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  • 1
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    Kinetic Study of Epoxy Resin Decomposition in Near-Critical Water (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-02-24
    Beschreibung: A diglycidyl ether type epoxy resin from bisphenol A, E-51, was cured by methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MeHHPA) and then decomposed in near-critical water without any additives. The effects of the experimental parameters such as the reaction temperature, reaction time, pressure, and feedstock ratio on the percentage of decomposition were investigated to obtain optimized reaction conditions. The results revealed that the percentage of decomposition can be enhanced by increasing either temperature or reaction time. At 260 °C, it initially increased with higher pressure and then decreased dramatically when the pressure further was reduced to the saturated water vapor pressure. The kinetics study of the epoxy decomposition was also carried out by monitoring the glass transition temperature of the solid product using differential scanning calorimetry. The decomposition equation was established and the activation energy was calculated to be 123.5 kJ mol –1 . Epoxy resin cured by an anhydride was successfully decomposed in near-critical water without any additives. The results demonstrated that near-critical water has the potential to serve as promising medium for converting epoxy resin into valuable downstream straw materials at low operating cost.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Digitale ISSN: 1521-4125
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Publiziert von Wiley
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  • 2
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    Hydration of Saccharides: Estimation of Reaction Properties and Equilibrium Conversion (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-02-24
    Beschreibung: Biomass holds great promise as a renewable source of hydrogen and thus as a zero-emission, carbon-neutral, and nearly inexhaustible energy resource. Thermodynamic analysis of biomass hydration is carried out to study the reaction properties considering a series of saccharides as a model. Equilibrium constants and composition are estimated in dependence on the saccharide chain length and temperature. The latter is also studied as a function of the reactant ratios and in the presence of nonreacting additives. Being highly endothermic, the reaction is thermodynamically favorable due to a high entropic contribution. Increase in the saccharide chain length affects the conversion only slightly, so the results for low-molecular-weight saccharides can be transferred to long-chain ones. The hydration of oligosaccharides to hydrogen is evaluated from the equilibrium thermodynamics viewpoint. The reaction is thermodynamically favorable even at mild conditions and is entropically driven. With increasing oligosaccharide chain length, the conversion remains nearly constant. Therefore, results for short chain saccharides can also be applied to long chain sugars such as cellulose.
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    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
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  • 3
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    Filter Cake Washing of Mesoporous Particles (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-03-14
    Beschreibung: Particle synthesis in liquid phase usually requires a subsequent washing step in order to remove undesirable impurities such as unreacted educts, byproducts, solvents and salts. In particular, the washing of mesoporous particles is a challenging task due to large specific surface areas and void volumes. The filter cake washing of mesoporous SiO 2 particles contaminated either with an adsorbing fluorescent dye or sodium sulfate is presented. The effects of wash liquid mass flow rate, mean particle size, and mean pore size on the wash efficiency were investigated. Especially the interaction between impurities and the solid surface, and thereby the initial impurity distribution within the filter cake, led to distinctive washing behaviors. Filter cake washing of porous SiO 2 particles is demonstrated. Major focus was put on the washing behavior and washing efficiency according to the interaction between two types of model impurities and the particle surface. Moreover, the influences of the wash liquid mass flow rate and of particle properties such as particle mean pore size and particle fraction on the wash curves were investigated.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Digitale ISSN: 1521-4125
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
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  • 4
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    Effect of Temperature in Hydrocracking of Light Cycle Oil on a Noble Metal-Supported Catalyst for Fuel Production (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-03-14
    Beschreibung: The effect of temperature has been studied in hydrocracking of light cycle oil (LCO), byproduct of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) units on a bifunctional catalyst (Pt-Pd/HY zeolite). The increase in both temperature and H 2 partial pressure have an important attenuating effect on catalyst deactivation, given that they decrease sulfur equilibrium adsorption and enhance hydrocracking of coke precursors. Therefore, the catalyst maintains significant hydrodesulfurization and hydrocracking activity. As the temperature is increased, hydrocracking conversion and naphtha selectivity increase, although there is no significant dearomatization of the medium distillate fraction in the range of the studied experimental conditions. 400 °C is the more suitable temperature for obtaining a high yield of naphtha with a high content of i -paraffins. Valorization of light cycle oil into valuable blending streams (naphtha and medium distillates) can be reached by means of hydrocracking over a Pt-Pd catalyst, supported on a very acid HY zeolite. The effect of temperature as a key factor on conversion, yield, and selectivity of product fractions of interest is determined and evaluated.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Digitale ISSN: 1521-4125
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
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  • 5
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    Integration of H2-Selective Membrane Reactors in the Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle for CO2 Separation (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-02-07
    Beschreibung: The integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) offers the opportunity for precombustion CO 2 capture. However, recent studies using physical absorption for CO 2 separation indicated efficiency penalties only slightly lower than those for postcombustion capture in conventional steam power plants. These efficiency penalties are explained and analyzed. As an alternative, a process using a so-called water-gas shift membrane reactor, which combines hydrogen-selective membranes with water-gas shift reaction, is presented. It is demonstrated that the use of recirculated flue gas from downstream of the heat recovery steam generator as membrane sweep gas results in an overall efficiency loss of only 4.5 %-points (including CO 2 compression to 120 bar) in comparison to an IGCC without carbon capture and storage (CCS). Although the integrated gasification combined cycle technology has advantageous process conditions for carbon capture and storage (CCS), recent studies could not exploit this potential. Simulation results and explanations are given, highlighting how the proper integration of H 2 -selective membranes can reduce the efficiency penalty in comparison to physical absorption-based CCS by about half.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Digitale ISSN: 1521-4125
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
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  • 6
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    CO2 Capture in SOFC by Vapor Condensation and CH4 Production in SOEC Storing Excess Electricity (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-02-07
    Beschreibung: Simple CO 2 capture in combined solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) gasification or reforming (of hydrocarbons – fossil or biomass) cycles by condensing the water vapor of the anode exhaust gas after CO shifting and H 2 recycling by a membrane is simulated. High efficiency of about 60 % is demonstrated. The separated CO 2 can be stored in a two-chamber tank at the same pressure and temperature as methane on the two sides of a flexible membrane which divides the tank into chambers since 1 mol CH 4 results in 1 mol CO 2 . In a solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC), CO 2 and steam can be recombined to CH 4 using excess electricity, e.g., produced by wind or solar power, and O 2 is left over. Thus, excess electricity can be stored chemically. Such a cycle allows hybrid vehicles with SOFC as range extender, running as zero-emission vehicles also when using natural gas. Simple CO 2 capture in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) by vapor condensation is simulated. The separated CO 2 can be stored in a two-chamber tank. In a solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC), CO 2 and steam can be recombined to CH 4 and O 2 is left over. Excess electricity can be chemically stored. This cycle allows zero-emission hybrid vehicles with an SOFC as range extender.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Digitale ISSN: 1521-4125
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
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  • 7
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    Cover Chem. Eng. Technol. 1/2013 (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-12-22
    Beschreibung: Boiler-feed pump. Copyright: Sulzer
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
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    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
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  • 8
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    Modeling and Simulation of Industrial PVC Drying in Fluidized Beds with Internal Heat Source (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-11-03
    Beschreibung: An engineering application case study on a two-fluid flow model for the control of industrial drying operations is reported. The mathematical model of this process was numerically solved by a computer code developed in FORTRAN language and was validated through data taken from PVC drying performed in an industrial continuous fluidized-bed dryer. The predicted steady-state outlet temperature and PVC moisture content values agree with the real data observed on the industrial plant. This model was also used to predict the temperature and concentration profiles inside the dryer as a function of time as a response to the disturbances and variations on the PVC water content at the dryer inlet. A two-fluid 1D transient mathematical model to design a drying operation control was developed, validated with data from PVC drying in an industrial continuous fluidized-bed dryer, and applied to simulate responses to disturbance on the PVC moisture content at the dryer inlet. The drying operation could be predicted satisfactorily by this model which due to its simplicity enables fast responses to disturbances in the process.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Digitale ISSN: 1521-4125
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Publiziert von Wiley
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  • 9
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    Mass Transfer Simulation of Gold Extraction in Membrane Extractors (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-11-03
    Beschreibung: The extraction of gold in membrane extractors was theoretically investigated. Extraction of gold in the form of in a solution of n -heptane and synergistic extractants of LIX79+TOPO was studied. The membrane extractor consists of three sections: the tube side, the membrane, and the shell side. Conservation equations were derived for in the membrane module and were numerically solved based on finite element method. Simulations were conducted through solving the momentum and mass transfer equations simultaneously. It was indicated that as the feed flows within the tube side, it moves into the membrane due to the concentration difference, and then gets swept by the moving extractants within the shell side. The distribution of solute concentration in the membrane contactor was obtained. Simulation results showed increasing the feed flow rate reduces the extraction efficiency, while doing the same for the organic phase flow rate does not change the extraction efficiency. Extraction of gold in a solution of n -heptane and synergistic extractants was studied using a membrane extractor consisting of the tube side, the membrane, and the shell side. Simulation results showed that increasing the feed flow rate reduces the extraction efficiency, while doing the same for the organic phase flow rate does not change the extraction efficiency.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Digitale ISSN: 1521-4125
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
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  • 10
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    Hydrodynamics Characterization of an Ellipse Gate Impeller by Experimental and Numerical Studies (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-12-12
    Beschreibung: Hydrodynamics characteristics like flow pattern, shear rate distribution, power consumption, axial pumping capacity, mixing time, and mixing efficiency of an ellipse gate (EG) impeller were investigated by experimental and numerical methods. The numerical simulation results were validated by experimental data of power consumption and mixing time. Results indicate that the axial pumping number of the EG impeller is larger than that of any other reported large-scale impeller under laminar regime, and that the shear rate formed by this impeller is less sensitive to Reynolds numbers. In-depth analysis reveals the different function of each part of the EG impeller under different flow regimes. This impeller provides an almost similar mixing efficiency like the double-helical ribbon impeller under laminar regime, but much higher mixing efficiency both under transitional and turbulent flow regimes. An ellipse gate impeller was designed for fermentation processes with varying fluid viscosities in order to cover turbulent to transient or even laminar flow regimes in a reactor. Hydrodynamics characteristics were investigated by experimental and numerical methods, indicating excellent mixing properties of this impeller in a wide range of Reynolds numbers.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
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    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
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