustainable yield, (b) explore transformation times from a given to a desired forest state, and (c) preliminarily assess wildfire effects on yield. Methods    A size class model was developed as a tool to address these issues. Various diameter distributions defined by the q factor concept were used as possible desired equilibrium states to be assessed. Results    Maximum yields were estimated between 3.9 and 2.7 m 3  ha −1  year −1 , depending on site quality. Based on data from overharvested stands, time for reaching desired equilibria ranged between 20 and 60 years. In stands with frequent severe wildfires, the long-term yield may decrease by 40%. Conclusions    Our results suggest the model being an effective tool for simulating effects of treatment alternatives. We conclude that, despite a poor information basis, it is necessary to develop and refine such models for supporting sustainable forest management in Vietnam. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-21 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0176-x Authors Thanh Tan Nguyen, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot, Vietnam Peter Biber, Chair for Forest Growth and Yield, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Weihenstephan, Germany Hans Pretzsch, Chair for Forest Growth and Yield, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Weihenstephan, Germany Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   Customers have limited tolerances for colour differences between oak wood elements in parquetry or furniture, whereas manufacturers are in need of an objective method to communicate possible differences in their products. Aims   This study is aimed at grading oak wood boards in objectively defined colour classes in correspondence with the visual assessment by an expert panel. Methods   First, the most suitable spectrophotometer for measurements approximating the perception of the human eye was selected. Then, three colour grading algorithms were evaluated: one based on the smallest distance towards the centre of the colour subspaces, the second using a classification tree and the last implementing the CIEDE2000 colour difference formula to determine tolerance ellipsoids. Results   Statistical analysis using a classification tree and CIEDE2000 tolerance ellipsoids classified the specimens in good accordance with visual assessment, with a 6 and 5 % misclassification, respectively. Conclusions   The colour grading methodology can be adapted to particular grading purposes and is proposed as a basis for development of an inline colour grading system to be added to commonly used defect detection scanners. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0214-3 Authors Nele Defoirdt, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Inge Wuijtens, CTIB-TCHN (The Belgian Institute for Wood Technology), Allée Hof ter Vleest 3, 1070 Brussels, Belgium Lieven De Boever, CTIB-TCHN (The Belgian Institute for Wood Technology), Allée Hof ter Vleest 3, 1070 Brussels, Belgium Hugo Coppens, CTIB-TCHN (The Belgian Institute for Wood Technology), Allée Hof ter Vleest 3, 1070 Brussels, Belgium Jan Van den Bulcke, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Joris Van Acker, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   In N-saturated forests nitrate concentrations in seepage water ( \text N \text O 3 - \text seepage ) regularly show high spatial variability even within homogeneous stands. Up to now the reasons of this variability are not fully understood. Aims   The main objective was to identify the crucial parameters that control spatial variability of \text N \text O 3 - \text seepage at the Höglwald site. Methods   We investigated a multitude of parameters (e.g. N turnover, root biomass, soil chemistry, soil physics, stand parameters) and related them to \text N \text O 3 - \text seepage , measured in 40 cm depth with suction cups. Results   A small number of biological parameters (net N mineralization, root distribution, and stand density) explained up to 93 % of the variability of \text N \text O 3 - \text seepage in linear regression models. Net N-mineralization rates in the humus layer and fine root biomass in the upper mineral soil influenced \text N \text O 3 - \text seepage positively. Fine root biomass in deeper soil layers (30–40 cm depth) and stand density had a negative influence. Conclusion   The rate of net N mineralization in the organic layer is decisive for the nitrate production in the soil. Roots in the upper mineral soil increase \text N \text O 3 - \text seepage by intensive water uptake but excluding nitrate at the same time. The variation of these two parameters is responsible for most of the small-scale variability of \text N \text O 3 - \text seepage . Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0218-z Authors Michael Kohlpaintner, Fachgebiet für Waldernährung und Wasserhaushalt, Department für Ökologie, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, TU-München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany Christian Huber, Fachgebiet für Waldernährung und Wasserhaushalt, Department für Ökologie, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, TU-München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany Boris Matejek, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Atmospheric Environmental Research (IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany Axel Göttlein, Fachgebiet für Waldernährung und Wasserhaushalt, Department für Ökologie, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, TU-München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: Context   Interactions of N and P cycles and those of other macro-elements in forests are scarcely known. Aim   This study compares the P cycle in two very different forest ecosystems where soil P availability is low (tropical dry forest in Mexico and Mediterranean forest in Spain) in relation to Ca, K, and Mg cycles. Methods   Compiled data belonging to these two forest sites are discussed, comparing the P and base cation budgets and exploring relationships among P and base cation cycles. Results   Broad differences between input and output of base cations were observed. Analysis of the P budget indicates P retention inside both forest ecosystems. The tropical dry forest has higher nutrient contents than those found in the Mediterranean temperate forest. Chemical composition of forest leaves and litters, and base cation–P ratios varied according to soil P availability and cation concentrations. However, P resorption is higher in the tropical dry forest than in the temperate one. Conclusion   This study reveals the existence of P retention at the ecosystem level in both forests, but suggested P limitation at the Mediterranean forest seems to be stronger than that occurring at the tropical forest. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0216-1 Authors Julio Campo, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70-275, Mexico, DF 04510, Mexico Juan F. Gallardo, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, 37071 Salamanca, Spain Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context    Teak’s wood color is considered an important attribute in the marketing phase and it has been influenced by environmental setting, stand conditions and management, plant genetic source, and age. However, there is a lack of understanding about how the environmental factors might affect the teak’s wood color planted in short-rotation forest plantations. • Aims    The aim of this study is to understand the relationship, gathered from generated information, between edaphic and climatic variables and their effects in the wood color variation of Tectona grandis from trees in forest plantations. • Methods    Twenty-two plots were grouped in five cluster sites that shared similar climatic and soil conditions. Data about soil’s physical–chemical properties and climatic variables were collected and analyzed. Representative trees were harvested next to each plot in order to obtain a wood sample per tree at a diameter breast height. Wood color was measured using standardized CIELab’s chromaticity system. • Results    After comparing the wood change color index (∆ E *) in the five studied clusters, it was found that heartwood produced from drier and fertile sites had more yellowish-brown color. The heartwood b * color index resulted with significant correlations ( R  〉 0.5, P  〈 0.05) among nine climatic and eight edaphic variables. • Conclusion    It was concluded that climatic variables should be considered as the first-order causal variables to explain wood color variation. Hence, darker b * wood color was associated with dry climates; also, with deeper and fertile sites. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0217-0 Authors Róger Moya, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Apartado, 159-7050 Cartago, Costa Rica Julio Calvo-Alvarado, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Apartado, 159-7050 Cartago, Costa Rica Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Aims   Six sampling alternatives were examined for their ability to quantify selected attributes of snags and hardwoods in conifer-dominated riparian areas of managed headwater forests in western Oregon. • Methods   Each alternative was simulated 500 times at eight headwater forest locations based on a 0.52-ha square stem map. The alternatives were evaluated based on how well they estimated the number of hardwoods and snags per hectare and their basal area per hectare using root mean square error and percent bias. • Results   In general, 3.6-m wide systematic strips oriented perpendicular to the stream outperformed the other alternatives. However, the variance of all six sampling alternatives was quite high and further research is needed to determine an optimal sampling method for quantifying hardwood and snag attributes in forests dominated by live conifers. • Conclusion   When sampling snag and hardwood as a minor component of the overall forest composition within a riparian area, we suggest using 3.6-m strips perpendicular to the stream. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0204-5 Authors Theresa Marquardt, Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, Oregon State University, 204 Peavy Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331-5703, USA Hailemariam Temesgen, Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, Oregon State University, 204 Peavy Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331-5703, USA Paul D. Anderson, Land and Watershed Management Program, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Bianca Eskelson, Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, Oregon State University, 204 Peavy Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331-5703, USA Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560

Description: • Context   An important feature of forest nursery management is the production of first-rate planting stock, which is closely connected with an adequate development of ectomycorrhizas on seedling roots. • Aims   The aim of this study was to provide a detailed assessment of the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal diversity of European beech grown in bare-root forest nursery conditions. • Methods   Morphological and molecular analyzes were used to identify ECM fungi, quantify fungal richness, and record differences in the relative abundance of individual taxa. • Results   Twenty-seven different mycorrhizal fungal taxa were found in four tested nurseries. Of these 27, only 6 were present in more than one nursery. Taxa richness in individual nurseries ranged from 6 to 13, indicating that ECM colonization potential is nursery-dependent. The most frequent taxa were: Tuber sp. 1, Cadophora sp., Cenococcum geophilum agg . , Hebeloma sacchariolens , and Laccaria tortilis. According to the analysis of similarity, ECM fungal communities were significantly different between nurseries ( R  = 0.7741; p  〈 0.0001). • Conclusion   Beech seedlings grown in bare-root nurseries are colonized by a highly diverse suite of ECM fungi; thus, artificial inoculation of seedlings is generally not necessary in nursery practice. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Paper Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0243-y Authors Marcin Pietras, Laboratory of Mycorrhizal Research, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa Str. 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland Maria Rudawska, Laboratory of Mycorrhizal Research, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa Str. 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland Tomasz Leski, Laboratory of Mycorrhizal Research, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa Str. 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland Leszek Karliński, Laboratory of Mycorrhizal Research, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa Str. 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland Journal Annals of Forest Science Online ISSN 1297-966X Print ISSN 1286-4560