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  • Other Sources  (1,919)
  • NASA Technical Reports  (1,919)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (971)
  • AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE  (948)
  • 1975-1979  (1,919)
  • 1900-1904
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  • Other Sources  (1,919)
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  • NASA Technical Reports  (1,919)
Keywords
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Wind estimates from cloud motions: Result of an in situ aircraft verification experiment (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: A world wide system of 5 geostationary satellites is being established with a primary objective: the estimation of winds from cloud motions. A series of aircraft experiments were carried out to perform an in situ verification of the satellite cloud winds, under undisturbed to moderately disturbed oceanic weather regimes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 235-239
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  • 2
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    Application of numerical optimization techniques to high speed inlet bleed system design (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-10
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Inlet Workshop; p 280-287
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  • 3
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    Selected topics from the structural acoustics program for the B-1 aircraft (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The major elements of the structural acoustics program for the B-1 aircraft are considered. Acoustic pressures measured at 280 sites on the surface of the vehicle were used to develop pressure models for a resizing of airframe components for aircraft No. 4 (A/C4). Acoustical fatigue design data for two dynamically complex structural configurations were acquired in laboratory programs, the conceptions for and executions of which detailed significant departures from the conventional. Design requirements for mechanical fasteners for configurations other than these two made use of analytical extensions of regrettably limited available information.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., Pt. 3; p 55-68
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  • 4
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    Vibration investigation of a large transport helicopter (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-29
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull. Part 3 Sept. 1977; p 139-147
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  • 5
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    A new formulation for the epsilon method applied to the minimum-time-to-climb problem (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-02
    Description: Balakrishnan's epsilon technique is used to compute minimum-time profiles for the F-104 airplane. This technique differs from the classical gradient method in that a quadratic penalty on the error in satisfying the equation of motion is included in the cost function to be minimized as a means of eliminating the requirement of satisfying the equations of motion. Although the number of unknown independent functions is increased to include the state variables, the evaluation of the gradient of the cost function is simplified, resulting in considerable computational savings, thereby making it appear feasible to use the epsilon method for real-time application.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA, Washington Fourth Inter-Center Control Systems Conf.; p 423-434
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  • 6
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    In-flight three-dimensional boundary layer and wake measurements from a swept supercritical wing (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Three-dimensional boundary layer and wake velocity profiles were measured in flight on the supercritical wing of the F-111 transonic aircraft technology aircraft. These data, along with pressure distributions, were obtained to establish a data base with which data obtained by three-dimensional analytical techniques could be correlated. Only a brief summary of the total data base is given. The data presented represented one chord station at a wing leading-edge sweep angle of 26 deg. They cover an angle of attack range from 6 degs to 9 degs at free-stream Mach numbers from 0.85 to 0.90. A brief discussion of the techniques used to obtain the boundary layer and wake profiles is included.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 643-655
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  • 7
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    Proportioning the airplane for lateral stability (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Proportioning for lateral aircraft control included: (1) directional stability (slope of curve of yawing moment coefficient against sideslip), and (2) effective dihedral factor (slope of curve of rolling moment coefficient against sideslip). Basic forces influencing the directional stability of aircraft are indicated. Propeller side force, basic fuselage yaw, and vertical tail side force contributed to yaw moment about center of gravity.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Collected Works of Charles J. Donlan; 6 p
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  • 8
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    A summary of monthly mean simulation experiments with the GISS model (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The statistical results of 8 monthly mean simulation experiments with the GISS general circulation model are summarized for the Northern Hemisphere in terms of the fields of sea-level pressure, 500-mb. height, and 850-mb. temperature.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 323-327
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  • 9
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    Sampling analysis for the earth radiation budget satellite system mission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A study was conducted to identify problems related to sampling the Earth's radiant energy budget and to define a satellite system with sufficient sampling to satisfy science requirements on global, zonal, and regional scales.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 153-157
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  • 10
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    A simple algorithm for inferring the vertical ozone profile from satellite measurements (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A general methodology for establishing and testing remote sensing inversion procedures has yielded a simple procedure for inverting BUV radiances.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 129-133
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  • 11
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    A statistical method for time-continuous assimilation of remote sounding temperatures (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A time-continuous statistical method is presented for the four-dimensional assimilation of remote sounding temperatures based on radiometric measurements from polar-orbiting satellites. This method is applied to DST-6 data from the NOAA-4 and Nimbus-6 satellites. Experiments are reported in which the state of the atmosphere throughout the test period was determined using a varying amount of satellite data and in which different methods were used for their assimilation. Data from the NOAA-4 satellite only, from Nimbus-6 only, and from both satellites together were used; the methods tested include different variations of the statistical method as well as more traditional methods. The conclusions are that: (1) satellite-derived temperature data can have a modest, but statistically significant positive impact on numerical weather prediction in the two-to-three day range; (2) this impact is highly sensitive to the quantity of data available; and (3) the assimilation method plays a major role in the magnitude of the impact for the same data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 93-103
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  • 12
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    Profiling of atmospheric water vapor with microwave radiometry (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Weighting functions were developed which express the water vapor information content of microwave radiometric measurements. Retrievals of water vapor profiles are performed using these weighting functions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 81-85
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  • 13
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    The evaluation by numerical simulation of the design for a Microwave Pressure Sounder (MPS) (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The potential accuracy of an active multifrequency millimeter-wave technique for the remote measurement of atmospheric pressure at the Earth's surface was investigated by numerical simulation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 71-75
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  • 14
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    Cloud temperatures and prediction of hurricane intensity (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Equivalent black body temperatures of clouds around tropical cyclones are used in a statistical technique to forecast changes in maximum winds for 24 hours in advance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 41-45
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  • 15
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    A real-time subsynoptic, meso, and microscale severe storm forecast system (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A system of differential equations is integrated numerically in space and time over several different matrices in an effort to simulate the atmospheric wave structures which organize severe local storms. Preliminary results with case studies indicate that dynamical fields produced by the numerical simulations can be translated into very fine scale space and time zones where severe storm forecast indices can be developed. These fine scale indices are now available in real-time when run on Langley's STAR 100 computer system.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 29-33
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  • 16
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    Detection of severe storms through a tropospheric-ionospheric coupling mechanism (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Acoustic-gravity waves were detected by a ground-based ionospheric sounding array, and the location of the wave generation source was determined by a reverse group ray path computation. Computed sources of these waves were located near locations where tornadoes touched down from 2 to 4 hours later. It is suggested that the overshooting and ensuing collapse of convective turrets may be responsible for generating the acoustic-gravity waves observed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 11-15
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  • 17
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    Three dimensional cloud top changes related to thunderstorm severity (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Digital infrared data from a geostationary satellite are used to study thunderstorm top growth rates and other parameters in relation to the occurrence of severe weather on the ground. Both the rate of upward growth of the thunderstorm top and the maximum height reached are shown to be useful parameters in the detection of severe thunderstorms.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 7-10
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  • 18
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    Climatological features revealed by ESMR derived oceanic rainfall maps (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Several new climatological patterns become apparent from the analysis of satellite-derived global oceanic rainfall maps. Five interesting features are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 135-139
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  • 19
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    The effect of sea ice extent on the climatology of the Giss general circulation model (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Two model simulations were calculated with the GISS general circulation model corresponding to hypothetical maximum and minimum January sea ice conditions in the north and south polar regions. Results indicate that there were large differences in the Northern Hemisphere circulation between maximum and minimum ice conditions in zonally averaged temperature, vertically averaged eddy sensible heat flux, and mean 500 mb geopotential height. The calculated differences are found to be greater than the inherent variability of the model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 105-109
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  • 20
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    Operation Aurorozone: An experiment in sun/weather (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Operation Aurorozone was a highly coordinated sequence of 33 rocket flights launched from Poker Flat, Alaska, in September 1976. The effects of aurorally produced X-rays on stratospheric neutral and electrical parameters was studied. The sun/weather coupling between upper and lower regions of the atmosphere is thought to be related to these middle atmospheric parameters. The results show a consistent depletion of ozone above 1 mb during three independent auroral events, with magnitudes in excess of those expected from the measured energy radiation sources. Simultaneously, enhanced conductivity changes were observed to occur in accord with the measured ionizing radiations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 121-125
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  • 21
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    Design and testing of a new planetary boundary layer parameterization (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A new planetary boundary layer parameterization was developed. Tests included forecasting experiments.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 117-120
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  • 22
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    Numerical simulation of flow near steep mountains with a potential enstrophy conserving scheme for the shallow water equations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Numerical experiments show that use of a potential enstrophy conserving scheme drastically improves numerical simulation of flow near steep mountains.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 111-115
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  • 23
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    Remote sensing of the boundary layer (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Limited information about the boundary layer stratification is obtained from remote infrared spectral measurements in the water vapor window region. A global map of the average strength of the water vapor spectral lines in the 9 micron window region derived from Nimbus 4 IRIS data is presented to indicate this boundary layer information. Presence of deep convective layer in the intertropical convergence zone and trade wind inversion over the subtropical oceanic high pressure systems are appropriately revealed in this map.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 77-80
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  • 24
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    Wind speed and aerosol optical thickness estimates from aircraft observations of sea flitter (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Aircraft observed radiances were used to measure surface wind speed and aerosol thickness. Results show that the surface wind speed is related to the width of the glitter pattern.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 67-70
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  • 25
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    Objective tropical cyclone analysis and forecasting technique using conventional and Nimbus-5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer measurements (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The ADAPT empirical analysis programs, based on finding an optimal representation of the data in the Karhunen-Loeve sense, were applied to 120 observations of twenty-nine 1973 and 1974 Pacific tropical cyclones. Each observation consists of NIMBUS-5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR) radiation measurements at 267 grid points covering and surrounding the tropical cyclone plus nine other non-satellite derived descriptors. Analysis and forecast algorithms to estimate storm motion and intensity were developed for times ranging from the observation time up to 72 hours later. The 24 hr wind speed forecasts with an accuracy of 11.7 knots and position forecasts with accuracies 15% better than persistence were demonstrated using independent tests.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 47-50
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  • 26
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    Latent heat calculations and their relationship to tropical cyclone intensity (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Data from the Nimbus-5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR) were used to calculate total storm latent heat release (LHR) and other precipitation parameters for over 100 satellite observations of Pacific Ocean tropical cyclones. The data are useful in determining the rainfall characteristics of these storms and appear to be potentially useful in monitoring them.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 35-39
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  • 27
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    Severe storms and their interaction with the environment (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A brief description is given of significant research accomplishments and of planned research on atmospheric variability and the interaction of severe storms with their environment using atmospheric variability experiments data. Use of the results for the assessment of satellite capabilities are described briefly.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 23-27
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  • 28
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    Summary report of the Weather Services Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Weather services to severe storms, turbulence, icing, visibility, and lightning are discussed. Each weather phenomenon area was explored in terms of needs, problems related to providing services, and availability of timely and appropriate information.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 234-236
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  • 29
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    Summary report of the Aircraft Design Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Aircraft models were designed to solve aircraft lightning, severe storms, turbulence, icing, and visibility problems. Analytical modeling, wind tunnel simulation tests, ground tests, and in-flight tests were conducted.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 229-238
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  • 30
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    Summary report of the Human Factors Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Reduced visibility as a human factors problem was studied in terms of the number of lives lost and cost of aircraft accidents and incidents. Human factors in flight through turbulence in detection and avoidance techniques, pilot and crew procedures for handling workloads and distractions caused by turbulence, and aircraft handling techniques for safe flights through turbulence are investigated. Education and training were reviewed in icing problems on aircraft. Pilots failure to recognize and detect wind shear in severe storms is examined. The pilots avoidance of lightning is discussed from the human factors point of view.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 219-228
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  • 31
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    Summary of the Aircraft Operations Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Severe storms and turbulence, icing, visibility, and lightning are discussed in new programs on aircraft operations. The education of pilots and ground service personnel are reviewed. More available information of weather programs and services are examined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 215-218
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  • 32
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    Summary report of the Lightning and Static Electricity Committee (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Lightning protection technology as applied to aviation and identifying these technology needs are presented. The flight areas of technical needs include; (1) the need for In-Flight data on lightning electrical parameters; (2) technology base and guidelines for protection of advanced systems and structures; (3) improved laboratory test techniques; (4) analysis techniques for predicting induced effects; (5) lightning strike incident data from General Aviation; (6) lightning detection systems; (7) obtain pilot reports of lightning strikes; and (8) better training in lightning awareness. The nature of each problem, timeliness, impact of solutions, degree of effort required, and the roles of government and industry in achieving solutions are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 203-214
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  • 33
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    Summary Report of the Icing Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Icing parameters have created problems and the problem areas that still exist today are presented. The problem areas include; (1) instrumentation; (2) test facilities; (3) weather forecasting of icing conditions; (4) meteorological design criteria; and (5) meteorological data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 193-199
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  • 34
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    Summary report of the Turbulence Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The effects of atmospheric turbulence are discussed. Aircraft design and aircraft operations are reviewed. Turbulence in terms of intensity and scale in design considerations was examined. Turbulence models were used in the form of discrete gusts, spectral distributions, and probability distributions. Various aspects of the design and operations problems, simulation and training factors of pilots, and weather services and forecasts are reported.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 185-191
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  • 35
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    The forecasting center of Meudon, France (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Main features of solar activity are described in relation to solar and geophysical forecasting. Spectroheliograms, radio and X-ray data, white light coronal observations, particles data, photospheric images, and photospheric magnetic fields are among the types of data used to identify the active centers and flares of the Sun. Forecasting and identification of geomagnetic activity is also discussed. The forecasting technique is described along with the types of users.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 1-11
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  • 36
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    Status of cavity noise phenomena measurement and suppression on the B-1 aircraft (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: During the B-1 aircraft development, an extensive program of weapons bay cavity noise measurement and suppression studies was performed using wind tunnel models, flight test measurements, and aircraft design modifications. Substantial cavity noise reduction was demonstrated during flight test operations. The unsuppressed cavity noise level of 170 dB was reduced to values less than 150 dB with external retractable spoilers upstream of the cavity opening.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., Pt 1; p 59-66
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  • 37
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    Spin tests of 1/16-scale models of the N3N-3 landplane and seaplane, 12 January 1940 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The test program included the study of both the seaplane and landplane types. On both versions of the model, the effects of loading changes and control dispositions were examined, and on the seaplane, the effect of the cowled and uncowled engine was investigated.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Collected Works of Charles J. Donlan; 37 p
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    Spin tests of a 1/20-scale model of the XF4U-1 airplane, 12 July 1939 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: These tests were performed to determine the spinning characteristics of the 1/20-scale model of the XF4U-1 airplane. Effects of loading changes and various control dispositions using both the original and modified vertical tail surfaces were studied. Subsequent tests were made to determine the effects of additional tail modifications.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Collected Works of Charles J. Donlan; 47 p
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    Simulation study of a method for analyzing wide field of view radiometer measurements from satellites and some analysis of ESSA 7 data (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Method of relating wide field of view radiometer measurements from satellites to the Earth longwave flux field is simulated and is used to obtain zonal and global averages of longwave (LW) flux for ESSA 7.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 305-309
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    Comparison of the last two winter season monthly zonal cloud fractions as derived from Nimbus-6 ERB data (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Monthly zonal albedo determinations made by Nimbus-6 ERB were used to form monthly zonal cloud fractions. The Fall-Winter-Spring seasons of 1975-76 are compared with the same seasons 1976-77.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 289-293
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    A summary of Nimbus-6 temperature retrieval accuracy statistics for DST-5 and DST-6 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Statistics compiled from Nimbus-6 temperature retrievals processed during the 18 August-4 September 1975 DST-5, and the 1 February-4 March 1976 DST-6 are addressed. All statistics were compiled from samples of colocated satellite sounding and radiosonde measurements. The colocation window is 222 km in space and 6 hours in time.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 271-276
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    Mesoscale convergence proceding thunderstorm development determined from cloud motions (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Convergence was determined from wind vectors derived from cloudtracking on 5 minute interval SMS-2 data using the AOIPS.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 247-251
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    Equations for the dynamics of gust fronts and shock waves (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Equations are presented for the growth or decay rates of moving and deforming vortex sheets (gust fronts) and shock waves. The equations exhibit a cross-coupling between these two types of surface discontinuity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 225-227
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    Stereographic cloud heights from SMS/goes imagery (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Stereographic pairs of SMS/GOES images, generated simultaneously by the spin-scan cameras of each of two geostationary satellites (SMS 1 and SMS2), separated by 32 degrees of longitude on February 1, 1975, were analyzed photogrametrically to yield cloud heights with a two-sigma uncertainty of 500 meters. These cloud heights compare favorably with heights of the same clouds measured by radar and IR methods. The same SMS image pairs were used to measure mountaintop heights with a mean deviation of 0.24 km from cartographic values.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 229-233
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    Spectral energetics and predictability studies (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: One and two-dimensional spectral analyses were performed on the GISS general circulation model. The one-dimensional results imply that low eddy kinetic energy is caused by low conversions from the zonal mean kinetic energy. The two-dimensional results confirm that low wave number spectral coefficients approach the predictability limit slower than high wave number coefficients and suggest ways of estimating the rate of approach to the predictability limit.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 329-333
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    ERBSS scanner performance in the presence of radiation directional model errors (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Simulation studies of the ERBSS scanner were performed to determine the sensitivity of the inferred flux at the top of the atmosphere to radiation directional model errors for candidate scan plane orientations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 311-315
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    Commercial aircraft derived high resolution wind and temperature data from the tropics for FGGE: Implications for NASA (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Two programs involving over 100 commercial aircraft were initiated to provide global high resolution in-situ windfield and temperature data during the FGGE. The concepts developed for these programs could have important implications for both meteorology and aviation in the near term.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev; p 265-270
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    The data systems test-dress rehearsal for FGGE (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: A series of Data Systems Tests conducted by NASA as a precursor to the First GARP Global Experiment is described. Included is a description of the global data sets acquired and the influence the tests had on the observing system, the data processing plans and research activities of the Global Experiment itself.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 259-263
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    An error analysis of tropical cyclone divergence and vorticity fields derived from satellite cloud winds on the Atmospheric and Oceanographic Information Processing System (AOIPS) (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An advanced Man-Interactive image and data processing system (AOIPS) was developed to extract basic meteorological parameters from satellite data and to perform further analyses. The errors in the satellite derived cloud wind fields for tropical cyclones are investigated. The propagation of these errors through the AOIPS system and their effects on the analysis of horizontal divergence and relative vorticity are evaluated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 241-245
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    General solutions for the movement of storms (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Diagnostic solutions are presented for the displacement velocity of a storm vortex and the velocity of the centroid of the storm's convection.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 219-223
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    Molecular model of ice nucleation (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Two complementary techniques, semi-empirical quantum mechanical calculations and empirical central field pair potential calculations were used in developing a model of the interaction of water with simple surfaces.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 203-206
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    Fast but accurate techniques for calculating radiative terms in numerical atmospheric models and in remote sensing applications (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Methods were developed for calculating radiative terms with relatively high accuracy but with sufficient speed, so that they can be used in numerical atmospheric models or in high volume processing of satellite measured radiances for remote sensing of atmospheric and surface parameters. Comparison with commonly used methods in both types of applications indicate improvements in calculating transmittances of factors between two and three, and in calculating radiances and cooling rates of factors between two and seven.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 195-200
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    Mount Agung eruption provides test of a global climate perturbation (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The Mt. Agung volcanic eruption in 1963 is used as a test case to examine the climatic response to a global-scale radiative perturbation of the earth's atmosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 165-169
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    On the interannual variability of the ocean atmospheric system (1977)
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    Description: Several feedback mechanisms between ocean and atmosphere are discussed, which seem to have a decisive influence on the interannual variability of the atmosphere, and on climatic fluctuations of a time scale of 10 to 50 years. Satellite requirements to monitor these feedback processes are outlined briefly.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 141-146
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    Nimbus 6 ERB scanner studies for development of Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (ERBSS) (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The Nimbus 6 ERB scanner data were conducted to support the development of the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System project. The ERB data were processed in terms of Earth targets and angular bins and used to evaluate currently available directional radiation models for the longwave and shortwave spectral ranges. Results indicate that available longwave models are adequate for the most part while available shortwave models are inadequate. An effort was initiated to develop improved shortwave models for various cloud conditions and various surface types for cloud free conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 147-151
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    Advances in the remote sensing of atmospheric temperature profiles (1977)
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    Description: Clear-column temperature profiles with a vertical resolution of 2 km in the troposphere and an accuracy of 1.5 K are obtained in the presence of multiple layers of broken clouds using narrow band-pass measurements carefully selected in the 4.18 and 15 micron regions of the CO2 bands.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 87-91
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    Advances in local area, mesoscale modeling (1977)
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    Description: A two-layer, mesoscale boundary layer model is being developed and validated against San Francisco Bay Area observational data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 55-59
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    Remote sensing of hurricane waves (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: A program was undertaken to obtain data on wind generated ocean waves in hurricanes by remote sensing techniques. The sensor, a synthetic aperture radar, has collected the first data ever on the directional wave climate throughout a hurricane. This information was found to have inconsistencies with present hurricane wave generation models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 51-53
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    Observations of the microclimate of a lake under cold air advective conditions (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The moderating effects of Lake Apopka, Florida, on downwind surface temperatures were evaluated under cold air advective conditions. Point temperature measurements north and south of the lake and data obtained from the NOAA satellite and a thermal scanner flown at 1.6 km, indicate that, under conditions of moderate winds (approximately 4m/sec), surface temperatures directly downwind may be higher than surrounding surface temperatures by as much as 5 C. With surface wind speed less than 1m/sec, no substantial temperature effects were observed. Results of this study are being used in land use planning, lake level control and in agriculture for selecting planting sites.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 61-65
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    Mesoanalysis of record Chicago rainstorm using radar, satellite, and rain-gage data (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Comparison of cloud-top topography and rainfall rates at the surface revealed that the areas of heavy rain are located where there are depressions at the anvil top. It was also found that the Z-R relationships show a large scatter when vertical and/or horizontal air currents are strong. Results of this research led to Project NIMROD proposed to begin in May 1978.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 17-21
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    Dry air entrainment into convective clouds (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: A systematic approach to the study of atmospheric turbulent motion is discussed in terms of weather modification. The background of cloud physics, and the mixing process are described. A zero-g study is proposed to enable the basic experimental data to be collected so that theory may be developed to generalize results for practical applications.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 1-6
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    Summary report of the Visibility Committee (1978)
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    Description: Problems related to visibility and some possible solutions are expressed. Automatic weather stations, aircrew education and training, slant range visibility, twelve airports planning, and designs for new runway guidance are discussed in improving visibility.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 200-202
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    Summary Report of the Severe Storms Committee (1978)
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    Description: Smaller scale severe storms with the expectation that the larger storms associated weather-hazard-to-aircraft problems are discussed. Improvements in the detection capability for hail, turbulence, wind shear, and lightning are reported. Improvements in communications with limited surveillance capabilities are summarized. Education and training of pilots in severe storms are examined. Weather forecasts improvements by increasing accuracy in the short term are described. Aircraft operations, aircraft design, weather services, data acquisition and utilization are reviewed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 179-184
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    Helicopter icing research (1978)
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    Description: A representative of the U.S. Army Research and Technology Laboratories was called upon to brief the workshop on results of flight test experiments with ice-phobic coatings applied to helicopter rotor blades. An overview of the Applied Technology Laboratory helicopter icing R and D program is presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 139-152
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    The prediction of lightning-induced voltages on metallic and composite aircraft (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Various government agencies have put forth effort to enable the prediction of what lightning current will do to aircraft avionic systems. Ongoing and future efforts of predicting avionic voltages and currents caused by electromagnetic fields external to the aircraft are illustrated. The Intrasystem Analysis Program (IAP) was put to use to predict lightning-induced voltages on avionic systems. Presently funded programs are investigating the modification nonmetallic composite materials will cause to the metallic IAP program predictions. The various factors involved in designing prediction techniques are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 153-177
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    Lightning hazards to aircraft (1978)
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    Description: Lightning hazards and, more generally, aircraft static electricity are discussed by a representative for the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory. An overview of these atmospheric electricity hazards to aircraft and their systems is presented with emphasis on electrical and electronic subsystems. The discussion includes reviewing some of the characteristics of lightning and static electrification, trends in weather and lightning-related mishaps, some specific threat mechanisms and susceptible aircraft subsystems and some of the present technology gaps. A roadmap (flow chart) is presented to show the direction needed to address these problems.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 127-137
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    Visibility in aviation (1978)
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    Description: An overview of the development of instrumental methods of making cloud height and visibility measurements is presented. The limitations of these measurements are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 100-126
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    Aircraft Icing (1978)
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    Description: A representative of the NASA Lewis Research Center presented a discussion which concentrated on the meteorology of icing and its measurements. Other areas addressed were: test facilities, ice protection systems, and the effects of ice on performance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 85-99
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    Severe storms (1978)
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    Description: An overview of severe storms given by a representative of the U.S. Department of Commerce/NOAA and how they affect aviation is presented. What is being done and the organizations responsible for the work in this area are briefly discussed. A partial list of the things that the representative feels need to be done is also presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 37-54
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    Atmospheric disturbance modelling requirements for flying qualities applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Flying qualities are defined as those airplane characteristics which govern the ease or precision with which the pilot can accomplish the mission. Some atmospheric disturbance modelling requirements for aircraft flying qualities applications are reviewed. It is concluded that some simplifications are justified in identifying the primary influence on aircraft response and pilot control. It is recommended that a universal environmental model be developed, which could form the reference for different applications. This model should include the latest information on winds, turbulence, gusts, visibility, icing and precipitation. A chosen model would be kept by a national agency and updated regularly by feedback from users. A user manual is believed to be an essential part of such a model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 55-84
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    Aviation meteorology: Today and the future (1978)
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    Description: A representative of the Air Weather Service, USAF addressed the workshop and gave an assessment of the present state of aviation meteorology and a prognosis of the future. Three categories of meteorological support to aviation systems are considered and discussed; (1) terminal weather; (2) the winds for flight planning; and (3) en route flight hazards.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 29-35
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    Planetary waves and Sun-weather effects (1979)
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    Description: A brief outline about the theory of planetary waves is given and a review of space-time analysis, mainly at the 500 mbar pressure level, is presented. This analysis gives evidence that broad spectral bands of two types of waves exist within the troposphere: ultralong waves with zonal wave numbers M or approximately equal to 4 and periods tau or approximately equal to 5 days, propagating mainly to the west, and synoptic scale waves with M or approximately equal to 3 and tau or approximately equal to 10 days, propagating mainly to the east. These waves are generated by internal turbulent processes within the atmosphere and are quasi-persistent with lifetimes of several periods. It is shown that solar activity cannot generate planetary waves of significant amplitudes, and that the observed 'Sun-weather effects' can be interpreted within the framework of these internally generated planetary waves without any trigger mechanism from outside the atmosphere. It is suggested that a better knowledge of these persistent ultralong waves may help to improve long range weather forecasts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 703-721
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    Coupling processes related to the Sun-weather problem (1979)
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    Description: Physical mechanisms for coupling the energetics of solar activity to meteorological responses are reviewed. Although several hypotheses have been advanced, none can be said to be sufficiently complete to be applied to weather or climate prediction. Solar activity indicators potentially useful for forecasting are identified, including sunspots, solar flares, and magnetic sector boundary crossings. Additional experiments, studies, and analyses are required before Sun-weather concepts can be utilized for predicting meteorological responses.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 669-688
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    Solar weather/climate predictions (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Solar variability influences upon terrestrial weather and climate are addressed. Both the positive and negative findings are included and specific predictions, areas of further study, and recommendations listed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 655-668
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    The impact of Sun-weather research on forecasting (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The possible impact of Sun-weather research on forecasting is examined. The type of knowledge of the effect is evaluated to determine if it is in a form that can be used for forecasting purposes. It is concluded that the present understanding of the effect does not lend itself readily to applications for forecast purposes. The limits of present predictive skill are examined and it is found that skill is most lacking for prediction of the smallest scales of atmospheric motion. However, it is not expected that Sun-weather research will have any significant impact on forecasting the smaller scales since predictability at these scales is limited by the finite grid size resolution and the time scales of turbulent diffusion. The predictability limits for the largest scales are on the order of several weeks although presently only a one week forecast is achievable.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 689-702
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  • 76
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    Spin tests of a 1/20-scale model of the XP-39 airplane, 15 March 1939 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The tests were performed to determine the spinning characteristics of a 1/20-scale model of the Bell XP-39 airplane. Effects of loading changes and of various control dispositions were studied. Subsequent tests were performed to determine the effect of a change in wing dihedral.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Collected Works of Charles J. Donlan; 23 p
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  • 77
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    Lateral stability and control tests of the XP-77 airplane in the NACA full-scale tunnel, 16 June 1944 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Tests were made in the NACA full-scale tunnel to determine the lateral stability and control characteristics of the XP-77 airplane. Measurements were made of the forces and moments on the airplane at various angles of attack and angles of yaw. The measurements were made with the propeller removed and with the propeller installed and operating at various thrust coefficients, and with the landing flaps retracted and deflected. The effects of aileron, elevator, and rudder deflection on control surface effectiveness and hinge moments were determined. The tests were planned to obtain the data required to evaluate as completely as possible the Army Air Force requirements on lateral stability and control for pursuit-type airplanes.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Collected Works of Charles J. Donlan; 84 p
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  • 78
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    Geophysical fluid flow model experiments in spherical geometry (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An experimental and theoretical program was undertaken to assist in the design of geophysical fluid flow model experiments for Spacelab. Two new nonintrusive measurement techniques were developed. A theoretical calculation was carried out to guide the design of a proposed atmospheric general circulation model experiment.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 177-181
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  • 79
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    Cloud cover modeling (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Results from two investigations in modeling cloud cover are presented. These are a univariate model and a multivariate model for cloud cover.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 317-321
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  • 80
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    Deconvolution of Earth radiation budget data (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The theory of deconvolution of wide field of view Earth radiation measurements is applied to Nimbus 6 ERB data. Results with a 15 deg resolution are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 299-303
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  • 81
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    Electrochemical concentration cell ozonesonde performance evaluation (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A large number of electrochemical concentration cell (EDD) ozonesondes were calibrated relative to ultraviolet photometric absorption (254 nm) to determine their precision and accuracy. The average agreement with UV photometry was found to be good, but with considerable variation from one ECC ozonesonde to another. Applying individual calibrations to vertical ozone profiles reduced the systematic differences between ECC ozonesonde total ozone values and Dobson spectrophotometric determinations of the same quantity, but did not improve random differences.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 295-297
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  • 82
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    Microwave radiometric measurements of sea-surface parameters (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A technique to remotely measure sea-surface temperature and salinity (for concentrations greater than 5 parts-per-thousand) with accuracies of 1 C and 1 part-per-thousand, respectively, was demonstrated with a two-frequency microwave radiometer system.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 277-281
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  • 83
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    High resolution tropical cyclone wind fields determined from cloud motions (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Full resolution rapid scan infrared and visible images from the VISSR sensor on board SMS-2/GEOS-1 satellite have made it possible to maximize the number of tropical cyclone upper and lower tropospheric wind vectors by a factor of 6(2) over that of the images taken at 30 minute (15 minute) intervals. These full resolution rapid scan visible images have also made it possible to derive low level winds near the center of tropical cyclones.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 253-257
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  • 84
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    Mechanisms of thunderstorm related to motion and severity (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A research program was conducted to better understand the relation of vertical shear of the horizontal wind in the environment and of momentum exchange to thunderstorm motion and intensity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 213-217
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  • 85
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    Atmospheric Variability Experiments (AVE) and mesoscale structure (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Information is presented on accuracy and resolution of AVE data sets.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 207-211
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  • 86
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    Preliminary test of a coarse resolution GCM for climate application (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Preliminary steps were taken to develop a climate model adequate for seasonal and interannual simulations. Tests of the model against the observed seasonal cycle of key climate properties indicate an encouraging capability for climate applications.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 183-187
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  • 87
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    An investigation of surface albedo variations during the recent Sahel drought (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Applications Technology Satellite 3 data are used to measure surface albedoes in the African Sahel during the 1967 to 1974 drought.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 171-175
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  • 88
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    Stratospheric aerosols and climatic change (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The effect of stratospheric aerosols on climate is considered using an aerosol model and a radiative convective 1-D climate model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 159-163
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  • 89
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    Summary report of the Data Acquisition and Utilization (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Data acquisition and utilization in terms of turbulence, icing visibility, lightning, and severe storms are discussed. The capability to generate the data, data collection and reduction, and data dissemination and distribution are studied.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 238-243
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  • 90
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    Opportunities for aerodynamic-drag reduction (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Methods for reducing aerodynamic drag to improve aircraft performance and reduce fuel consumption are discussed. The techniques considered are: (1) pressure drag reduction, (2) supercritical airfoils, (3) subcritical airfoils, (4) induced drag reduction by over-the-wing blowing and increased aspect ratio, and (5) friction drag reduction by laminar flow control and slot injection. It is stated that a 50 percent reduction from current drag values is expected through the application of these techniques.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA/Univ. Conf. on Aeron.; p 323-352
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  • 91
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    Some trends in aircraft design: Structures (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Trends and programs currently underway on the national scene to improve the structural interface in the aircraft design process are discussed. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration shares a partnership with the educational and industrial community in the development of the tools, the criteria, and the data base essential to produce high-performance and cost-effective vehicles. Several thrusts to build the technology in materials, structural concepts, analytical programs, and integrated design procedures essential for performing the trade-offs required to fashion competitive vehicles are presented. The application of advanced fibrous composites, improved methods for structural analysis, and continued attention to important peripheral problems of aeroelastic and thermal stability are among the topics considered.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA/Univ. Conf. on Aeron.; p 213-272
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  • 92
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    Flight test techniques for low speed airfoil evaluation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-21
    Description: Techniques for in-flight evaluation of new airfoils by modifying a single engine general aviation aircraft and measuring and recording airfoil surface pressures, airfoil wake pressures, and aircraft angle of attack and airspeed are presented. Included are descriptions of the aircraft modifications, instrumentation, data reduction techniques, illustrations of typical results and comments on new equipment for flight test applications.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 623-642
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  • 93
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    Propulsive effects due to flight through turbulence (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A simple and straightforward analysis is presented for evaluating the approximate magnitude of the propulsive effect for various types of airplane (soaring glider, light airplane, fighter, and transport). The airplane, subject to vertical gust disturbances, is assumed to be constrained to fly at constant airspeed and constant pitch angle. Changes in the magnitude and direction of the lift vector are taken into account. It is shown that the thrust effects due to turbulence vary as the square of the turbulence intensity and are quite small for moderate turbulence. Only for rather severe turbulence are the effects large enough to be given any consideration. The thrust coefficient is 10-20% of the drag coefficient of a soaring glider.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 12; July 197
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  • 94
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    A non-thermal mechanism for forcing cumulonimbus cloud (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Within the thunderstorm there is an extensive region of collision between airflows having different transports of momentum. The inflow-updraft should interact with cloud layer environmental wind to produce counter-rotating vortex pairs somewhat like those produced in the laboratory by a jet in a crossflow. Atmospheric evidence of vortex pairs for severe thunderstorms is shown from measurements made by aircraft and by radar. A model of a non-thermal mechanism for low pressure centers in thunderstorms is developed which scales from the laboratory to the atmosphere using a turbulence Reynolds number, a velocity ratio and the diameter of the updraft. Central pressure deficits and vorticity of lee vortices scaled up from the laboratory observations are consistent with the few available thunderstorm measurements. The model is used to explain deviate motion of thunderstorms as well as to suggest a mechanism for tornado development and movement.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Oct. 197
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  • 95
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    Seasonal changes in the atmospheric heat balance simulated by the GISS general circulation model (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Tests of the ability of numerical general circulation models to simulate the atmosphere have focussed so far on simulations of the January climatology. These models generally present boundary conditions such as sea surface temperature, but this does not prevent testing their ability to simulate seasonal changes in atmospheric processes that accompany presented seasonal changes in boundary conditions. Experiments to simulate changes in the zonally averaged heat balance are discussed since many simplified models of climatic processes are based solely on this balance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Long-term Climatic Fluctuations; p 383-389
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  • 96
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    Degree of interdependence among atmospheric optical thicknesses in spectral bands between 0.36-2.4 micron (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The degree of dependence among the atmospheric optical thicknesses that are measured in nonselective absorption bands is studied. The observations were made previously in many spectral bands within the range 0.36-2.4 micron from near sea level in two continents where urban and industrial pollutions were weak. The sample covariance matrices and corresponding eigenvalues and eigenvectors are computed. The two highest eigenvalues account for 90% of the total variance in 10 spectral bands within the range 0.4-1.6 micron. The linear regression of the optical thickness on the total precipitable water vapor is computed to determine the attenuation coefficient that is associated with water vapor. This coefficient shows a rapid power-law decrease with wavelength in the visible spectrum and indicates that numerous water particles of radius 0.03-0.06 micron cause the attenuation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Sept
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  • 97
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    A study of the effects of vertical resolution and measurement errors on an iteratively inverted temperature profile (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A direct inversion method for inverting the temperature profile from satellite-measured radiation is discussed. The nth power of the weighting function in the integral radiative-transfer equation is used as the weight in the averaging process. The vertical resolution of the inverted temperature profile and the response of the inverted temperature profile to the measurement errors are examined in terms of n. It is found that for smaller values of n, the vertical resolution and the effect of measurement errors are reduced. When n = 0, both the vertical resolution and error effect are minimum. The temperature profile is adjusted by a constant; any structure different from the initial shape cannot be resolved. This is equivalent to the case where the entire atmosphere is treated as one layer with a fixed shape of temperature profile. When n approaches infinity, both the vertical resolution and error effect are maximum. This is equivalent to the case where the entire atmosphere is divided into m (the number of spectral channels) layers. Within each layer, the temperatures are adjusted by a constant, and any structure different from the initial shape cannot be resolved. Also, the shape of the final solution is closer to the initial profile if the value of n is smaller.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; Feb. 197
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  • 98
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    Longwave radiation effects of the Harmattan haze (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Infrared in situ radiance observations at 8.0 to 14 microns and 9.5 to 11.5 microns of the West African Harmattan haze during the 1974 Global Atmospheric Research Project Atlantic Tropical Experiment field phase made possible the determination of some of the radiative properties of this tropospheric phenomenon. This in turn permitted development of a simple calculation model for radiative transfer through the haze. Radiometric observations of the dust haze, reaching from 600 m to 6.25 km, were analyzed for haze IR transmission. A transfer model incorporating these transmission properties gave an average calculated IR cooling rate of 0.09 C/h for the entire haze layer as compared to a haze-free cloudless-troposphere cooling rate of 0.06 C/h for the same levels. The haze volume-absorption coefficient was approximately 0.042/km for layers of all depths. This uniformity of the haze transmission was further evident in the direct correlation of its transmission and optical depth.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Aug. 20
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  • 99
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    Meteorological satellite accomplishments (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Meteorological satellites include experimental satellites operated by NASA and operational satellites operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The operational system currently provides pictures of the entire globe, temperature measurements throughout the world, and wind measurements in selected parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Aspects of vertical sounding are discussed along with questions of parameter extraction technique development, macroscale phenomena, the heat budget of the earth-atmosphere system and the climate, and studies of ocean surface and hydrology.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 13; July 197
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  • 100
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    Comparison of sonic boom minimization results in real and isothermal atmospheres (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The method of Seebass and George (1972, 1974) for minimizing certain features of the pressure signature and yielding the corresponding F function and equivalent area distribution A in an isothermal atmosphere is modified to provide the same capability for a real atmosphere. The appropriate equations of George and Plotkin (1969) describing horizontal advance, ray tube area, and signature propagation are used.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 12; May 1975
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