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  • Articles  (1,110)
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  • Articles  (1,110)
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  • Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press  (1,110)
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  • Wiley  (658)
  • Springer Nature  (452)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Meteorological Society
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  • 1
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    Intermittent Drying: Energy Expenditure and Product Quality (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-10
    Description: Several issues pertinent to intermittent drying of clay-like materials were analyzed with respect to energy consumption, quality of dried products, and drying time. Experimental tests were performed on the cylindrically-shaped kaolin samples for batch convective drying realized with both periodically alternated temperature and humidity of the drying air. To assess the benefits from intermittent drying, a series of tests were carried out at both parameters kept constant. The net energy necessary for material heating and moisture evaporation was numerically calculated based on the authors' model of drying kinetics, and related to the experimentally measured total electric energy consumption to evaluate the effectiveness of intermittent drying. The quality of dried samples was quantified in terms of crack intensity and magnitude. It was found that intermittent drying permits much better product quality with comparable drying time and energy consumption when drying occurs under constant conditions. Intermittent drying of clay-like materials was studied with respect to energy consumption, quality of dried products, and drying time. The kinetics of intermittent drying was determined experimentally for kaolin KOC samples of cylindrical form and a mathematical model of drying kinetics was used to numerically calculate the corresponding kinetic curves.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 2
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    Stochastic Modeling of Fluidized Bed Granulation: Influence of Droplet Pre-Drying (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-16
    Description: A stochastic Monte Carlo method was used to solve the population dynamics of fluidized-bed granulation. Special emphasis was put on the addition of liquid to the process and on the microprocess of droplet pre-drying. Pre-drying can occur during the flight of droplets from the tip of the nozzle to the fluidized bed, especially in top-spray configuration. A single-droplet drying model that considers the change of droplet diameter and of the radial concentration profile of binder in the droplet was developed and validated by experiments in an acoustic levitator. Combined with spray flow field considerations, this model can be used to retrieve an initial droplet diameter from spray measurements. Integrated in the Monte Carlo simulation, it shows that pre-drying can significantly decrease the agglomeration rate due to overspray and premature solidification instead of successful droplet deposition. The Monte Carlo method is used to describe agglomeration in spray fluidized beds. Special focus is put on the pre-drying of droplets during their flight from the nozzle tip to the expanded particle bed. Pre-drying is modeled, validated by experiments on single droplets in an acoustic levitator and integrated in the MC simulation. The latter shows that excessive pre-drying may prevent droplet deposition and thus inhibit agglomeration.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 3
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    Modeling the Moisture Content Distribution over a Rotating Porous Cylinder using Markov Chains (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
    Description: The objective of this study is to describe moisture distribution in a rotating porous cylinder. Variable orientation of the gravitational and centrifugal forces during rotation causes rather complex, unsteady distribution of the moisture content. The optimal speed of rotation which provides the minimum nonhomogeneity of the distribution can be found. A cell model for this purpose is proposed. The model is based on the theory of Markov chains. Transition probabilities in the chain of cells are conditioned by pure diffusion and convection caused by the forces. The basic features of the process are investigated and the optimal process parameters are found. A model that describes moisture distribution in a horizontal rotating porous cylinder is proposed. For the case of no rotation, moisture concentrates at the bottom of the cylinder; at rotations that are too fast, it concentrates at the periphery of the cylinder. In both cases, its distribution is very nonhomogeneous. At optimal speed, the most homogeneous distribution can be reached.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 4
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    A New Control-Volume Finite-Element Scheme for Heterogeneous Porous Media: Application to the Drying of Softwood (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
    Description: An improved mesoscopic model is presented for simulating the drying of porous media. The aim of this model is to account for two scales simultaneously: the scale of the whole product and the scale of the heterogeneities of the porous medium. The innovation of this method is the utilization of a new mass-conservative scheme based on the Control-Volume Finite-Element (CV-FE) method that partitions the moisture content field over the individual sub-control volumes surrounding each node within the mesh. Although the new formulation has potential for application across a wide range of transport processes in heterogeneous porous media, the focus here is on applying the model to the drying of small sections of softwood consisting of several growth rings. The results conclude that, when compared to a previously published scheme, only the new mass-conservative formulation correctly captures the true moisture content evolution in the earlywood and latewood components of the growth rings during drying. A new mesoscopic model was proposed for simulating the drying of porous media. Applying the new model to cross-sections of a pinewood board, the distribution of water within each control volume is correctly captured, which provides a better representation of the true moisture content distribution during drying.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 5
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    New Developments in Drying (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 6
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    Overview Contents: Chemie Ingenieur Technik 7/2011 (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 7
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    Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Pressure Swirl Atomizers (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
    Description: The prediction of droplet size distributions for atomization nozzles is important for process design and improvement of industrial spraying processes. However, especially for non-Newtonian liquids, the published research applicable for engineering purposes is rare. To derive fundamental correlations for droplet size distributions in the future, the multiphase flow inside the spray nozzle is investigated by computational fluid dynamics, and measurements of droplet size distributions are done under the same flow conditions. In the present paper, two different hollow-cone nozzles were investigated using the volume-of-fluid method with large-eddy turbulence modeling inside the open source software OpenFOAM®. An experimental test rig suitable for spraying organic solvents was built. To derive fundamental correlations for droplet size distributions for non-Newtonian liquids in atomization nozzles, the multiphase flow inside the spray nozzle is investigated by computational fluid dynamics; measurements of droplet size distributions are done under the same flow conditions. Two different hollow-cone nozzles were investigated using the volume-of-fluid method with large-eddy turbulence modeling. An experimental test rig suitable for spraying organic solvents was built.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 8
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    CFD Simulation of Capillary Condensation during Freeze Drying of Porous Material (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-10
    Description: The formation and distribution of condensed vapor during the freeze drying of porous polymer hydrogels are numerically evaluated. The sublimation-condensation model is developed by CFD simulation to investigate phase change in the freeze drying process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the structure of cross-linked gelatine and an idealized geometry model was applied to determine interconnected pore structure. The simulation explores the influence of various parameters on condensation and drying rate, including temperature, pressure, pore diameter, liquid volume fraction, and porosity. The optimum temperature is estimated to enhance drying rate and decrease condensation in the freeze drying process. The results show that condensation in porous materials depends on capillary forces and cause invasion percolation patterns. A CFD model was generated to simulate phase change in the freeze drying process with a two-phase mixture model. Slip flow, buoyancy, and capillary forces in micropores were analyzed with suitable boundary conditions. Numerical methods were extensively used to solve mass transport, continuity, and momentum and energy equations with the finite volume method.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 9
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    Flow Channel Boundaries in Silos (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-22
    Description: The critical slip planes at the silo filling state are compared with the flow channel boundary during silo discharge for semi-mass flows. The static critical slip planes are determined by using the dynamic programming method based on the stress field of granular solids stored in silos at the filling state. The flow channel boundary is estimated through the finite element analysis of the silo discharge. The results indicate that the critical slip line lies above the flow channel boundary. This characteristic can be attributed to the changeover of major principal stress directions of granular solids from the silo filling to the silo discharge. The analysis demonstrates that the silo wall friction tends to lift up the critical slip plane and flow boundary. A simple correlation is developed between the positions of critical slip planes and flow boundaries and is experimentally verified. Identifications of flow channel boundaries in silos are studied by using a static slope stability analysis and the dynamic finite element method. A simple approach is developed and experimentally verified to identify positions of flow channel boundaries. The disagreements of diverse assumptions of flow channel boundaries in numerical computations concerning silo discharges are identified.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 10
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    Scientific Highlights: Chem. Eng. Technol. 7/2011 (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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