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  • Other Sources  (4,594)
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  • 101
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    The accumulation and structure of comets (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The paper reviews evidence for the accumulation of the terrestrial planets and comets from solid grains, with emphasis on the various proposals for the formation of cometary nuclei. With three exceptions, all hypotheses conclude or imply that a single compact object forms. Several hypotheses start with Goldreich-Ward-type gravitational instabilities. The collapse for this case also occurs at low velocities in the cm/s to m/s range. Experiment and theory show that under these conditions, low-density, filamentary clusters form that are fractal aggregates with a fractal dimension approximately equal to 2. In order to form cometary nuclei, the initial temperature must be about 50 K and not undergo a significant temperature rise during the accumulation process. The calculations show that accumulation will occur at low temperatures. Models of cometary nuclei are reviewed, and a simple model of the structure that results fom the accumulation of fluffy aggregates is described.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: In: Comets in the post-Halley era. Vol. 1 (A93-13551 02-90); p. 335-359.
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  • 102
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    The modern role of visual observations of comets (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This paper reviews the role of past and future visual observations in cometary research. The strengths and limitations of visual observations are explored for the benefit of both investigators who might have to use them and observers who wish to make real contributions to the field. We consider the characteristics of the eye-brain combination as a detector and compare them with those of modern detectors. We specifically evaluate visual discoveries, magnitude estimates, and drawings.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: In: Comets in the post-Halley era. Vol. 1 (A93-13551 02-90); p. 209-223.
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  • 103
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    Direct adaptive impedance control of manipulators (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An adaptive scheme for controlling the end-effector impedance of robot manipulators is presented. The proposed control system consists of three subsystems: a simple filter which characterizes the desired dynamic relationship between the end-effector position error and the end-effector/environment contact force, an adaptive controller which produces the Cartesian-space control input required to provide this desired dynamic relationship, and an algorithm for mapping the Cartesian-space control input to a physically realizable joint-space control torque. The controller does not require knowledge of either the structure or the parameter values of the robot dynamics, and it is implemented without calculation of the robot inverse kinematic transformation. As a result, the scheme represents a very general and computationally efficient approach to controlling the impedance of both nonredundant and redundant manipulators. Furthermore, the method can be applied directly to trajectory tracking in free-space motion by removing the impedance filter.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: In: IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 30th, Brighton, United Kingdom, Dec. 11-13, 1991, Proceedings. Vol. 3 (A93-13001 02-63); p. 2410-2415.
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  • 104
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    Dynamic coordination of a self-reconfigurable manipulator system (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The authors present the dynamic coordination of a self-reconfigurable manipulator system capable of changing its mechanical structure according to given task requirements. The self-reconfiguration is achieved by reconfiguring the topology of a dual-arm system through serial, parallel, and bracing structures. Particular emphasis is placed on the dynamic coordination of two arms having three different dual-arm topologies. The authors develop the Cartesian space dynamic models of a dual-arm system of three dual-arm topologies and derive the kinematic and dynamic constraints imposed on two arms in cooperation. Dual-arm dynamic manipulabilities are defined to quantify the dynamic performance of three dual-arm topologies in terms of the efficiency of generating Cartesian accelerations. A methodology of selecting serial, parallel, and bracing structures based on dual-arm dynamic manipulabilities is provided.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: In: IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 30th, Brighton, United Kingdom, Dec. 11-13, 1991, Proceedings. Vol. 3 (A93-13001 02-63); p. 2404-2409.
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  • 105
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    Robust controller design for structures with displacement sensors (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The passivity theorem may be used to design robust controllers for structures with positive transfer functions. The authors obtain a similar result for systems with displacement sensors. In order to illustrate the ideas discussed, a specific second-order dynamic system is considered.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: In: IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 30th, Brighton, United Kingdom, Dec. 11-13, 1991, Proceedings. Vol. 2 (A93-13001 02-63); p. 1625, 1626.
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  • 106
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    Cometary orbital dynamics and astrometry (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An overview of research on cometary orbital dynamics and astrometry is presented, with emphasis on the nongravitational acceleration model which provides accurate orbits and ephemerides, and on new asymmetric models that represent the cometary outgassing phenomena more closely. Using a combination of long-focus telescopes, CCD detectors, microdensitometer reductions, and modern star catalogs, cometary astrometric data that are accurate to the subarcsecond level can be generated.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: In: Comets in the post-Halley era. Vol. 1 (A93-13551 02-90); p. 3-17.
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  • 107
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    Active noise control - Piezoceramic actuators in fluid/structure interaction models (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A model for a 2-D acoustic cavity with a flexible boundary (a beam) controlled via piezoceramic patches producing bending moments in the beam is considered. The associated control problem for this fluid/structure interaction system to reduce the acoustic pressure in the cavity involves unbounded control inputs. Approximation methods in the context of an LQR state space formulation are discussed, and numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in computing feedback controls for noise reduction.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: In: IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 30th, Brighton, United Kingdom, Dec. 11-13, 1991, Proceedings. Vol. 3 (A93-13001 02-63); p. 2328-2333.
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  • 108
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    A self-reconfigurable manipulator system with dextrous bracing structure (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The authors present a dextrous bracing structure of a dual-arm system as a means of implementing a self-reconfigurable manipulator system. The dextrous bracing structure allows a dual-arm system to relocate the bracing point between two arms, select the type of contact as the bracing point, and lock or release the joints of individual arms. The self-reconfigurable dual-arm system is now capable of reconfiguring its topology through serial, parallel and bracing structures, supporting general types of contact, rigid or sliding, as well as locking or releasing some of its joints as needed. The focus is on an analysis of the effects of the dextrous bracing on the performance of a dual-arm system in terms of dual-arm manipulabilities and resistivities. The analysis shows that a self-reconfigurable dual-arm system with a dextrous bracing structure gives continuously varying performance characteristics ranging from serial to parallel structures.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: In: IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 30th, Brighton, United Kingdom, Dec. 11-13, 1991, Proceedings. Vol. 1 (A93-13001 02-63); p. 1033-1038.
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  • 109
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    Synchrotron emission as a tracer of the outflow in M82 (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The discovery of radio synchrotron emission from the outflow in M82 is reported. It is found that the outflow in M82 is visible in synchrotron radiation. IC losses are evident in the steepening of the radio spectrum, though this process is not a major contributor to the observed halo X-ray emission. Particle acceleration and/or diffusion in the wind may be important. Outflow speeds of 1000-3000 km/s are inferred from the spectral index profiles, which significantly exceeds the optically determined values. The fraction of the wind energy in the form of relativistic particles is consistent with a supernova origin. A termination shock produced by the intergalactic medium may be shaping the observed halo of M82.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: In: The interstellar disk-halo connection in galaxies (A93-18998 05-90); p. 281-285.
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  • 110
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    The effect of the changing polarity and neutral sheet of the IMF on the cosmic ray diurnal anisotropy at neutron monitor energies (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A drift with a simulated wavy neutral sheet have been used to study the effects of the reversal of the solar magnetic field every 11 years and the changes in the waviness of the heliospheric neutral sheet, corresponding to changes in solar activity, on the diurnal anisotropy at an energy of 20 GeV. The results indicate that the long-term behavior of the diurnal anisotropy, especially the phase shift from one solar minimum period to another, which seems to depend on the polarity of the IMF, has a theoretical explanation in the drift picture of the modulation of cosmic rays in the heliosphere.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 39; 1233-123
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  • 111
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    Linear system theory (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The aim of this book is to provide a systematic and rigorous access to the main topics of linear state-space system theory in both the continuous-time case and the discrete-time case; and the I/O description of linear systems. The main thrusts of the work are the analysis of system descriptions and derivations of their properties, LQ-optimal control, state feedback and state estimation, and MIMO unity-feedback systems.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
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  • 112
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    Energetic water-group ions at Comet Giacobini-Zinner - An overview of observations by the EPAS instrument (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An overview is presented of the observations of energetic (45-480 keV) cometary water group ions made by the EPAS instrument on the ICE spacecraft during the fly-by of Comet Giacobini-Zinner in September 1985. The discussion covers ion observations in the large-scale ion pick-up region surrounding the comet on about 10 exp 6 km spatial scales, observations of the cometary shock at about 100,000 km and the region of slowed mass-loaded flows which occur downstream, and the finite gyroradius effects which occur near the closest approach.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 113
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    Noise-driven radiative shocks - A new model for the optical quasi-periodic oscillations of the AM Herculis objects (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A model for the 0.3-1.2 Hz optical quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) observed in a number of AM Her-type binary systems has been developed. It is suggested that the observed optical modulation is the result of shock oscillations induced by nonsteady accretion flows. It is shown that time-dependent models of radiative shock waves in nonsteady accretion flows onto magnetic white dwarfs with mass 0.6 solar mass and magnetic field strength of 30 MG can produce optical QPOs similar to those observed in the AM Her objects. Theoretical calculations have shown that oscillations cannot be sustained for these white dwarf parameters when the accretion rate is constant.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 375; L31-L34
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  • 114
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    GRIS observations of positron annihilation radiation from the Galactic center (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In the present Gamma-Ray Imaging Spectrometer (GRIS) observations, the 511 keV line has been spectrally resolved and the Galactic plane and center components have been independently measured. These data, in combination with those from other narrow-field observations in the 1980s, support the two-component model of the positron annihilation source. A strong hard-X-ray continuum was detected in the Galactic plane observation; this 'diffuse' continuum component solves the mystery as to why wide-field instruments have detected such high continuum emission from the Galactic center, in virtue of its source contributions.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 375; L13-L16
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  • 115
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    High-luminosity single carbon stars in stellar and galactic evolution (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In the solar neighborhood, approximately half of all intermediate mass main sequence stars with initially between 1 solar mass and about 5 solar masses become carbon stars with luminosities near 10,000 lunar luminosities for typically less than 1 million years. These high luminosity carbon stars lose mass at rates nearly always in excess of 10 to the -7th solar mass/yr and sometimes in excess of 0.00001 solar mass/yr. Locally, close to half of the mass returned into the interstellar medium by intermediate mass stars before they become white dwarfs is during the carbon star phase. A much greater fraction of lower metallicity stars become carbon-rich before they evolve into planetary nebulae, than do higher-metallicity stars; therefore, carbon stars are much more important in the outer than in the inner Galaxy.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics Review (ISSN 0935-4956); 2; 227-247
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  • 116
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    The chromospheres of late-type stars. I - Eridani as a test case of multiline modelling (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A new model of the lower chromosphere of the dwarf K2 star Epsilon Eridani is derived by matching flux profiles of the Ca IR triplet lines 8498 and 8542 A H-alpha and H-beta lines and the Na D lines (all observed simultaneously at the AAT), and the Ca II K line. The coupled non-LTE equations of statistical equilibrium and radiative transfer are solved under the constraint of hydrostatic equilibrium using the Carlsson (1986) code. Within the framework of the model, the Na D lines are an important photospheric diagnostic, and the Ca IR triplet lines can be used to locate the temperature minimum. The computed H-alpha and H-beta depths are highly sensitive constraints on the transition zone gradients and base pressures allowing us to derive a pressure at the base of the transition zone of 0.9 dyn/cm.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711); 250; 14-23
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  • 117
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    A sensitive upper limit on the methane abundance in Comet Levy (1990c) (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results are presented on a ground-based search for fluorescent emission from CH4 at 3.3 microns in a newly discovered long-period comet, Comet Levy (1990c). It was found that the upper limit to the CH4 abundance in Comet Levy is similar to the Comet Halley CH4 abundance estimated from lower resolution IR spectra by Kawara et al. (1988). The Comet Levy CH4 abundance is significantly lower than the abundance derived by Larson et al. (1989) from a possible detection of CH4 in Comet Wilson.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 372; L113-L11
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  • 118
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    Velocity structure of the ring nebula around supernova 1987A (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A series of high-resolution spectra of the pc-sized nebula around SN1987A are presented. The hollow, 1.7 arcsec-wide nebula has the velocity field of a ring expanding at 10.3 km/s, not that of a limb-brightened spheroid. Fainter nebulosity within 3 arcsec is expanding slightly faster, as indicated by redshifted emission from behind the SN. The geometry of the emission can be used to infer structure, provided that light travel time and recombination delays are accounted for. The analysis sets an upper limit to the velocity of the wind from the progenitor during its red supergiant (RGS) phase, and implies an RSG lifetime of less than 400,000 yr and an interval of about 20,000 yr between the end of the RSG phase and the SN explosion.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 350; 683-685
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  • 119
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    Simulations of space VLBI (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The paper concentrates on the results from space VLBI simulations undertaken during the past four years, beginning with a study of the imaging potential of the proposed medium-term mission QUASAT, and continuing with the Japanese VSOP and Soviet Radioastron missions. The purpose of the study is to determine what quality of images can be expected from space VLBI, given realistic data errors and spacecraft orbits yielding incomplete UV coverage. Much of the paper is devoted to the problem of spurious symmetrization, and a method of overcoming this problem by using a set of UV-constraints is presented. Constraints limiting the imaging ability of the VSOP and Radioastron projects are discussed, and it is concluded that the application of constraints in either sky- or UV-plane will make it possible to overcome spurious symmetrization.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 11; 2, 19; 415-420
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  • 120
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    Cosmological investigations from SIRTF (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An overview is presented of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), a one-meter-class cryogenically-cooled observatory for IR astronomy from space that will be the IR component of NASA's family of Great Observatories. SIRTF will operate at an altitude of 100,000 km and achieve its five year lifetime without the complication of on-orbit cryogenic replenishment and have twice the on-target efficiency that could be realized in LEO. The observations will permit the development of a direct empirical picture of the time evolution of cosmic phenomena, such as evolution of the chemical and stellar content of galaxies and the growth and decay of the quasar population.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 11; 2, 19
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  • 121
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    Evolving starburst galaxies, faint number counts, and the 2 keV background (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Blue and 60 micron extragalactic number counts and redshift distributions are modeled using evolutionary models in which galaxies periodically undergo transient starburst events. Support is found for the hypothesis that the same starburst phenomenon is responsible for the excess source counts seen at both wavelengths, though observed at lower mean redshift in the far infrared than in the blue. The soft X-ray emission from these evolving starburst events is not likely to exceed the 2 keV background unless the evolutionary rate is greater than (1 + z)-cubed (luminosity or density evolution) and the redshift of galaxy formation is greater than about five.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 11; 2, 19; 333-336
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  • 122
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    VLBI astrometry and the Hipparcos link to the extragalactic reference frame (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Intermediate results are reported from a program of VLBI radio observations designed to establish a link between the rotating reference frame of the ESA Hipparcos astrometric satellite and the extragalactic VLBI frame being developed by the International Earth Rotation Service. A group of 12 link stars have been observed at various epochs since 1982, and more observations are being undertaken during the 3-yr Hipparcos mission (1989-1992). Analysis of data on Algol indicates that phase-reference VLBI can determine an expected sky displacement of 4 marcsec with an uncertainty of 0.5 marcsec, even when the activity is only a few mJy.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 11; 2, 19
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  • 123
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    Early results from the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Data obtained with the FIR Absolute Spectrophotometer, Differential Microwave Radiometers, and Diffuse IR Background Experiment (DIRBE) on the COBE satellite since its launch in November 1989 are briefly characterized. The COBE spacecraft and its 900-km 99-deg orbit are described; the scientific goals and capabilities of the instruments are reviewed; and sample DIRBE data are presented in a map and graph. Upper limits on the Comptonization parameter (y less than 0.001) and the chemical potential (mu less than 0.01 at the 3sigma level) are determined, and the spectrum of the dipole anisotropy is shown to be that of a Doppler-shifted blackbody. The DIRBE 100-micron sky brightness values at the ecliptic poles are found to be significantly lower than those measured by IRAS.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 11; 2, 19; 181-191
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  • 124
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    Standards for evaluating expert system tools (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A brief survey of the literature and proposal for a standard methodology for evaluating expert system building tools are discribed. Criteria for expert systems environmental factors and expert systems tool features are also discussed.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: Expert Systems with Applications (ISSN 0957-4174); 2; 4, 19
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  • 125
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    Dynamical capture of field stars by interstellar clouds (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Evidence suggesting the existence of old stars in young galactic clusters, has motivated an investigation of a model in which such stars are captured from the field during the gas cloud collapse phase of star formation. A hyperbolic field star cannot be gravitationally captured by a static cloud since the star's total energy is conserved. However, if the cloud's potential is an explicit function of time, the energy of a penetrating star can be decreased. As a first step in modeling the dynamical capture of field stars, capture by freely falling, homogeneous spherical cloud is considered. This simplified model is solved, and a prediction is obtained for number of captured field stars in terms of the cloud parameters and dispersion velocities of the field stars.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 245; 1, Ma; 75-78
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  • 126
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    The effects of X-ray illumination on accretion disk interiors (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The structure of accretion disks illuminated by X-ray from a central compact object. At radii larger than a certain value, X-ray heating can dominate the viscous heating and determine the disk structure in a standard alpha-disk model. The disk structure resulting from X-ray illumination is calculated both analytically and numerically for low-mass X-ray binaries as well as for active galactic nuclei. X-ray illumination does have important effects on the disk structures, under a variety of circumstances; instabilities may arise under significant X-ray heating.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 374; 721-731
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  • 127
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    Astro - Science in the fast lane (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Space Shuttle mission devoted to astronomy (Astro) is described and data obtained during the nine-day flight are briefly reviewed. The Wisconsin Ultraviolet Photo-Polarimeter Experiment reveals a trough at 2200 A in the spectrum of Alpha Camelopardalis. It is suggested that the 2200-A feature is caused by absorption by graphite-rich interstellar dust. The Broad Band X-ray Telescope made it possible to study the NGC 1399 X-ray spectrum, the spectrum of the BL Lacertae object PKS 2155-304, and a cooling flow in a cluster of galaxies. The Astro mission's search for the missing mass in the form of neutrinos is discussed. Attention is also given to the effect of delays on the Astro activity, and to equipment problems and how they were solved.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Sky and Telescope (ISSN 0037-6604); 81; 591-596
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  • 128
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    A rapid energetic X-ray flare in the quasar PKS0558 - 504 (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A recent observation from the Ginga satellite of the quasar PKS0558 - 504 is reported during which the X-ray flux increased by 67 percent in the space of only three minutes. There was no significant change in the spectrum. Comprehensive analysis of the data strongly indicates that this was a genuine X-ray flare originating in the quasar. The implied rate of change in luminosity in the 2-10 keV range, assuming a Hubble constant of 70 km/s/Mpc, and a cosmological deceleration parameter q0 = 0.5, is 3.2 x 10 to the 42nd erg/sq s, the highest value measured for a quasar. When photon scattering is considered, this is about 16 times greater than could be produced, with a three-minute rise time, in an isotropically emitting plasma. It is argued that the apparent luminosity must be enhanced by relativistic beaming. This is the first indication of beaming in an 'ordinary' unpolarized quasar.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 350; 589-592
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  • 129
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    Observations of the peculiar object MWC 560 in outburst (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results of ultraviolet spectroscopy, photoelectric photometry, and supplemental high-resolution H(alpha) spectroscopy of a photometric outburst of MWC 560 are discussed. Ultraviolet spectra are shown to be consistent with the ejection of an optically thick shell that produced strong absorption blends of Fe II and Cr II. The velocities reported exceed by far those previously found in symbiotic stars or recurrent novas. In addition to the variable high-velocity system of broad absorption features, a relatively stable system of Mg II, Mg I, Fe II, Cr II, and other ionic absorptions is observed. It is pointed out that the spectroscopic phenomena in MWC 560 resemble those found in XX Ophiuchi, but the velocities in the MWC 560 are an order of magnitude higher than those found in XX Oph.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 371; 761-771
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    Accretion in wind-driven X-ray sources (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The hydrodynamics of axisymmetric accretion flow in stellar wind-fed X-ray sources is investigated, including momentum deposition by radiation, as well as radiative heating and cooling by Compton and bremsstrahlung processes. The results of two-dimensional numerical simulations for mass accretion rates ranging from 0.02 to 0.4 of the Eddington value reveal a variety of behaviors. At low rates radiative effects are unimportant, and the accretion flow is nearly adiabatic. In this case the flow is steady. For intermediate accretion rates, radiative heating and cooling effects become important. The flow remains steady, but the accretion rate is significantly reduced from the Hoyle-Lyttleton estimate. At the highest mass accretion rates, radiative momentum transfer and energy exchange are important and lead to nonsteady behavior. For the parameters relevant to massive X-ray binary systems accreting at high rates, the results reveal that the accretion flows can be complex and time dependent.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 371; 696-707
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  • 131
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    The carbon-rich proto-planetary nebula IRAS 22272 + 5435 (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Ground-based photometry and spectroscopy is presented for IRAS 22272 + 5435, a 9th mag star with a large infrared excess. The flux distribution is 'double-peaked', with a visible and near-infrared component due to the reddened photosphere and a far-infrared component presumably due to a detached dust shell. About equal amounts of energy are detected from each. The spectrum is that of a peculiar G supergiant, Gp Ia. In addition, strong molecular bands of C3 and C2 are observed. The flux distribution is modeled and, together with published molecular-line radio observations, allows the determination of basic parameters of the central star and the dust shell. The source has the characteristics one would expect of a proto-planetary nebula, an object in transition from the asymptotic giant branch to the planetary nebula phase.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 371; 631-635
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  • 132
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    A picosecond accuracy relativistic VLBI model via Fermi normal coordinates (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Fermi normal coordinates are used to construct transformations relating solar system barycentric coordinates to local inertial geocentric coordinates. Relativistic corrections to terrestrial VLBI measurements are calculated, and this formalism is developed to include corrections needed for picosecond accuracy. A calculation of photon time delay which includes effects arising from the motion of gravitational sources is given.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 18; 1139-114
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  • 133
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    The interaction of a very large interplanetary magnetic cloud with the magnetosphere and with cosmic rays (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The observation of one of the largest magnetic clouds ever observed at a distance of 1 AU, with a diameter of greater than about 0.4 AU, is reported. The cloud is shown to be almost unchanged structurally by interaction with the earth bow shock. The first observations are reported of an auroral activity response to the passage of a magnetic cloud, with a nearly immediate increase in auroral activity when the IMF theta(B) angle reversed polarity to negative near the cloud center. The results provide strong evidence that turbulent magnetic fields behind interplanetary shocks are a possible cause of Forbush decreases, but contest the idea that relatively smooth, strong fields in clouds are a cause of such decreases. The cloud field modeling supports the existence of magnetic force-free fields in describing cloud structure.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 9425-943
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  • 134
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    Formation of cosmic structure by Doppler instability (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A new mechanism is described which can create an instability in homogeneous gaseous matter at very low density. When an isotropic background radiation field has, near an electronic resonance, a spectral feature for which photon occupation number increases with frequency, moving atoms increase their speed by taking energy from the photon distribution. In a cosmological setting, a sufficiently intense spectral feature can interact with neutral atomic gas, after recombination, to generate protogalactic perturbations of the scale and magnitude needed to explain large-scale cosmic structure.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 350; 469-473
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  • 135
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    Angular diameter measurements of stars (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Angular diameters determined with the Mark III Optical Interferometer are presented for 12 stars at wavelengths of 450 and 800 nm. The uniform disk diameters resulting from fits to the visibility observations have rms residuals of order 1 percent for the 800 nm measurements and less than 3 percent for the 450 nm measurements. The improvement over previous observations with this instrument is due to improved data analysis and the use of a wider range of baseline lengths. An analysis of the calibration systematics for the Mark III Optical Interferometer is included. There is good agreement between these measurements and previously published data. The changes in uniform disk diameter between wavelengths of 450 and 800 nm agree with models of stellar atmospheres.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 101; 2207-221
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  • 136
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    Blue loops during core helium burning as the consequence of moderate convective envelope overshooting in stars of intermediate to high mass (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: New calculations of stellar evolutionary sequences without semiconvection in any phase have unexpectedly turned up, for stars in the mass range 3-30 solar masses, an irregular pattern of blue loops on the H-R diagram during the core helium-burning phase. Blue loops occur for 3 and 10 solar masses, but not for 5, 7, 15, and 30 solar masses. It is found, however, that the models near the bottom of the red supergiant branch are only marginallly stable against small inward displacements of the former base of the outer convection zone when it was deepest, for the stellar mass range 5-15 solar masses. As a consequence, convective envelope overshooting need only penetrate a distance of about 0.3 of a local pressure scale height to promote a delayed blue loop in these particular sequences. In conformity with previous work, the triggering mechanism for the blue loop appears to be proximity of the hydrogen-burning shell to the hydrogen discontinuity at the former base of the outer convection zone.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 374; 288-290
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  • 137
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    Robust eigenvalue assignment with maximum tolerance to system uncertainties (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics (ISSN 0731-5090); 14; 615-620
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  • 138
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    Generalized proportional-plus-derivative compensators for a class of uncertain plants (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Controller design for a class of systems consisting of a positive-real transfer function P(s) followed by an integrator is considered. A generalized proportional-plus-derivative compensator is proposed for robustly stabilizing a class of uncertain plants represented by a positive-real transfer function followed by an integrator. The novel feature of the proposed compensator is that the proportional and rate gains used are transfer functions rather than constants, which allows more design freedom and offers the potential for better performance with guaranteed robust stability. The results obtained are for single-input/single-output systems. If the results are extended to the multivariable case, they will then be applicable to realistic flexible spacecraft.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics (ISSN 0731-5090); 14; 677-680
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  • 139
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    Speckle interferometry of Hipparcos link stars. III (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A third list of stars is presented which have been tested by speckle interferometry for use in the Hubble Space Telescope link between the Hipparcos astrometric reference frame and the extragalactic VLBI reference frame. Structural information on angular scales of 0.15-1.2 arcsec for 34 Southern Hemisphere stars is reported from observations made with the Imperial College Speckle Interferometer mounted on the Mount Stromlo 1.9-m telescope. Twenty-four percent of the stars (8 out of the 34) show evidence of multiplicity, in agreement with previous observations in this program.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711); 248; 411-413
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  • 140
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    A neural net based architecture for the segmentation of mixed gray-level and binary pictures (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A neural-net-based architecture is proposed to perform segmentation in real time for mixed gray-level and binary pictures. In this approach, the composite picture is divided into 16 x 16 pixel blocks, which are identified as character blocks or image blocks on the basis of a dichotomy measure computed by an adaptive 16 x 16 neural net. For compression purposes, each image block is further divided into 4 x 4 subblocks; a one-bit nonparametric quantizer is used to encode 16 x 16 character and 4 x 4 image blocks; and the binary map and quantizer levels are obtained through a neural net segmentor over each block. The efficiency of the neural segmentation in terms of computational speed, data compression, and quality of the compressed picture is demonstrated. The effect of weight quantization is also discussed. VLSI implementations of such adaptive neural nets in CMOS technology are described and simulated in real time for a maximum block size of 256 pixels.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems (ISSN 0098-4094); 38; 66-77
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  • 141
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    Trajectory optimization for kinematically redundant arms (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A review of local optimization methods for resolving joint configurations in underconstrained manipulation tasks is conducted. A new approach is developed for observing joint limits and avoiding obstacles during the trajectory planning. The methodology is used in a four-link arm example to avoid a workspace singularity and is compared with results using the extended Moore-Penrose technique. An alternative measure of arm 'manipulability' based directly on the rank of the Jacobian is also introduced.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: Journal of Robotic Systems (ISSN 0741-2223); 8; 221-248
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  • 142
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    Spectral types of stars in the SMC associations NGC456, NGC460a, b and NGC465 (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Spectral types of stars for an extended area (1200 sq arcmin) of the SMC, containing the associations NGC456, NGC460 a, b and NGC465 have been derived here. High-quality UJ and YJ film copies of objective prism plates taken with the 1.2-m UK Schmidt telescope were used. The medium dispersion spectral (830 A/mm) were digitized with a PDS microdensitometer and spectra types of stars were obtained down to about 16.5 mag. A computer interactive method of reduction has been developed, and the spectral types obtained are accurate to 0.3 spectral subtypes. Spectral classification for the low (2440 A/mm) dispersion spectra down to 18.5 mag was carried out visually using a binocular microscope. The frequency distributions of stars in the associations region, after subtracting the field stars, have revealed that only blue main sequence stars are their members.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series (ISSN 0365-0138); 87; 1, Ja; 97-108
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  • 143
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    Star formation and the nature of bipolar outflows (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper presents a simple physical model for the bipolar molecular outflows that frequently accompany star formation. The model forges an intrinsic link between the bipolar flow phenomenon and the process of star formation, and it helps to explain many of the systematics known for existing sources.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 370; L31-L34
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  • 144
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    Dynamic evaluation of the NASA-ORNL traction-drive joint (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Presented is an analysis and evaluation of a prototype traction-drive joint for robotic manipulators, developed under NASA sponsorship. A dynamic model is developed using the Lagrange formulation. Controllability, observability, dynamic stabiliby, and response characteristics of the joint to test inputs are studied. A linear quadratic regulator (LQR) is implemented on the joint model to determine a basis for evaluating the performance of the traction-drive joint under servo control. An evaluation of the results and directions for future investigations are presented.
    Keywords: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics (ISSN 0731-5090); 14; 688-692
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  • 145
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    Two micron morphology of candidate protostars (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results of a deep near-infrared imaging survey of low-luminosity cold IRAS sources in the Taurus dark cloud are discussed. The images involved identify the compact sources energizing the IRAS sources, identify infrared nebulosity around numbers of the invisible sources, and reveal the large-scale (about 1000 to 10,000 AU) morphology of this nebulosity. Some of the invisible sources show a clear bipolar or monopolar morphology suggesting a close relation of the nebulosity with a bipolar mass outflow. It is concluded that the nebulosity is likely due to scattering of radiation from the central source by the dust associated with the mass outflow extending to the poles of a circumstellar dust disk.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 374; L25-L28
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  • 146
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    Voyager 2 test of the radar time-delay effect (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: By analyzing radio range measurements generated during the solar conjunction of the Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1985, the relativistic time-delay effect has been tested accurately with a spacecraft at a distance of 3 x 10 to the 9th km from the earth. Because the range measurements were generated simultaneously at two frequencies on the downlink, it was possible to derive calibrations for the delay resulting from intervening solar plasma. In addition, a record of attitude thruster firings was used to model small accelerations of the spacecraft that could have produced a range error. It was thereby possible to determine the parameterized post-Newtonian parameter gamma to an accuracy of 3 percent with only a sparse amount of range data.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 373; 665-670
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  • 147
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    Molecular clouds in starburst galaxy nuclei (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: New CO observations of a complete sample of starburst galaxies are presented in order to determine the range of molecular gas masses and star-formation efficiencies that characterize these systems. The properties of the galaxies in the sample are given, and the H-alpha and R-band CCD images for six of the galaxies are shown. The novel feature of this study is that the galaxies in this study are infrared selected as opposed to optically selected. They exhibit levels of nuclear star formation activity which are comparable to the starburst galaxies M82 and NGC 253. A subset of galaxies with unusually narrow CO line widths, high star-formation efficiencies, and compact 10-micron distributions is revealed. It is proposed that, if gas distributions in these galaxies are also compact, as the narrow linewidths suggest, the high yields of massive stars per unit mass of molecular gas may be attributed to a star-formation mechanism which becomes more efficient as the gas density increases.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 373; 414-422
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  • 148
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    Eclipse earthshine (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Earthshine is the sunlight reflected off the earth's surface that illuminates the dark side of the moon. In this paper, it is predicted that the earthshine is sufficiently bright during a total solar eclipse that lunar maria and craters can be distinguished visually and photographically. The predicted contrast ratio for prominent lunar features is typically 0.06. Proper shielding from glare and reasonable magnification are prerequisites for success.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Publications (ISSN 0004-6280); 103; 315
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    Origin of the burst of TeV gamma-rays from SN 1987 A (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An electromagnetic origin of the TeV gamma-ray burst from SN 1987 A is proposed. The TeV gamma-rays result from inverse Compton scattering in the extreme Klein-Nishina limit of nuclear Co-56 gamma-ray lines and soft X-rays by monoenergetic TeV electrons. The model accounts for the observed time delay between the TeV burst and the peak X-ray intensity of about 3 days, and the different burst duration at TeV and X-ray energies.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 243; 1, Ma; L1-L4
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    Spectral transformation of the unusual variable star MWC560 to resemble a nova (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A dramatic change has occurred in the ultraviolet spectrum of the emission-line star MWC560, so that it now closely resembles the spectrum of a nova shortly after outburst. This event may signal a major mass-ejection episode such as presumably occurred in past centuries in the symbiotic star R Aquarii to produce the well-known bipolar nebula, and it may herald the emergence of a standard symbiotic-star emission-line spectrum in MWC560, corresponding to a change in evolutionary state.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 350; 404-406
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  • 151
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    On the capacity of ternary Hebbian networks (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Networks of ternary neurons storing random vectors over the set -1,0,1 by the so-called Hebbian rule are considered. It is shown that the maximal number of stored patterns that are equilibrium states of the network with probability tending to one as N tends to infinity is at least on the order of (N exp 2-1/alpha)/K, where N is the number of neurons, K is the number of nonzero elements in a pattern, and t = alpha x K, alpha between 1/2 and 1, is the threshold in the neuron function. While, for small K, this bound is similar to that obtained for fully connected binary networks, the number of interneural connections required in the ternary case is considerably smaller. Similar bounds, incorporating error probabilities, are shown to guarantee, in the same probabilistic sense, the correction of errors in the nonzero elements and in the location of these elements.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Information Theory (ISSN 0018-9448); 37; 528-534
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  • 152
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    Design of optimal second-order state estimators (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present consideration of the design of online computation-saving second-order state estimators for second-order vector-matrix differential systems proposes a class of such estimators which is proven to possess guaranteed convergence. A class of optimal second-order estimators is then obtained, and the conditions required for optimality are identified. The estimator proposed offers high performance in conjunction with online computation reductions sufficiently great to allow the estimation of the large number of state variables associated with control of large, flexible space structures represented by high-dimensional second-order systems.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics (ISSN 0731-5090); 14; 466-468
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    Comet Halley remote plasma tail observations and in situ solar wind properties - Vega-1/2 IMF/plasma observations and ground-based optical observations from 1 December 1985 to 1 May 1986 (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: General features of the solar wind plasma and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) are studied for the time period of December 1, 1985 - May 1, 1986. Characteristics studied include corotating events, shocks, and sector boundaries in the IMF. For the same period, Comet Halley was near its perihelion and many ground-based observations of the plasma tail were made. They show interesting events such as tail substorms and disconnection events where the whole distant plasma tail seems to be disrupted from the part that is still attached to the cometary head. Several mechanisms have been produced to explain the cause of these events. The correlation between the IMF sector boundaries measured by Vega and the observed disconnection events are studied, noting that such a correlation would support the dayside reconnection explanation. It is found that only in 50 percent of the considered events does a correlation between these two phenomena exist. For the other cases, a sector boundary of the IMF sweeping over the comet cannot explain the occurrence of disruptions of the main plasma tail.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 39; 697-708
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    Organic chemical analysis on a microscopic scale using two-step laser desorption/laser ionization mass spectrometry (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The distribution of PAHs in the Allende meteorite has been measured using two-step laser desorption and laser multiphoton-ionization mass spectrometry. This method enables in situ analysis (with a spatial resolution of 1 mm or better) of selected organic molecules. Results show that PAH concentrations are locally high compared to the average concentration found by analysis of pulverized samples, and are found primarily in the fine-grained matrix; no PAHs were detected in the interiors of individual chondrules at the detection limit (about 0.05 ppm).
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Space Science Reviews (ISSN 0038-6308); 56; 191-195
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  • 155
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    Non-linear dynamics of a geared rotor-bearing system with multiple clearances (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The nonlinear frequency response characteristics of a geared rotor-bearing system are examined. A three-DOF dynamic model is developed which includes nonlinearities associated with radial clearances in the radial rolling element bearings and backlash between a spur gear pair; linear time-invariant gear meshing stiffness is assumed. The corresponding linear system problem is also solved, and predicted natural frequencies and modes match with finite element method results. The applicability of both analytical and numerical solution techniques to the multi-DOF nonlinear problem is investigated. Satisfactory agreement is found between the theory presented here and the available experimental data. Nonlinear modal interactions and differences between internal static transmission error excitation and external torque excitation are discussed. In addition, parametric studies are performed to understand the effect of system parameters such as bearing stiffness to gear mesh stiffness ratio, alternating to mean force ratio and radial bearing preload to mean force ratio on the nonlinear dynamic behavior.
    Keywords: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration (ISSN 0022-460X); 144; 469-506
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  • 156
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    Sungrazing comets observed by the Solar Maximum Mission coronagraph (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The 10 sun-grazing comets (all members of the Kreutz group) detected by the white-light coronagraph of the SMM satellite during its 6-year operational lifetime are described. Numerical data are summarized in tables, and images are provided. Consideration is given to the question of detectability, apparent motions and orbits, coma brightness variations, tail behavior, and occurrence rates. The data are shown to confirm the episodic nature of sun-grazing events, as suggested by Marsden (1967).
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 90; 96-106
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    A high-resolution radio image of a young supernova (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A VLBI radio images of the bright supernova 1986J, which occurred in the galaxy NGC891 at a distance of about 12 Mpc, is presented. No detailed image of any supernova or remnant has been obtained before so soon after the explosion. The image shows a shell of emission with jetlike protrusions. Analysis of the images should advance understanding of the dynamics of the expanding debris, the dissipation of energy into the surrounding circumstellar medium, and the evolution of the supernova into the remnant.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 350; 212-214
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    IRAS 15099 - 5856 and the composite supernova remnant G320.4 - 1.2 (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The supernova remnant (SNR) G320.4 - 1.2 is a composite SNR, containing both a shock-dominated shell, and a pulsar-dominated plerion. G320.4 - 1.2 is one of the few SNRs in which a pulsar has been detected. This paper reports on IRAS observations of this SNR. A pointlike source (IRAS 15099 - 5856) near the position of the pulsar appears quite prominently at 25 microns. The region appears more complex at 60 and 100 microns. Three models that may account for the IR emission of IRAS 15099 - 5856 are examined; none of these is entirely satisfactory. Some IR emission is detected from the brightest portion of the shell of this SNR, but this emission is nearly hidden by other confusing sources.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 101; 2160-216
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    Ultraviolet high-excitation Fe II fluorescence lines excited by O VI, C IV, and H I resonance emission as seen in IUE spectra (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Archival high-dispersion spectra from the IUE are used in a search for Bowen emission lines of Fe II excited by the stronger transition of the O VI resonance doublet. The possibility of using these Fe II emission lines as a diagnostic of the strength of the far-ultraviolet emission of O VI at 1032 A is explored. It is found that the Fe II emission lines are quite common and strong in symbiotic stars, particularly those of the type known as 'symbiotic novae', as well as in normal novae. The lines are observed in central stars of some planetary nebulae of the O VI sequence besides a few central stars of type WR. High density, high excitation, and high temperature are suggested to be requirements for the excitation of the Fe II fluorescence lines. It is pointed out that while these lines were observed in PG 1159-035 and K1-16, they were not observed in AGNs.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 373; 649-656
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    Far-infrared properties of NGC 6822 (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: IRAS FIR maps of NGC 6822, one of the few noninteracting Magellanic irregular galaxies resolved in the FIR by IRAS, are examined and compared to optical and H I data. The diffuse FIR emission at large radii from the center of the galaxy is found to be due to Galactic cirrus. There is a general correspondence between H-alpha and FIR emission in that FIR peaks are associated with major H II complexes, but the ratio of the FIR to the H-alpha emission varies between these complexes by about a factor of five. H I mass-to-FIR luminosity ratios cover a similar range for the three major H I cloud complexes in NGC 6822. More than about half of the FIR flux is produced in regions near H II region complexes. The remaining flux comes from diffuse FIR emission that extends over the entire optically visible galaxy. A model for the galaxy is discussed in which the galaxy is fairly transparent and the FIR is strongest where there is a strong UV source and higher optical depth due to dust in gas clouds.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 371; 142-147
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    C IV line profile correlations in NGC 4151 (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Novel correlations are presented between the peak emission of the two components of the strong UV resonance line C IV in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4151 and the total luminosity of the line. These correlations are distinctly different for the red and the blue peaks of the double-peaked C IV profile, implying that the physical parameters involved in their formation are quite different. The behavior of the red component appears more in accordance with the behavior of lines observed in other objects, while that of the blue peak appears more directly and strongly related to C IV luminosity and shows greater sensitivity to C IV flux changes. These findings imply the existence of specific, hitherto unknown, underlying physical processes.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 371; 136-141
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    Anisotropic inverse Compton emission (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The angular distribution of the power and spectrum of Compton-scattered radiation in the case of an anisotropic distribution of soft photons is considered. Results obtained show that both the intensity and spectrum of the scattered radiation are a function of the Lorentz factor of the electrons, the geometry of the soft X-ray source and the viewing angle. The intensity of the hard X-rays scattered back into the bowl can be significantly greater (by a factor of up to 5.5) than that scattered toward the observer for an isotropic distribution of relativistic electrons at the center of a hemispherical bowl of soft X-ray emission. This factor is increased as the solid angle of the soft X-ray source subtended at the location of the electrons is reduced. The results obtained here have inmplications for models invoking a further 'reflection' of the resultant hard X-rays from the surface of a disk.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711); 248; 14-19
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    Seal testing of large diameter rocket motors (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This investigative program examines leakage testing of elastomeric O-ring seals for a solid rocket casing and provides direction towards an improved nondestructive postassembly test. It also details test equipment for the Space Shuttle systems solid rocket boosters (SRB). The results are useful to designers of hardware for pressure containment vessels which use O-ring seals. Using several subscale seal and groove configuration test fixtures equipped with either two or three O-ring seals in series, seal integrity is investigated with both a pressure decay and flowmeter methods. Both types of test equipment adequately detect the practical range of expected seal leak rates of 1 to 0.0001 sccs. The flowmeter leak test equipment appears to reduce testing time substantially. Limited seal leakage testing is performed on full-sized rocket motor segment seals, a pre-Challenger short stack, providing comparison of bore seals to test specimen bore and face seals. The conclusions are that seal reliability, verified via a performance pressure test, can be affected by temperature, quantity of grease, test pressure, and seal pressure load direction. Potential seal failure scenarios including contamination, seal damage, and sealing surface damage are discussed. Recommendations are made for an improved test procedure.
    Keywords: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 7; 156-162
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    The formation of molecules in protostellar winds (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The production and destruction processes for molecules in very fast protostellar winds are analyzed and modeled with a one-dimensional chemical kinetics code. Radial density and temperature distributions suggested by protostellar theory are explored as are a range of mass-loss rates. The efficiency of in situ formation of heavy molecules is found to be high if the wind temperature falls sufficiently rapidly, as indicated by theory. The degree of molecular conversion is a strong function of the mass-loss rate and of density gradients associated with the acceleration and collimation of the wind. Even in cases where essentially all of the heavy atoms are processed into molecules, a significant fraction of atomic hydrogen remains so that hghly molecular, protostellar winds are able to emit the 21-cm line. Although CO has a substantial abundance in most models relevant to very young protostars, high abundances of other molecules such as SiO and H2O signify more complete association characteristic of winds containing regions of very high density. Although the models apply only to regions close to the protostar, they are in qualitative accord with recent observations at much larger distances of both atomic and molecular emission from extremely high-velocity flow.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 373; 254-265
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    Robust eigenspace assignment using singular value sensitivities (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics (ISSN 0731-5090); 14; 416-424
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  • 166
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    Neural network architecture for crossbar switch control (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A Hopfield neural network architecture for the real-time control of a crossbar switch for switching packets at maximum throughput is proposed. The network performance and processing time are derived from a numerical simulation of the transitions of the neural network. A method is proposed to optimize electronic component parameters and synaptic connections, and it is fully illustrated by the computer simulation of a VLSI implementation of 4 x 4 neural net controller. The extension to larger size crossbars is demonstrated through the simulation of an 8 x 8 crossbar switch controller, where the performance of the neural computation is discussed in relation to electronic noise and inhomogeneities of network components.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems (ISSN 0098-4094); 38; 42-56
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    Two-temperature accretion disks with winds in a fluid approximation (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The polytropic relation between pressure and density of wind gases is used to obtain solutions for optically thin hot accretion disks with winds. It is assumed that the cooling mechanisms in the disks are bremsstrahlung and Compton scattering. This extends the previous work of Takahara et al. (1989) which did not analyze winds within a self-consistent disk model. It is shown that the disks have winds for accretion rates higher than about 10 percent of the Eddington rate, depending on the viscosity parameter of the disks and the polytropic exponent of wind gases. The poloidal velocity of winds at the foot-point is shown to be as high as 10 percent of light speed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 370; 505-510
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  • 168
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    Adjoint-operators and non-adiabatic learning algorithms in neural networks (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Adjoint sensitivity equations are presented, which can be solved simultaneously (i.e., forward in time) with the dynamics of a nonlinear neural network. These equations provide the foundations for a new methodology which enables the implementation of temporal learning algorithms in a highly efficient manner.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: Applied Mathematics Letters (ISSN 0893-9659); 4; 2, 19; 69-73
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    Orbits of the six new satellites of Neptune (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Orbital elements are presented for the six small satellites of Neptune, 1989N1 through 1989N6, discovered by Voyager 2. Details of the image and orbit analyses are examined. The solution for the orbits of the six satellites is presented in terms of geometric classical Keplerian elements. All six are in nearly circular direct orbits; most of the satellites have low inclinations, except the innermost, 1989N6, which is inclined at 4.7 deg to Neptune's equator.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 101; 1511-151
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    An intelligent control system for rocket engines - Need, vision, and issues (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Several components of intelligence are defined. Within the context of these definitions an intelligent control system for rocket engines is described. The description includes a framework for development of an intelligent control system, including diagnostics, coordination, and direct control. Some current results and issues are presented.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: IEEE Control Systems Magazine (ISSN 0272-1708); 11; 42-46
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  • 171
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    Absolute magnitude calibration using trigonometric parallax - Incomplete, spectroscopic samples (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A new numerical algorithm is used to calibrate the absolute magnitude of spectroscopically selected stars from their observed trigonometric parallax. This procedure, based on maximum-likelihood estimation, can retrieve unbiased estimates of the intrinsic absolute magnitude and its dispersion even from incomplete samples suffering from selection biases in apparent magnitude and color. It can also make full use of low accuracy and negative parallaxes and incorporate censorship on reported parallax values. Accurate error estimates are derived for each of the fitted parameters. The algorithm allows an a posteriori check of whether the fitted model gives a good representation of the observations. The procedure is described in general and applied to both real and simulated data.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 101; 1075-108
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  • 172
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    What COBE might see - The far-infrared cosmological background (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The redshifted emission from infrared luminous galaxies should produce a diffuse background around 300 microns detectable by the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE). The detection of such emission would provide evidence for evolution in the density or luminosity of galaxies in the infrared.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 370; L1-L4
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    Image gathering and digital restoration for fidelity and visual quality (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The fidelity and resolution of the traditional Wiener restorations given in the prevalent digital processing literature can be significantly improved when the transformations between the continuous and discrete representations in image gathering and display are accounted for. However, the visual quality of these improved restorations also is more sensitive to the defects caused by aliasing artifacts, colored noise, and ringing near sharp edges. In this paper, these visual defects are characterized, and methods for suppressing them are presented. It is demonstrated how the visual quality of fidelity-maximized images can be improved when (1) the image-gathering system is specifically designed to enhance the performance of the image-restoration algorithm, and (2) the Wiener filter is combined with interactive Gaussian smoothing, synthetic high edge enhancement, and nonlinear tone-scale transformation. The nonlinear transformation is used primarily to enhance the spatial details that are often obscurred when the normally wide dynamic range of natural radiance fields is compressed into the relatively narrow dynamic range of film and other displays.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing: Graphical Models and Image Processing (ISSN 1049-9652); 53; 71-84
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    The number counts and infrared backgrounds from infrared-bright galaxies (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Extragalactic number counts and diffuse backgrounds at 25, 60, and 100 microns are predicted using new luminosity functions and improved spectral-energy distribution density functions derived from IRAS observations of nearby galaxies. Galaxies at redshifts z less than 3 that are like those in the local universe should produce a minimum diffuse background of 0.0085, 0.038, and 0.13 MJy/sr at 25, 60, and 100 microns, respectively. Models with significant luminosity evolution predict backgrounds about a factor of 4 greater than this minimum.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 367; L49-L53
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    Luni-solar precession - Determination from lunar laser ranges (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Two decades oflunar laser ranges have been analyzed to determine corrections to the earth's luni-solar precession constant and 18.6 yr nutation coefficients. The correction to the IAU-adopted precession constant is -2.7 + or - 0.4 milliarcsec/yr (mas/yr), giving the luni-solar precession constant as 50.3851 arcsec/yr at J2000. The 18.6 yr nutation of the pole is found to be 3.0 + or - 1.5 mas larger in magnitude than the 1980 IAU series. The correction to the annual term, previously discovered by VLBI, is found to be 1.8 + or - 0.5 mas if assumed to be a circular correction to the nutation of the pole.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 241; 1, Ja
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    Photoionization modeling of Magellanic Cloud planetary nebulae. I (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results of self-consistent photoionization modeling of 38 Magellanic Cloud PNe are presented and used to construct an H-R diagram for the central stars and to obtain both the nebular chemical abundances and the physical parameters of the nebulae. T(eff)s derived from nebular excitation analysis are in agreement with temperatures derived by the classical Zanstra method. There is a linear correlation between log T(eff) and the excitation class. The majority of the central stars in the sample with optically thick nebulae have masses between 0.55 and 0.7 solar mass and are observed during their hydrogen-burning excursion toward high temperatures. Optically thin objects are found scattered throughout the H-R diagram, but tend to have a somewhat smaller mean mass. Type I PN are found to have high core masses and to lie on the descending branch of the evolutionary tracks. The nebular mass of the optically thick objects is closely related to the nebular radius, and PN with nebular masses over one solar are observed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 367; 115-125
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    Search for Vega-like nearby stars with 12 micron excess (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The identification of Vega-like main-sequence stars with 10-micron excess would permit important measurements of the spatial extent of the radiating material with ground-based telescopes. In fact, 55 of the 548 nearby A, F, G, and K dwarfs with IRAS catalog magnitudes at 12 microns appear to have excess 12-micron flux. However, for only two of these stars, Beta Pic and Zeta Lep, was it possible, using small-aperture photometry at 2.2 and 10 microns, to verify that the 12-micron excess is with high likelihood associated with the star. For the remaining stars the apparent 12-micron color of the 106 A, F, G, and K stars in the observing program is only 0.02 mag. Excess flux due to a Vega-like cloud which may surround some of the sources in the observing program, like Alpha Lyrae, is thus typically not detectable at 10 microns.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 368; 264-271
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    Excitation of millimeter and submillimeter water masers (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The excitation of maser emission in millimeter and submillimeter transitions of interstellar and circumstellar water is considered. An escape probability method is used to determine the equilibrium populations in 349 rotational states of both ortho- and para-water under varying conditions of gas temperature, density, water abundance, and radiation field. It is shown that, under those conditions believed to prevail around late-type stars and within star-forming regions, strong millimeter and submillimeter water maser emission can be generated by collisional excitations by H2. Several maser transitions can have strengths close to that of the 22 GHz line. The water maser line which can be observed from mountaintop facilities and those which will require air- or space-borne platforms are indicated. The exact portion of parameter space in which each maser transition exhibits peak emission is shown.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 368; 215-230
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    Negative ions in the coma of Comet Halley (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The detection of negatively charged cometary ions in the inner coma of Comet Halley is reported. These ions are observed in three broad mass peaks at 7-19, 22-65, and 85-110 AMU, with densities reaching greater than about 1/cu cm, about 0.05/cu cm, and about 0.04/cu cm, respectively, at a distance of about 2300 km from the nucleus. The ion species thought to be present include O(-), OH(-), C(-), CH(-), CN(-) and heavier complex CHO molecular ions. As negative ions are easily destroyed by solar radiation at about 1 AU, an efficient production mechanism, so far unidentified, is required to account for the observed densities. The detection of negative ions in the coma near 1 AU implies that negative ions should also be present in similar neutral gas and dust environment farther away from the sun. If the negative-ion densities are large enough, they could play an important part in physical processes such as radiative transfer or charge exchange.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 349; 393-396
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    Using SN 1987A light echoes to determine mass loss from the progenitor (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The hypothesis that the blue progenitor of SN 1987A passed through a blue supergiant phase ending with the expulsion of the outer envelope is tested. The many light echoes seen near SN 1987A were used to search for a mass flow from the progenitor and for abrupt density changes at the limits of this smooth mass flow. The progenitor needed roughly a million yr to create these structures, assuming a constant mass loss at 15 km/s. The dust in the region is small-grained and isotropically scattering. Interaction between the progenitor blue supergiant and red supergiant winds is probably contained within a roughly spherical structure 1.5 pc in diameter.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 366; L73-L77
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    Hidden Markov model analysis of force/torque information in telemanipulation (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A model for the prediction and analysis of sensor information recorded during robotic performance of telemanipulation tasks is presented. The model uses the hidden Markov model to describe the task structure, the operator's or intelligent controller's goal structure, and the sensor signals. A methodology for constructing the model parameters based on engineering knowledge of the task is described. It is concluded that the model and its optimal state estimation algorithm, the Viterbi algorithm, are very succesful at the task of segmenting the data record into phases corresponding to subgoals of the task. The model provides a rich modeling structure within a statistical framework, which enables it to represent complex systems and be robust to real-world sensory signals.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: International Journal of Robotics Research (ISSN 0278-3649); 10; 528-539
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    A non-local thermodynamic equilibrium, line-blanketed synthetic spectrum of Iota Herculis - C, Al, and Si lines (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A non-LTE line-blanketed model stellar atmosphere is used to compute a model of I Herculis (B3 IV) with a Teff of 17,500 K and a log g of 3.75, following the conclusions of Peters and Polidan (1985). Detailed profiles of a number of lines of C, Al, and Si in the 1200-2000-A region are computed, including the resonance lines of C II, Al II, and Al III. These profiles are compared to observations obtained from the coaddition of eight IUE SWP images, using a technique developed by Leckrone and Adelman (1989). Comparison of carbon lines with a model that is underabundant in carbon by a factor of 2 relative to the sun indicates that the C abundance of Iota Her is at most one-half solar. Non-LTE effects are examined by comparing an LTE model possessing identical atmospheric parameters with the non-LTE model. Substantial differences in the populations of the model atomic states are found, but differences in the temperature structure of the two models often mask the non-LTE effects in the synthetic spectra.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 380; 606-616
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    Polarimetric imaging of the Galactic center at 12.4 microns - The detailed magnetic field structure in the northern arm and the east-west bar (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Recent closely sampled imaging polarimetry of the central 0.5 pc of the Galaxy at 12.4 microns with a 58 x 62 array camera system is presented. The results clearly show that the magnetic field is a property of the diffuse material of the large-scale structures in Sgr A (the northern arm and east-west bar) rather than the embedded sources. The magnetic field is independent of the changes of density and temperature in the compact source environments. The magnetic field direction in much of the east-west bar is complex, and its polarization is probably the result of the superposition of differently oriented filaments. The abrupt decrease of polarization southwest of IRS 1 observed previously is confirmed and shown to reverse sign. This is due either to a rapid change of magnetic field direction close to the dynamical center, or to the superposition of nearly orthogonal fields. The field direction changes smoothly across IRS 1, and no discontinuity of motion here is found.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 380; 419-428
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    An information theory of image gathering (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Shannon's mathematical theory of communication is extended to image gathering. Expressions are obtained for the total information that is received with a single image-gathering channel and with parallel channels. It is concluded that the aliased signal components carry information even though these components interfere with the within-passband components in conventional image gathering and restoration, thereby degrading the fidelity and visual quality of the restored image. An examination of the expression for minimum mean-square-error, or Wiener-matrix, restoration from parallel image-gathering channels reveals a method for unscrambling the within-passband and aliased signal components to restore spatial frequencies beyond the sampling passband out to the spatial frequency response cutoff of the optical aperture.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: Information Sciences (ISSN 0020-0255); 57-58; 245-285
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    Comparison of magnetosonic wave and water group ion energy densities at Comet Giacobini-Zinner (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Measurements of the Comet Giacobini-Zinner (GZ) are presented to determine to what extent wave-particle scattering redistributed the initial pick-up energy of the ion population. Also examined is the difference between the ion thermal energy and the energy in the magnetic fields of the waves. In spite of uncertainty of about a factor of 2 noted in the pick-up and mass-loaded regions, it is shown that less than approximately 50 percent of the pick-up energy is converted into wave magnetic energy in the inbound pick-up region.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 11; 9, 19; 83-86
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  • 186
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    High resolution gamma-ray astronomy - Observations and predictions of line shapes (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The shapes of gamma-ray lines carry unique information about the physical processes and conditions in astrophysical sites. Galactic center and SN 1987A lines have been observationally resolved allowing their shapes to be studied. There are also significant new theoretical results concerning line shapes from Type I supernovae, supernova remnants and the interstellar medium. New work is presented on a simple treatment of line profiles for rotating disks and spherical shells.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 11; 8, 19
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  • 187
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    Gamma-ray lines from SN1987A (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results of gamma-ray observations of SN1987A conducted over a period of 800 days using balloon-borne high-resolution germanium detectors are discussed. Most of the measurements show red-shifted line centroids (about 500 km/s) and broadened profiles, contradicting the standard homogeneous and spherically symmetric models, which predict blue-shifted lines and narrower line widths. To explain this apparent contradiction, it may be necessary to invoke fragmentation and nonspherical geometries.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 11; 8, 19
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  • 188
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    Neuromorphic learning of continuous-valued mappings from noise-corrupted data (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effect of noise on the learning performance of the backpropagation algorithm is analyzed. A selective sampling of the training set is proposed to maximize the learning of control laws by backpropagation, when the data have been corrupted by noise. The training scheme is applied to the nonlinear control of a cart-pole system in the presence of noise. The neural computation provides the neurocontroller with good noise-filtering properties. In the presence of plant noise, the neurocontroller is found to be more stable than the teacher. A novel perspective on the application of neural network technology to control engineering is presented.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks (ISSN 1045-9227); 2; 294-301
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  • 189
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    The X-ray Timing Explorer (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The capabilities and projected mission objectives of the X-ray Timing Explorer (XTE) are set forth with attention given to the components of the space explorer. The XTE instrument complement is reviewed and specific data and graphic descriptions are presented regarding the large-area proportional counter array, the all-sky monitor, and the high-energy crystal scintillation experiment. The XTE provides low-background continuous 2-200 keV response with large apertures, rapid maneuverability, and detailed energy-resolved studies of phenomena close to neutron stars. The synergism of the mission capabilities is shown to permit a powerful mechanism for timing and broad-band spectral studies after deployment by the NASA Explorer Platform in approximately 1995.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 11; 8, 19; 243-254
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  • 190
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    A tentative identification of methanol as the progenitor of the 3.52-micron emission feature in several comets (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Continuum emission has been detected during 3.44-3.64 micron spectral region observations of Comets P/Brorsen-Metcalf, Okazaki-Levy-Rudenko, and Levy. The spatial brightness profile of the 3.52-micron emission feature was measured and found to be consistent with uniform outflow from a central, unresolved source; the molecule generating the emission is either directly sublimated from the cometary surface or is a short-lived parent specie's dissociation product. The modeled IR spectrum of CH3OH implies the consistency of the observed spectra with a methanol origin for the 3.52 emission.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 93; 122-134
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  • 191
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    A 9.1-hour candidate orbital period for X1556-605 (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: V-band photometry of the low-mass X-ray binary X1556-605 obtained in May 1988 is presented in an attempt to determine the orbital period of the system. The source is seen to be variable by up to 0.6 magnitude on a time scale of hours. Combining the data with those obtained one month later by Schmidtke (1990), Fourier techniques and a recently improved version of the standard period-folding analysis are used to find a probable period of 0.3807 + or - 0.0003 day, with a semiamplitude of about 0.1 magnitude. Both methods indicate that the formal significance of this period detection is greater than 99.9 percent. While independent confirmation is advised before accepting this to be the definite orbital period of the system, a period of this length would not be inconsistent with the X-ray properties of X1556-605 and would, in addition, suggest that the mass-donating companion may be beginning to evolve away from the main sequence.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Publications (ISSN 0004-6280); 103; 636-641
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  • 192
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    Forbidden lines of np(q) ions. II - Line intensities (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Ground state forbidden transitions of np(q) ions of C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, and Fe can provide important information on the state of cosmic ionized gases. The line intensities of 95 transitions of these ions have been tabulated, including those used to calculate the line ratios as well as other strong lines of the ions in the ground state terms in the same temperature and density ranges treated previously. These data can be used for calculations of the absolute line intensities if the ionic abundances are known. These calculations are important for studies of the solar transition region, ionized nebulae, circumstellar nebulae such as found in symbiotic stars, supernova remnants, interstellar bubbles produced by stellar winds, and emission regions in active galactic nuclei.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (ISSN 0067-0049); 76; 1169-119
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  • 193
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    First results from the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph - A demonstration of spectral resolution and experiments with deconvolution (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: High-quality spectra of the sharp-lined star Chi Lupi were obtained with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS). Spectra for the various resolving powers achievable with the echelle and G160M gratings are displayed. The effect of spherical aberration upon the spectral resolution is found to be negligible when using the small science aperture. The resolution of the large science aperture spectra is degraded by less than a factor of two. Efforts with spectral deconvolution using several techniques show that it is possible to regain much of the spectral resolution lost in the large science aperture if high signal-to-noise spectra are obtained.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 377; L41-L44
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  • 194
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    First results from the Goddard High-Resolution spectrograph - High-resolution observations of the 1942 A resonance line of HG II in the chemically peculiar B star, Chi Lupi (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph on the HST has been used to obtain high S/N observations of the sharp-lined, Hg- and Pt-rich B-type star, Chi Lupi, with a resolving power of 87,000. The observations reveal a level of spectroscopic detail never before observed at ultraviolet wavelengths for any star other than the sun. Concentrating on the region around the resonance line of Hg II at 1942 A, the profile and central position of this line confirm beyond doubt that the Hg isotope anomaly in Chi Lupi is real and extreme, with Hg being heavily concentrated in the form of Hg-204. The problems in atomic physics which impair the accurate analysis of spectra of this quality are emphasized.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 377; L37-L40
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  • 195
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    First results from the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph - Ultraviolet spectra of a starburst knot in NGC 1068 (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper presents UV spectroscopy of a circumnuclear starburst knot in the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068, a close-by active galaxy which has some of the most luminous known starburst knots. The spectrum shows the presence of several thousand O and B stars which appear to have formed about 3 million years ago.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 377; L25-L28
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  • 196
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    Ultraviolet and optical spectroscopy of the R Aquarii symmetrical jet (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The first ultraviolet spectrum of the southwest (SW) component of the symmetrical jet in the R Aquarii binary system has been obtained in the range 1200-2000 A with the IUE. These results are compared to more encompassing spectra of the central H II region taken at the same time and also similar spectra of the northeast (NE) jet component obtained six months earlier. Moreover, optical spectra of both the NE and SW jet components in the range 3400-9800 A were obtained within about 6 months and about 1 month, respectively, of the ultraviolet spectra. These highly complementary observations argue that excitation of the symmetrical jet may be due to shock excitation as the jet components overtake and impact the previously ionized material associated with the expanding inner nebulosity. The problems with this shock model as well as problems with competing photoionization models are discussed. It is suggested that the jet components were ejected less than 90 years ago.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 377; 227-234
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  • 197
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    The effect of monocular target blur on simulated telerobotic manipulation (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A simulation involving three types of telerobotic tasks that require information about the spatial position of objects is reported. This is similar to the results of psychophysical experiments examining the effect of blur on stereoacuity. It is suggested that other psychophysical experimental results could be used to predict operator performance for other telerobotic tasks. It is demonstrated that refractive errors in the helmet-mounted stereo display system can affect performance in the three types of telerobotic tasks. The results of two sets of experiments indicate that monocular target blur of two diopters or more degrades stereo display performance to the level of monocular displays. This indicates that moderate levels of visual degradation that affect the operator's stereoacuity may eliminate the performance advantage of stereo displays.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation (ISSN 1042-296X); 7; 372-376
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  • 198
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    Direct imaging of nonsolar planets with infrared telescopes using apodized coronagraphs (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This research examines the use of modified Lyot coronagraphs with monolithic and segmented infrared telescopic systems for imaging nonsolar planets. These systems are investigated with the aim of reducing the effects of stellar diffracted energy on the planet image in the final image plane. A square telescope objective is best for this purpose. The associated coronagraph is composed of a cross-shaped apodizer in the first focal plane and either a square Lyot stop or circular corner Lyot stops in the corners of the pupil plane. The consequences of segmenting the aperture and the effects of various segment spacings and random piston and tilt errors of the individual segments are examined. A system to correct for the misalignments is proposed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 30; 3253-326
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  • 199
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    Dust scattering in the high-state eclipse of Cen X-3 (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Exosat data from two high-state eclipses of Cen X-3 are analyzed for the effects of dust scattering. The light curves show bright (2 per cent of the out-of-eclipse flux), smoothly varying emission which reaches its minimum after mideclipse. Of this emission, the soft flux falls monotonically with orbital phase. This soft component with dust scattering is identified and spectral models are fitted to the asymmetric emission, that is, to spectra obtained by subtracting from a spectrum at a given orbital phase before phase zero the corresponding spectrum from the equal and opposite phase after phase zero. It is found that the model of Molnar and Mauche, used to fit dust scattering in Cyg X-3, can explain the observed spectra and yields values for the distance to Cen X-3 and for the size of the dust grains of 5.4 kpc and 0.33 micron, consistent with previous observations in other wavebands.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711); 251; 76-83
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  • 200
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    Blue stragglers in the core of the globular cluster 47 Tucanae (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: High-resolution observations of the core of the globular cluster 47 Tucanae with the Faint Object Camera on the Hubble Space Telescope reveal a high density of 'blue straggler' stars, occupying the upper end of the main sequence from which all stars in the cluster should have long since evolved. Their presence in the dense core supports the hypothesis that they formed by stellar collision and coalescence, and, as the heaviest objects in the cluster, have drifted to the core.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 352; 297-301
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